2019年高考英语一轮复习 专题十五 主旨大意.doc

2019年高考英语一轮复习 专题十五 主旨大意Passage 1(xx湖北,B)体裁:议论文词数:381Londons newest skyscraper(摩天大楼)is called the Shard and it cost about 430 million pounds to build.At a height of almost 310 metres,it is the tallest building in Europe.The Shard has pletely changed the appearance of London.However,not everyone thinks that it is a change for the better.The Shard was designed by the famous Italian architect Renzo Piano.When he began designing the Shard for London,Piano wanted a very tall building that looked like a spire(尖顶).He wanted the glass surfaces to reflect the sky and the city.The sides of the building arent regular.So the building has an unusual shape.It looks like a very thin,sharp piece of broken glass.And that is how the building got the name:the Shard.Piano says that the spire shape of the Shard is part of a great London tradition.The shape reminds him of the spires of the churches of London or the tall masts(桅杆)of the ships that were once on the river Thames.The Shard has 87 floors.At the top,there is an observatory.At the moment the building is empty,but eventually there will be a five-star hotel.There will also be top quality restaurants,apartments and offices.Before building work began,a lot of people didnt want the Shard though the plans were approved.Now they are still unhappy about the Shard.Some critics say that such a tall skyscraper might be good in a city like New York,but not in London.They say that the best thing about the Shard is its spire shape.But that is the only thing.There is no decoration,only flat surfaces.The Egyptians did that 4,500 years ago.They also think the Shard is too big for London.It destroys the beauty of the city.Other critics dont like what the Shard seems to represent.They say that the Shard shows how London is being more unequal.Only very rich people can afford to buy the expensive private apartments and stay in the hotel.But the people who live near the Shard are among the poorest in London.So the Shard seems a symbol of the division in society between the very rich and the poor.The Shard now dominates the London skyline.It is not certain,however,that ordinary London citizens will ever accept it as a valuable addition to the city.1.Londons newest skyscraper is called the Shard because of.A.its sizeB.its costC.its shapeD.its height2.When he designed the Shard,Piano wanted it to.A.change Londons skylineB.inherit Londons traditionC.imitate the Egyptian styleD.attract potential visitors3.The critics who refer to social division think the Shard.A.is only preferred by the richB.is far away from the poor areaC.is intended for wealthy peopleD.is popular only with Londoners4.Which would be the best title for the passage?A.The Shard:Cheers and ClapsB.The Shard:Work of a Great ArchitectC.The Shard:New Symbol of London?D.The Shard:A Change for the Better?答案语篇解读本文为议论文。题材为社会文化类。文章主要介绍了人们对伦敦新建的摩天大楼the Shard的不同看法。1.C2.B3.C4.DPassage 2(xx课标,A)体裁:记叙文词数:269Arriving in Sydney on his own from India,my husband,Rashid,stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children. During the first week of his stay,he went out one day to do some shopping.He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone.He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers,including his passport. He reported the case to the police and then sat there,lost and lonely in a strange city,thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organised again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one. Late in the evening,the phone rang.It was a stranger.He was trying to pronounce my husbands name and was asking him a lot of questions.Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can(垃圾桶)that had been left out on the footpath. My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents.Their young daughter had gone to the trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers.Her parents had carefully sorted them out,although they had found mainly foreign addresses on most of the documents.At last they had seen a half-written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend.That family not only restored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people.We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way.1.What did Rashid plan to do after his arrival in Sydney?A.Go shopping.B.Find a house.C.Join his family.D.Take a vacation.2.The girls parents got Rashids phone number from.A.a friend of his familyB.a Sydney policemanC.a letter in his papers D.a stranger in Sydney3.What does the underlined word “restored”in the last paragraph mean?A.Showed.B.Sent out.C.Delivered.D.Gave back.4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A.From India to Australia.B.Living in a New Country.C.Turning Trash to Treasure.D.In Search of New Friends.答案语篇解读本文为记叙文,题材是人物故事类。从印度来到悉尼的第一个星期,作者的丈夫Rashid的手提箱被盗,里面装有重要文件,包括护照,在这个举目无亲的陌生城市里,他会得到帮助吗?1.B2.C3.D4.CPassage 3(xx北京,C)体裁:议论文词数:388Choosing the Right Resolution(决定)Millions of Americans began xx with the same resolution they started xx with,a goal of losing weight.However,setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake.To reach our goal of losing weightthe output,we need to control what we eatthe input(输入).That is,we tend to care about the output but not to control the input.This is a bad way to construct goals.The alternative is to focus your resolution on the input.Instead of resolving to lose weight,try an actionable resolution:“Ill stop having dessert for lunch,”or “Ill walk every day for 20 minutes.”Creating a goal that focuses on a well-specified input will likely be more effective than concentrating on the oute.Recently a new science behind incentives(激励),including in education,has been discussed.For example,researcher Roland Fryer wanted to see what works best in motivating children to do better in school.In some cases,he gave students incentives based on input,like reading certain books,while in others,the incentives were based on output,like results on exams.His main finding was that incentives increased achievement when based on input but had no effect when based on output.Fryers conclusion was that the incentives for inputs might be more effective because students do not know how to do better on an exam,aside from general rules like “study harder”.Reading certain books,on the other hand,is a well-set task over which they have much more control.As long as you have direct control over your goal,you have a much higher chance of success.And its easier to start again if you fail,because you know exactly what you need to do.If you want to cut down on your spending,a good goal would be making morning coffee at home instead of going to a caf,for example.This is a well-specified action-based goal for which you can measure your success easily.Spending less money isnt a goal because its too general.Similarly,if you want to spend more time with your family,dont stop with this general wish.Think about an actionable habit that you could adopt and stick to,like a family movie night every Wednesday.In the long run,these new goals could bee a habit.1.The writer thinks that setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake because.A.it is hard to achieve for most AmericansB.it is focused too much on the resultC.it is dependent on too many thingsD.it is based on actionable decisions2.In Roland Fryers research,some students did better than the others because.A.they obeyed all the general rulesB.they paid more attention to examsC.they were motivated by their classmatesD.they were rewarded for reading some books3.According to the writer,which of the following statements is a good goal?A.“Ill give up dessert.”B.“Ill study harder.”C.“Ill cut down my expenses.”D.“Ill spend more time with my family.”4.The writer strongly believes that we should.A.develop good habits and focus on the outeB.be optimistic about final goals and stick to themC.pick specific actions that can be turned into good habitsD.set ambitious goals that can balance the input and output答案语篇解读本文为议论文,题材为设定目标。作者认为“减肥”不是一个很有效的目标,并具体解释了设立什么样的目标更加有效。1.B2.D3.A4.CPassage 4(xx天津,D)体裁:说明文词数:352People arent walking any moreif they can figure out a way to avoid it.I felt superior about this matter until the other day I took my car to mail a small parcel.The journey is a matter of 281 steps.But I used the car.And I wasnt in any hurry,either.I had merely bee one more victim of a national sickness:motorosis.It is an illness to which I had thought myself immune(免疫的),for I was bred in the tradition of going to places on my own two legs.At that time,we regarded 25 miles as a good days walk and the ability to cover such a distance in ten hours as a sign of strength and skill.It did not occur to us that walking was a hardship.And the effect was lasting.When I was 45 years old I racedand beata teenage football player the 168 steps up the Statue of Liberty.Such enterprises today are regarded by many middle-aged persons as bad for the heart.But a well-known British physician,Sir Adolphe Abrahams,pointed out recently that hearts and bodies need proper exercise.A person who avoids exercise is more likely to have illnesses than one who exercises regularly.And walking is an ideal form of exercisethe most familiar and natural of all.It was Henry Thoreau who showed mankind the richness of going on foot.The man walking can learn the trees,flowers,insects,birds and animals,the significance of seasons,the very feel of himself as a living creature in a living world.He cannot learn in a car.The car is a convenient means of transport,but we have made it our way of life.Many people dont dare to approach Nature any more;to them the world they were born to enjoy is all threat.To them security is a steel river thundering on a concrete road.And much of their thinking takes place while waiting for the traffic light to turn green.I say that the green of forests is the minds best light.And none but the man on foot can evaluate what is basic and everlasting.1.What is the national sickness?A.Walking too much.B.Traveling too much.C.Driving cars too much.D.Climbing stairs too much.2.What was life like when the author was young?A.People usually went around on foot.B.People often walked 25 miles a day.C.People used to climb the Statue of Liberty.D.People considered a ten-hour walk as a hardship.3.The author mentions Henry Thoreau to prove that.A.middle-aged people like getting back to natureB.walking in nature helps enrich ones mindC.people need regular exercise to keep fitD.going on foot prevents heart disease4.What is pared to“a steel river”in Paragraph 6?A.A queue of cars.B.A ray of traffic light.C.A flash of lightning.D.A stream of people.5.What is the authors intention of writing this passage?A.To tell people to reflect more on life.B.To remend people to give up driving.C.To advise people to do outdoor activities.D.To encourage people to return to walking.答案语篇解读本文是说明文,题材为生活热点。步行可以使我们更好地了解自然和自我,这一点是开车所无法带来的。1.C2.A3.B4.A5.DPassage 5(xx山东,C)体裁:记叙文词数:255Elizabeth Freeman was born about 1742 to African American parents who were slaves.At the age of six months she was acquired,along with her sister,by John Ashley,a wealthy Massachusetts slaveholder.She became known as “Mumbet”or “Mum Bett”.For nearly 30 years Mumbet served the Ashley family.One day,Ashleys wife tried to strike Mumbets sister with a spade.Mumbet protected her sister and took the blow instead.Furious,she left the house and refused to e back.When the Ashleys tried to make her return,Mumbet consulted a lawyer,Theodore Sedgewick.With his help,Mumbet sued(起诉)for her freedom.While serving the Ashleys,Mumbet had listened to many discussions of the new Massachusetts constitution.If the constitution said that all people were free and equal,then she thought it should apply to her.Eventually,Mumbet won her freedomthe first slave in Massachusetts to do so under the new constitution.Strangely enough,after the trial,the Ashleys asked Mumbet to e back and work for them as a paid employee.She declined and instead went to work for Sedgewick.Mumbet died in 1829,but her legacy lived on in her many descendants(后裔).One of her great-grandchildren was W.E.B.Du Bois,one of the founders of the NAACP,and an important writer and spokesperson for African American civil rights.Mumbets tombstone still stands in the Massachusetts cemetery where she was buried.It reads,in part:“She was born a slave and remained a slave for nearly thirty years.She could neither read nor write,yet in her own sphere she had no superior or equal.”1.What do we know about Mumbet according to Paragraph 1?A.She was born a slave.B.She was a slaveholder.C.She had a famous sister.D.She was born into a rich family.2.Why did Mumbet run away from the Ashleys?A.She found an employer.B.She wanted to be a lawyer.C.She was hit and got angry.D.She had to take care of her sister.3.What did Mumbet learn from discussions about the new constitution?A.She should always obey her owners orders.B.She should be as free and equal as whites.C.How to be a good servant.D.How to apply for a job.4.What did Mumbet do after the trial?A.She chose to work for a lawyer.B.She founded the NAACP.C.She continued to serve the Ashleys.D.She went to live with her grandchildren.5.What is the text mainly about?A.A story of a famous writer and spokesperson.B.The friendship between a lawyer and a slave.C.The life of a brave African American woman.D.A trial that shocked the whole world.答案语篇解读本文为记叙文,题材为人物故事类。在美国奴隶制时代一个名叫Mumbet的女奴通过自己的努力和律师的帮助,成了马萨诸塞州第一个获得自由的奴隶。她的精神一直在影响着她的子孙后代。1.A2.C3.B4.A5.CPassage 6(xx山东,D)体裁:说明文词数:282How fit are your teeth?Are you lazy about brushing them?Never fear:An inventor is on the case.An electric toothbrush senses how long and how well you brush,and it lets you track your performance on your phone.The Kolibree toothbrush was exhibited at the International Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas this week.It senses how it is moved and can send the information to an Android phone or iPhone via a Bluetooth wireless connection.The toothbrush will be able to teach you to brush right(Dont forget the insides of the teeth!)and make sure youre brushing long enough.“Its kind of like having a dentist actually watch your brushing on a day-to-day basis,”says Thomas Serval,the French inventor.The toothbrush will also be able to talk to other applications on your phone,so developers could,for instance,create a game controlled by your toothbrush.You could score points for beating monsters among your teeth.“We try to make it smart but also fun,”Serval says.Serval says he was inspired by his experience as a father.He would e home from work and ask his kids if they had brushed their teeth.They said “yes”,but Serval would find their toothbrush heads dry.He decided he needed a brush that really told him how well his children brushed.The pany says the Kolibree will go on sale this summer,for $99 to $199,depending on features.The U.S.is the first target market.Serval says that one day,itll be possible to replace the brush on the handle with a brushing unit that also has a camera.The camera can even examine holes in your teeth while you brush.1.Which is one of the features of the Kolibree toothbrush?A.It can sense how users brush their teeth.B.It can track users school performance.C.It can detect users fear of seeing a dentist.D.It can help users find their phones.2.What can we learn from Servals words in Paragraph 3?A.You will find it enjoyable to see a dentist.B.You should see your dentist on a day-to-day basis.C.You can brush with the Kolibree as if guided by a dentist.D.Youd like a dentist to watch you brush your teeth every day.3.Which of the following might make the Kolibree toothbrush fun?A.It can be used to update mobile phones.B.It can be used to play mobile phone games.C.It can send messages to other users.D.It can talk to its developers.4.What is Paragraph 5 mainly about?A.How Serval found out his kids lied to him.B.Why Serval thought brushing teeth was necessary.C.How Serval taught his kids to brush their teeth.D.What inspired Serval to invent the toothbrush.5.What can we infer about Servals children?A.They were unwilling to brush their teeth.B.They often failed to clean their toothbrushes.C.They preferred to use a toothbrush with a dry head.D.They liked brushing their teeth after Serval came home.6.What can we learn about the future development of the Kolibree?A.The brush handle will be removed.B.A mobile phone will be built into it.C.It will be used to fill holes in teeth.D.It will be able to check users teeth.答案语篇解读本文是一篇说明文,题材为科普知识类。一位发明者发明了一种电子牙刷,它不仅可以帮人们正确刷牙,而且还可以通过蓝牙和手机上的应用程序连接起来。1.A2.C3.B4.D5.A6.DPassage 7(xx湖南,B)体裁:记叙文词数:319In the mid-1950s,I was a somewhat bored early-adolescent male student who believed that doing any more than necessary was wasted effort.One day,this approach threw me into embarrassment.In Mrs.Tottens eighth-grade math class at Central Avenue School in Anderson,Indiana,we were learning to add and subtract decimals(小数).Our teacher typically assigned daily homework,which would be recited in class the following day.On most days,our grades were based on our oral answers to homework questions.Mrs.Totten usually walked up and down the rows of desks requesting answers from student after student in the order the questions had appeared on our homework sheets.She would start either at the front or the back of the classroom and work toward the other end.Since I was seated near the middle of about 35 students,it was easy to figure out which questions I might have to answer.This particular time,I had pleted my usual two or three problems according to my calculations.What I failed to expect was that several students were absent,which threw off my estimate.As Mrs.Totten made her way from the beginning of the class,I desperately tried to determine which math problem I would get.I tried to work it out before she got to me,but I had brain freeze and couldnt function.When Mrs.Totten reached my desk,she asked what answer Id got for problem No.14.“I.I didnt get anything,”I answered,and my face felt warm.“Correct,”she said.It turned out that the correct answer was zero.What did I learn that day?First,always do all your homework.Second,in real life it isnt always what you say but how you say it that matters.Third,I would never make it as a mathematician.If I could choose one school day that taught me the most,it would be that one.1.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 1 indicate?A.It is wise to value ones time.B.It is important to make an effort.C.It is right to stick to ones belief.D.It is enough to do the necessary.2.Usually,Mrs.Totten asked her students to.A.recite their homework togetherB.grade their homework themselvesC.answer their homework questions orallyD.check the answers to their homework questions3.The author could work out which questions to answer since the teacher always.A.asked questions in a regular wayB.walked up and down when asking questionsC.chose two or three questions for the studentsD.requested her students to finish their usual questions4.The author failed to get the questions he had expected because.A.the class didnt begin as usualB.several students didnt e to schoolC.he didnt try hard to make hi