2022年考博英语-陕西师范大学考前模拟强化练习题49（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-陕西师范大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题Americans are people obsessed with child-rearing. In their books, magazines, talk shows, parent training courses, White House conferences, and chats over the back fence, they endlessly debate the best ways to raise children. Moreover, Americans do more than debate their theories; they translate them into action. They erect playgrounds for the youngsters pleasure, equip large schools for their education, and train skilled specialists for their welfare. Whole industries in America are devoted to making children happy, healthy and wise.But this interest in childhood is relatively new. In fact, until very recently people considered childhood just a brief, unimportant prelude to adulthood and the real business of living. By and large, they either ignored children, beat them, or fondled them carelessly, much as we would amuse ourselves with a lot of puppies. When they gave serious thought to children at all, people either conceived of them as miniature adults or as peculiar, unformed animals.Down through the ages the experiences of childhood have been as varied as its duration. Actions that would have provoked a beating in one era elicit extra loving care in another. Babies who have been nurtured exclusively by their mothers in one epoch are left with day-care workers in another. In some places children have been trained to straddle unsteady canoes, negotiate treacherous mountain passes, and carry heavy bundles on their heads. In other places they have been taught complicated piano concerti and long multiplication tables.But diverse as it has been, childhood has one common experience at its core and that is the social aspect of nurture. All children need adults to bring them up. Because human young take so long to become independent, we think that civilization may have grown up around the need to feed and protect them. Certainly, from the earliest days of man, adults have made provision for the children in their midst.1. The present day American obsession with child-rearing has（）.2. Children in the past were ill-treated or petted because they were（）.3. How have childhood experiences varied?4. According to the author, children（）.5. What is the authors attitude to developments in the perception of childhood?问题1选项A.resulted in ineffectual actionB.initiated pointless discussionsC.had wide-ranging resultsD.produced endless theories问题2选项A.ignorant of adult lifeB.seen as uninterestingC.considered of no importanceD.conceived of as having animal natures问题3选项A.Children have been alternately beaten and loved through the ages.B.There have been differences in child rearing in different epochs.C.Parents have increasingly taken control of their childrens nurturing.D.In some places physical training has given way to encouraging creativity.问题4选项A.need intensive adult nurturingB.are the instigators of civilizationC.remain physically dependent until adulthoodD.have common social experiences问题5选项A.CynicalB.IndifferentC.PositiveD.Neutral【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:B第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.考查细节事实题。文章第一段介绍了美国人对于幼儿教育的态度，根据原文“Moreover, Americans do more than debate their theories; they translate them into action.”可知，美国人不仅仅辩论他们的理论，而且也采取行动。因此，C项had wide-ranging results“有广泛的结果”符合题意，故本题选C。2.考查细节事实题。根据文章第二段中的In fact, until very recently people considered childhood just a brief, unimportant prelude to adulthood and the real business of living.可知，事实上，不久前人们只把儿童时期看作是一个简短且不重要的人生阶段。直到现在，幼儿教育才开始引起重视。因此，C项为正确答案。3.考查细节事实题。根据文章第三段Down through the ages the experiences of childhood have been as varied as its duration. Actions that would have provoked a beating in one era elicit extra loving care in another可知，不同时期的大人们在抚养儿童上的态度和方法上也会不同。因此，B项为正确答案。4.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中Because human youngtake so long to become independent,we think that civilization may have grown up around the need to feed and protect them可知，文化的进步源于对孩子的培养和保护，所以，孩子在一定程度上推动了文化的进步。因此，B项为正确答案。5.观点态度题。文章主要讲述了美国人对孩子的教育由从以前的不重视转为现在的非常重视，并且采取了一系列的相关措施。因此，作者对这一转变持有积极的态度。A项为讽刺的，B项为漠视的，C项为积极的，D项为中立的。因此，C项为正确答案。2. 单选题Society was fascinated by science and things scientific in the nineteenth century. Great breakthroughs in engineering, the use of steam power, and electricity were there for all to see, enjoy, and suffer. Science was fashionable and it is not surprising that, during this great period of industrial development, scientific methods should be applied to the activities of man, particularly to those involved in the processes of production. Towards the end of the nineteenth century international competition began to make itself felt. The three industrial giants of the day, Germany, America, and Great Britain, began to find that there was a limit to the purchasing power of the previously apparently inexhaustible markets. Science and competition therefore provided the means and the need to improve industrial efficiency.Frederick Winslow Taylor is generally acknowledged as being the father of the scientific management approach, as a result of the publication of his book. The Principles of Scientific Management, published in 1911. However, numerous other academics and practitioners had been actively applying such approaches since the beginning of the century. Charles Babbage, an English academic, well-known for his invention of the mechanical computer (with the aid of a government grant as long as 1820), applied himself to the costing of processes, using scientific methods, and indeed might well be recognized as one of the fathers of cost accounting.Taylor was of well-to-do background and received an excellent education but, partly owing to troubles with his eyesight, decided to become an engineering apprentice. He spent some twenty-five years in the tough, sometimes brutal, environment of the US steel industry and carefully studied methods of work when he eventually attained supervisory status. He made various significant innovations in the area of steel processing, but his claim to fame is through his application of methods of science to methods of work, and his personal efforts that proved they could succeed in a hostile environment.In 1901, Taylor left the steel industry and spent the rest of his life trying to promote the principles of managing scientifically and emphasizing the human aspects of the method, over the slave driving methods common in his day. He died in 1915, leaving a huge school of followers to promote his approach worldwide.1. According to the passage, what was badly needed to improve industrial efficiency?2. Taylor is most famous for（）.3. Charles Babbage, an English academic（）.4. Taylors scientific management method was described as（）.5. When he died in 1915, Taylor（）.问题1选项A.Great breakthroughsB.Unlimited purchasing powerC.Science and competition.D.International competition.问题2选项A.his application of scientific methods to workB.his book “The Principles of Scientific Management”C.his various innovations in steel processingD.The spreading of his scientific management method问题3选项A.tried to use computers in production processesB.first used computers in the area of cost accountingC.was the father of modem computersD.tried a scientific management approach问题4选项A.scientific and humanB.efficient but slave-drivingC.academic but practicableD.brutal but highly successful问题5选项A.purchased a steel millB.sold a steel millC.started to protect environmentD.left a huge school of followers.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段最后一句“Science and competition therefore provided the means and the need to improve industrial efficiency.可知，科学和竞争为工业效率的提高提供了方法和必要性。” 而文章第一段主要讲的是科学给工业带来的突破以及竞争的必要性。综合考虑以上内容，要提高生产效率，那么科学和竞争是必需的。因此C项符合题意。2.细节事实题。通过文章第三段中“.but his claim to fame is through his application of methods of science to methods of work（但使他出名的却是他将科学方法应用到工作之中）”可知，泰勒是以在工作中应用科学的管理方法而闻名于世。因此，正确答案是A项。3.细节事实题。根据文章第二段Charles Babbage.applied himself to the costing of processes, using scientific methods, and indeed might well be recognized as one of the fathers of cost accounting.可知，英国科学家Charles Babbage在程序成本核算中，成功运用了科学的管理方法，被认为是成本核算之父。因此，正确答案是D项。4.推理判断题。由文章第四段第一句“Taylor.emphasizing the human aspects of the method, over the slave - driving methods common in his day”可知，泰勒强调的是人性化的方法，而非当时常见的奴隶式的方法。动词短语emphasize A over B 表示“与B相比更强调A”。因此，泰勒强调管理方法的科学性和人性化。本题正确答案为A项。5.细节事实题。根据原文最后一句He died in 1915, leaving a huge school of followers to promote his approach worldwide.可知，泰勒于1975 年去世，而他的大批追随者则继续在世界各地推广他的方法。因此，D项是正确答案。3. 单选题To major in astrophysics you need an extra math course.问题1选项A.To get higher grades in astrophysics.B.To finish your astrophysics paper.C.To specialize in astrophysics.D.To better understand the astrophysics course.【答案】C【解析】考查动词短语词义辨析。题目中major in表示“主修；专攻”，A选项为“在天体物理学上取得更高的成就”；B选项为“完成你的天体物理学论文”；C选项为“以天体物理学为专业；专攻天体物理学”；D选项为“更好地了解天体物理学课程”。句意：要主修天体物理学，你就得再选择一个数学课。因此，正确答案是C项。4. 单选题National and international（）is indispensable if victory is to be achieved.问题1选项A.sociologyB.isolationC.solidarityD.solo【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项sociology n.社会学；B选项isolation n.隔离，孤立；C选项 solidarity n.团结，团结一致；D选项solon.独奏，独唱曲。句意：如果要取得胜利，国家和国际力量的团结必不可少。因此只有C项符合句意和搭配。5. 单选题The police admitted_a mistake in arresting an innocent man问题1选项A.to makeB.to have madeC.to having madeD.to making【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。admit to doing sth.表示“承认作某事”，为固定搭配。“犯错”这个动词发生在“承错误”这个动作之前，根据admitted（admit的过去式）可知空格处应为过去完成时，因此选C。句意：警方承认在逮捕一名无辜男子时犯了错误。6. 单选题The automatic doors in supermarkets_the entry and exit of customers with shopping carts.问题1选项A.furnishB.induceC.facilitateD.allocate【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项furnish“布置家具，提供”；B选项induce“引诱”；C选项facilitate“促进，促使，使便利”；D选项allocate“分配，分派”。根据automatic doors可知C选项符合逻辑搭配。句意：超市的自动门方便购物车顾客进出。7. 单选题The director gave me his _that he would double my pay if I did my job well.问题1选项A.warrantB.obligationC.assuranceD.certainty【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项warrant“许可证，授权证”；B选项obligation“责任，义务”；C选项assurance“保证，担保”；D选项certainty“确实的事，必然的事”。句意：主任向我保证，如果我把工作做好，他会给我双倍的工资。8. 单选题（）, Shakespeare was also a prolific writer of sonnets.问题1选项A.Noting for his playsB.Notes of his plays,C.Famous playsD.Noted for his plays【答案】D【解析】考查非谓语动词。根据句子结构可知，逗号后是完整的句子，所以前半句中的动词需要变为非谓语形式，而note与主句主语Shakespeare之间是被动关系，因此，正确答案为D项。句意：看莎士比亚的作品可知，他也是一个多产的短诗作者。9. 单选题Only sovereign states are able to make treaties.问题1选项A.constitutionalB.powerfulC.legitimateD.independent【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项constitutional adj.宪法的，本质的；B选项powerful adj.强大的，有力的；C选项 legitimate adj.合法的，正当的；D选项independent adj.独立的，单独的，无党派的。根据题意可知，只有主权独立的国家才能制定条约，因此本题选择D项。10. 单选题Robert says he bought these books in a .问题1选项A.disposalB.bargainC.reductionD.sale【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项disposal n.处理，支配；B选项bargain n.交易，便宜货，契约；C选项reduction n.减少，下降；D选项sale n.销售，出售，拍卖，廉价出售。根据句意可知，Robert说这些书都是打折时候买的。因此，D项是正确答案。11. 单选题Because there is evidence of severely harmful effects from chemical dumps, the government has_tougher clean-up measures.问题1选项A.imposedB.impulsedC.implementedD.incorporated【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项imposed v.强加，征税，以欺骗；B选项impulsed v.推动；C选项implemented v.实施，执行；D选项incorporated v. 吸收，合并，包含。根据句意可知，有证据表明化学排污引起严重危害，因此，政府已经实施了严厉的清理方案。因此，C项符合题意。12. 单选题The center task of an empirical science such as economics is to provide general understanding of events in the real world, and ultimately all of its theories and techniques must be instrumental to that task. That is very different from saying, however, that it must be responsive to the contemporaneous conditions and problems of the society in which it is situated.If the problems of economic life changed frequently and radically, and lacked a large measure of continuity in their essential nature, there could not be a science of economics. An essential element of a science is the cumulative growth of knowledge, and that cumulative character could not arise if each generation of economists faced fundamentally new problems calling for entirely new methods of analysis. The change of problems and methods would also undermine the training of economists; if the young studied under the old, the young could be confident that they were learning things that were rapidly becoming outdated. A science requires for its very existence a set of fundamental and durable problems.In economics the most fundamental of these central problems is the theory of value. The theory of value must explain how the comparative values of different goods and services are established. Until that problem is solved, it is not possible to analyze for scientific purposes what will be produced and in what quantities, how the resources will be employed in producing the menu of outputs, and how the resources will be valued. Without a theory of value the economist can have neither theory of international trade nor possibly a theory of money. This central problem of value does not change in its essential content if one seeks to explain values in agricultural or industrial societies, indeed, if the problem of value were so chameleonlike as to alter its nature whenever the economic or political system altered, each epoch in economic life would require its own theory, and short epoch would get short-lived theories.1. The main idea of the passage is that（）.2. Which is a correct statement of theories and techniques?3. If every generation of economists had basically different problems,（）.4. The passage supports which of the following statements about the theory of value?5. The word “chameleonlike” in the last sentence is closest in meaning to（）.问题1选项A.all sciences should have proper tools if they are to complete the central taskB.the empirical science must be responsive to the problems of the real worldC.economics as an empirical science must have its fundamental problems for studyD.economists must give priority to agreement of the theory of value问题2选项A.Theories and techniques of a science must contribute to our knowledge of the real world.B.Theories and techniques offer us tools when we endeavor to respond to current problems.C.Theories and techniques must constantly change radically in order to catch up with the time.D.Theories and techniques must have their values in solving fundamental problems of sciences.问题3选项A.economic knowledge would be dramatically enrichedB.the science of economics would transform its natureC.the training of economists would be much more importantD.it would be hard to develop the science of economics问题4选项A.The theory of value is very complicated because it involves many fundamental problems.B.The theory of value is crucial to the scientific analysis of economic activities.C.Business executives must learn the theory of value if they hope to succeed in managing production.D.The theory of value only applies to industrial societies when capitalism makes its appearance问题5选项A.colorfulB.obscureC.changeableD.flexible【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。本文主要探讨了经济学的意义以及经济学的研究基础和根本问题，说明了经济学的研究基础和发展关键在于一个固定的基本问题的研究，而最根本的核心问题是“the theory of value”，所以，D项是正确答案。2.细节事实题。由文章开头The central task of an empirical science such as economics is to provide general understanding of events in the real world, and ultimately all of its theories and techniques must be instrumental to that task.可知，经验科学的核心任务就是能够解释现实中的社会问题，促进人们对于事情原理的理解，并且最终所有的理论和方法都应该适用于这个核心任务。因此，A项符合题意。3.细节事实题。由文章第二段If the problems of economic life changed frequently and radically, and lacked a large measure of continuity their essential nature, there could not be a science of economics.可知，如果一个学科研究的核心基础命题一直在变化，那么将不利于学科的纵深发展和深入解决问题。因此，D选项正确。4.推理判断题。根据文章第三段中Until thatproblem is solved, it is not possible to analyze for scientific purposes what will be produced and in what quantities, how the resources will be employed in producing the menu of outputs, and how the resources will be valued.可知，如果不能很好地诠释和定义价值理论，那么这些问题都难以解决，由此可见价值理论的重要性。因此，B 选项正确。5. 词汇题。chameleon意思为变色龙，善变的人，加后缀like变为形容词，A选项colorful adj.多彩的，B选项 obscure adj.模糊的，不清楚的，C选项changeable adj.易变的，可改变的，D选项flexible adj.灵活的，易弯曲的。根据词义可知C项最为接近。因此，C选项正确。13. 单选题Are you aware that you actually possess six senses? The sixth sense is a muscular sense responsible for directing your muscles intelligently to the exact extent necessary for each action you perform. For example, when you reach for an object, the sensory nerves linking the muscles to the brain stop your hand at the correct spot. This automatic perception of the position of your muscles in relation to the object is your muscular sense in action.Muscles are stringy bundles of fibers varying from one five-thousandth of an inch to about three inches. They have three unique characteristics; they can become shorter and thicker; they can stretch; and they can retract to their original positions. Under a high-powered microscope, muscle tissue is seen as long, slender cells with a grainy texture like wood.More than half of a persons body is composed of muscle fibers, most of which are involuntary in other words, work without conscious direction. The voluntary muscles, those that we move consciously to perform particular actions, number more than five hundred. Women have only 60 to 70 percent as much muscle as men for their body mass. That is why an average woman cant lift as much, throw as far, or hit as hard as an average man.1. Intelligent use of the muscles means that（）.2. According to the selection, more than half of a persons body is composed of（）.3. An average woman is weaker than an average man because she has （）.4. It is implied but not stated that（） .5. According to the selection, the muscular sense is responsible for （）.问题1选项A.one always knows what his muscles are doingB.one performs simple actions without workingC.ones muscles are used only to the extent necessary for each action they performD.one improves muscular action consciously问题2选项A.voluntary musclesB.muscle fibersC.involuntary fibersD.sensory nerves问题3选项A.more voluntary muscles than an average manB.only 60 to 70 percent as much muscle for her body massC.60 to 70 percent less muscle for her body massD.less muscle fiber for her body weight问题4选项A.the muscular sense is more important than any other sensesB.muscular sense involves automatic perceptionC.there are many more than 500 involuntary muscles in the bodyD.muscle tissue is inflexible问题5选项A.the efficiency of our musclesB.the normal breathing functionC.directing our muscles intelligentlyD.the work of only our involuntary muscles【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:B第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。根据文章第一段第二句The sixth sense is a muscular sense responsible for directing your muscles intelligently to the exact extent necessary for each action you perform.可知，第六感是一种肌肉感觉，可智能地精准控制人体活动。因此，C项是正确答案。2.细节事实题。题意：根据原文，人类身体超过一半的组织是由什么构成的？根据原文第三段第一句：More than half of a persons body is composed of muscle fibers.可知，人体超过一半的组织是由muscle fibers（肌肉纤维）构成。因此，正确答案为B项。3.细节事实题。根据原文第三段Women have only 60 to 70 percent as much muscle as men for their body mass. That is why an average woman cant lift as much, throw as far, or hit as hard as an average man. 可知，女性比正常男性力气小是因为女性身体内肌肉含量仅为男性的60-70%。因此，B项为正确答案。4.推理判断题。本文并未说明也未暗示肌肉感觉比其他感官重要，因此A选项错误。根据原文最后一段The voluntary muscles, those that we move consciously to perform particular action, number