2022年考博英语-西南大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第53期

2022年考博英语-西南大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题I want something（ ） placed in this window so that no one will be able to watch me.问题1选项A.crotchetyB.opaqueC.inductiveD.incongruous【答案】B【解析】考察形容词词义辨析。crotchety “有怪想的”；opaque “不透明的”；inductive “感应的；诱导的”；incongruous “不协调的，不一致的”。句意：我想放一些不透明的东西到窗户上，这样就没人能看见我了。选项B符合题意。2. 单选题It is a generous and receptive intelligence that was （ ）from attaining its full scope by bad training, poor school and lack of opportunity.问题1选项A.foiledB.thwartedC.balkedD.inhabited【答案】C【解析】考察动词词义辨析。foil “阻止；挫败”；thwart “反对，阻碍”；balk “故意妨碍或阻止”；inhabit “居住于”。句意：糟糕的训练，落后的学校条件以及机会的缺失妨碍了一个慷慨乐于接受的大脑的完全开发。选项C符合题意。3. 单选题More than 85 percent of French Canadas population speaks French as a mother tongue and （ ）to the Roman Catholic faith.问题1选项A.catersB.adheresC.ascribesD.subscribes【答案】B【解析】考察动词词义辨析。cater “迎合；提供饮食及服务”；adhere “追随，坚持， 粘附”；ascribe “把.归因于”; subscribes “订阅，签署”。句意：85%以上的法裔加拿大人把法语作为自己的母语，并且信仰天主教。选项B符合题意。4. 单选题I told him that I would （ ）him to act for me while I was away from office.问题1选项A.identifyB.authorizeC.rationalizeD.justify【答案】B【解析】考察动词词义辨析。identify “确定；鉴定”；authorize “批准，认可；授权给”； rationalize “使合理化”； justify “证明.是正当的；替.”。句意：我告诉他在我不在办公室期间，我会授权他代表我。选项B符合题意。5. 单选题If you （ ）someone, you form a fixed general idea or image of them so that you assume that they will behave in a particular way.问题1选项A.assimilateB.simulateC.stereotypeD.subordinate【答案】C【解析】考察动词词义辨析。Assimilate “吸收，同化”； simulate “刺激”；stereotype “使成成规，使变得刻板”；subordinate “使从属，使服从”。句意：如果你用刻板的观点看别人，你脑海中就形成了他们的一个大题想法和形象，因此你就会认为他们的一言一行都是按照特定的方式来的。选项C符合题意。6. 单选题Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from （ ）on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.问题1选项A.configurationB.constitutionC.condemnationD.contamination【答案】D【解析】考察名词词义辨析。 Configuration “布置，结构”；constitution “建立，组 成，宪法”; condemnation “谴责”; contamination “污染，玷污;污染物”。句意：最近在科学杂志上发表的一篇文章认为，岩层大部分有有机化学物质来自于地球上的污染而不是火星上的细菌。选项D符合题意。7. 单选题The Space Age （ ）in October 1957 when the first artificial satellite was launched by the Soviet Union.问题1选项A.initiatedB.originatedC.embarkedD.commenced【答案】D【解析】考察动词词义辨析。initiate “开始，发起，创始”;；originate “发源，来自”；embark “开始”；commence “开始”。句意：太空时代开始于1957年10月，第一颗人造卫星是由苏联发射升空的。选项D符合题意。8. 单选题Spread across the United States are about 500,000 doctors, cheeked by jowl, in the big cities and thin on the ground in isolated small towns. In June 1986, the secretary of health and human services, Dr. Otis Bowen, passed on a view of his experts: 5%-15% of Americas 500,000 doctors should be candidates for disciplinary action, many of them because of drug taking or alcoholism. Others give their patients poor care because they are senile, incompetent, guilty of misconduct or out of touch with developments in medicine.The granting, or withdrawal, of licenses to practice is in the hands of state medical boards, but they are overwhelmed with complaints and lack the money to handle even a fraction of them. Recently, however, things have been changing. In 1985, 406 doctors lost their licenses (compared with 255 in 1984), nearly 500 were placed on probation and nearly 1,000 received reprimands or had their right to practice curtailed. The federal inspector general demanded, and won the right for the states and the federal government, which provide health care for the elderly and for the poor under the Medicare and Medicaid programme, to refuse payment to the doctors considered unsatisfactory.Yet putting these powers into practice is proving to be far from easy. Of the 35 doctors so far denied reimbursement from Medicare, almost all work in lightly populated rural areas. On March 27th, their indignation and that of their patients were a sympathetic hearing by the Senate Finance Committee. Rural doctors may not be as up to date as those in the big towns, but they are often the only source of medical help for miles around and their patients are loyal to them. Members of the review boards, which are paid by the government, insist, however, that elderly and poor people should not be forced to receive (and the state to pay for) inferior care.An innovation is on the horizon in Texas, the most under-doctored state in the country (with only one doctor for every 1,100 residents). Lubbock University is setting up a computer network that will enable country doctors to obtain medical expertise and access to medical records in a hurry. The aim is to reduce the isolation of the country doctors and thus, in the long run, to attract more young doctors to rural areas.1.The main topic of the passage is （ ）.2.According to the text, disciplinary action should be taken against those who give patients poor care because of the following reasons EXCEPT（ ）.3.Which of the following is true about the unfit doctors?4.It can be inferred from the text that in the near future（ ）.5.The paragraph following the text would probably discuss（ ）.问题1选项A.the present situation of American doctorsB.the legislation on rural medical servicesC.the problems of country doctors and possible solutionsD.some factors of disqualification of country doctors问题2选项A.taking drugs and drinking alcoholB.feeling remorse of their bad behaviorC.being professional unskillfulD.being sick and conservative问题3选项A.1,500 doctors were deprived of the right to practice medicine.B.The federal government has got the right to deny reimbursement to those unqualified doctors.C.Almost all the doctors who fail to get payment from Medicare work in densely populated urban areas.D.Patients in the rural areas complain about the poor treatment their doctors give them.问题4选项A.there will be more qualified doctors in rural areasB.there will be an even more serious imbalance of the number of rural and urban doctorsC.country doctors are competitive in breaking medical recordsD.more patients will go to rural areas for medical treatment问题5选项A.problems of urban doctorsB.other solutions to improve the present situationC.research in medical scienceD.reduction of staff in rural hospitals【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:B第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.文章提到美国有一部分医生由于各种原因受到处罚（many of them because of drug taking or alcoholism. Others give their patients poor care because they are senile, incompetent, guilty of misconduct or out of touch with developments in medicine），有的甚至被吊销执照。所以本文主要讲述的是美国医生的现状。选项A符合题意。2.文章第一段最后一句Others give their patients poor care because they are senile, incompetent, guilty of misconduct or out of touch with developments in medicine提到对不能为患者提供良好护理治疗的医生进行训练的原因，因此可以知道选项A “吸毒和酗酒”不包含在内，符合题意。3.文章第二段最后一句The federal inspector general demanded, and won the right for the states and the federal government, which provide health care for the elderly and for the poor under the Medicare and Medicaid programme, to refuse payment to the doctors considered unsatisfactory提到联邦政府通过了可以不支付医药费给那些不合格的医生，因此选项B符合题意。4.文章第三段提到农村这些偏远地方的居民不希望因为某些医生专业能力不足而被吊销执照，尽管如此，审查委员仍然坚持认为老人和穷人不应该接受劣等治疗。所以可以推测委员会以后还是会吊销那些不合格医生的营业执照。第四段提到Lubbock大学正在帮助乡村医生获得医疗经验，目的是为了吸引更多年轻医生去乡村（The aim is to reduce the isolation of the country doctors and thus, in the long run, to attract more young doctors to rural areas）。所以可以推断未来乡村合格医生会越来越多。5.文章前面三段都在叙述美国少部分医生专业能力不合格以及城乡分配不均匀的情况，第四段提到了改善这一状况的做法，因此，接下来作者可能会探讨除了Lubbock大学之外其他机构对此问题的解决方法。选项B符合题意。9. 单选题The （ ）that she suggested for discussion were based on the most recent medical research.问题1选项A.contributionsB.occupationsC.expostulationsD.amendment【答案】D【解析】考察名词词义辨析。contribution “贡献”；occupation “职业；占有”；expostulation “劝告”；amendment “修正；改善”。句意：她建议讨论的修正案要基于最近的医学研究。选项D符合题意。10. 单选题The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process of thinking. Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing mangers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.Isenbergs recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an Aha! experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.1.According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways except to（ ）.2.The text suggests which of the following about the writers on management mentioned in line 1, paragraph 2?3.It can be referred from the text that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis?4.The text provides support for which of the following statements?5.Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the text?问题1选项A.speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem.B.identify a problem.C.bring together disparate facts.D.stipulate clear goals.问题2选项A.They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis.B.They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.C.They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do.D.They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.问题3选项A.Manager X analyzes first and then acts; Manager Y does not.B.Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis; Manager Y does not.C.Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem; Manager Y does not.D.Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating a solution to a problems Manager X does not.问题4选项A.Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis.B.Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.C.Managers intuition winks contrary to their rational and analytical skills.D.Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.问题5选项A.An assertion is nude and a specific supporting example is given.B.A conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced.C.The results of recent research are introduced and summarized.D.Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated.【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:C第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.文章第二段提到高级经理们有五种方式来使用直觉：1.他们直觉得感到有问题存在；2. 他们依靠直觉迅速做出训练有素的行为模式；3. 利用直觉来对图片进行加工，对碎片信息进行整合；4. 使用直觉来进行理性分析；5. 使用直觉来避开深入的分析并立即想出一个可行的方案。选项A符合第五点，选项B符合第一点，选项C符合第三点。因此，选项D符合题意。2.文章第二段第一句Isenbergs recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers intuition is neither of these提到Isenberg调查发现经理们依赖于直觉既不是理性的对立面，也不是反复无常的借口。所以选项D “这些作者误解了在做商业决定时经理们如何使用直觉”符合题意。3.本题的题干是假设经理X使用直觉做决定，而经理Y使用正式的分析，他们最大的不同是下列哪个选项。文章倒数第二段提到直觉型经理认为思考与形容不可分割（One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting）。文章最后一句提到行为只是确定问题，而不是实施方案，因此选项C符合题意。4.文章提到直觉型的经理们认为想和做不可分割，高级经理们总是在不同的实际案例中学习更多解决问题的方法，然后利用这些实践得来的方法对问题进行更深入的了解（senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue），选项D符合题意。5.文章第一段提到很多高级职业经理人不按照传统模式而依靠直觉（The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model ofRather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to），选项B符合题意。11. 单选题Bruce Stephen gripped （ ）the wheel hard as the car bounced up and down.问题1选项A.stirringB.drivingC.steeringD.revolving【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。stirring “激起”；driving “驾驶”；steering “掌舵”；revolving “旋转”。句意：当汽车上下弹跳时Bruce Stephen 仅仅抓住了方向盘。选项C符合题意。12. 翻译题Translate the following passage into English朋友来访，站在我的书橱前流连忘返，见他一副痴迷的样子，我故作豪爽地说：“喜欢看什么说就先拿去吧。”嘴上虽然这么说，其实心里还是很不情愿的，书像是自己的孩子，是生命的另一部分，生生被别人抱去，总是有点舍不得，朋友没有看出我的小算盘，只顾听了我的话，在书橱里挑三拣四地翻出几本书来，竟都是我喜欢的，时不时要拿出来读读的那种。但是泼出来的水是收不回来了，何况因为几本书，也显得太小家子气。【答案】A friend of mine came to see me. He stood before my bookcase looking over the books. At the sight of him lingering before it with rapt attention, I pretended to be generous, “ Take any as you like.” I said that in spite of myself. Actually I was reluctant, for I regarded my books as my children, part of my life. How could I bear them being torn away from me. My friend took me at my word and began choosing books to his liking. Unfortunately his pick happened to be my favorites, those Id like to read and reread now and then. But I couldnt go back on my word, for whats done cant be undone. To regret for lending a few books would make me look narrow-minded.13. 翻译题Translate the following short paragraphs into EnglishWhat I Have Lived For by Bertrand Russell“我的人生追求”一帕特兰罗素有三种朴实却异常强烈的激情左右着我的人生：渴望爱情，寻求知识和对受苦人的 怜悯。这三种激情尤如飓风肆意地吹着我，从无边的苦海吹向绝境.我寻找爱，因为爱使人陶醉，我常常宁愿用我全部的余生来换取几个小时这样的欣 喜。我寻找爱，因为爱使我解除了孤寂，解除了一个颤抖的灵魂从人世间到冷漠无底的 深渊所经历的孤寂。我寻找爱，因为我在爱的缩影中看到了圣人和诗人眼里天堂的景象= 这就是以往我寻找的，虽然对于人生来说似乎过于美好，但我终于找到了。以同样的激情，我寻求知识。我渴望理解人类的心灵。我想知道群星为何闪炼。我 试图领悟毕达哥拉斯的数的魔力，它支配着数的和谐。我已多少达到了此目的。爱和知识总是通往天堂。但是怜悯总把我带回尘世。痛苦喊叫的回声在我心中回荡。【答案】What I Have Lived For by Bertrand Russell14. 单选题If the scheme is （ ）carried out without waste of time or energy-I shall be completely satisfied.问题1选项A.relativelyB.noticeablyC.appropriatelyD.efficiently【答案】D【解析】考察副词词义辨析。relatively“相对地”；noticeably “显而易见地”；appropriately“恰当地”；efficiently “有效地”。句意：如果计划能够在不浪费时间和精力的情况下展开的话，我会很满意。选项D符合题意。15. 单选题A person who studies （ ）learns how to express numbers approximately and how to calculate ratios and averages.问题1选项A.staticB.statisticC.statisticsD.status【答案】C【解析】考察形近词词义辨析。Static “静止的，静态的”；statistic “数据，数字”； statistics “统计学”； status “地位，身份”。句意：统计学专业学生主要学习如何大概地表示数据，如何计算比例和平均值。选项C符合题意。16. 单选题To everyones surprise, the woman candidate from a small party （ ）the poll in the first round of voting.问题1选项A.eclipsedB.outshinedC.toppedD.deprived【答案】C【解析】考察动词词义辨析。eclipse “遮住的光”; outshine “使相形见绌”；top “超过”；deprive “剥夺，使丧失”。句意：让每个人惊讶的是，来自一个小政党的女候选人在第一轮投票中领先。选项C符合题意。17. 单选题A （ ）statement will very likely be one that appears to be convincing on the surface, but which, upon closer examination, is not so.问题1选项A.reasonableB.plausibleC.crediblD.laudable【答案】B【解析】考察形容词词义辨析。reasonable “合理的”；plausible “貌似可信的”；credible “可靠的”；laudable “值得称赞的”。句意：一个貌似可信的陈述很有可能表面看是可信的，但仔细分析后，是不正确的。选项B符合题意。18. 单选题Doing research will be much easier if you have someone to bounce ideas off and to give you（ ） in the entire process.问题1选项A.rewardB.insuranceC.interestD.feedback【答案】D【解析】考察名词词义辨析。reward “报酬，奖金”；insurance “保险”；interest “兴趣”；feedback “反馈”。句意：如果你有个人可以拿出主意并且整个过程都给你反馈意见，那么，做研究要容易很多。选项D符合题意。19. 单选题Most people in the modem world （ ）freedom and independence more than anything else.问题1选项A.illuminateB.fascinateC.cherishD.embody【答案】C【解析】考察动词词义辨析。 illuminate “阐明，说明”； fascinate “使着迷，使神魂颠倒”；cherish “珍爱”；embody “体现，使具体化”。句意：在现代社会里，大多数人最珍惜的事自由和独立。选项C符合题意。20. 单选题Allen will soon find out that real life is seldom as simple as it is （ ）in commercials.问题1选项A.draftedB.depictedC.allegedD.permeated【答案】B【解析】考察动词词义辨析。 drafted “设计；挑选”; depicted “描述;描画”;alleged “宣称”；permeated “弥漫”。句意：艾伦将很快发现实际生活很少像广告中描绘的那样简单。选项B符合题意。