英语四级考试词汇语法详解700题

2011年英语四级考试词汇、语法详解（一）1. Any steam engine gives us an example of _ into work.A.heats having turned B. heats turning C. heats having been turned D. heat being turned2.Essentially,a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of_ reality.A.what it is conceived B.that is conceived C. that is being conceived D. what is conceived to be3. Not until a monkey is several years old _ to exhibit signs of independence from its mother.A.it does begin B. when it begins C. does it begin D. before it begins4. Television will be used to enable customers to shop from the comfort of their homes by simply ordering via the TV screen, payment_ by direct debit of their credit cards.A. making it B. is madeC. being made D. will be made5. A woman has to be _ a man to go half as far.A. twice as good as B. as twice good asC. twice good as D. twice so good as 6. Hardly had we got on the bus _ it began to rain.A. when B. since C. but D. before7. Im sorry I cant go with you, but I wish you _A. a good time B. have a good timeC. to have a good time D. will have a good time8. Many a time _ them not to do so.A. we have warned B. do we have warnedC. have we warned D. warned we have9. They have produced _.A. 10 more pianos this month than last monthB. 10 pianos more this monththan last monthC. 10 pianos this month as many as last monthD. 10 as many pianos this month as last month10. He was hungry and ordered two _ of fish.A. shares B. parts C. portions D. sections11. The best students are _ special scholarships.A. awarded B. rewarded C. forwarded D. honored12. She stood up and _ in strong language.A. opposed B. reckoned C. objected D. shouted13. After becoming paralysed, Jane had to get used to the loss of_.She hated having to depend on others for things she once did for herself.A. authority B. autonomyC. attraction D. dependence14. Having poor handwriting is not much of a _ in an age of typewriters and computers.A. difference B. possibilityC. convention D. liability15. The _ grades are generally considered to be kindergarten through third grade.A. primitive B. primary C. promising D. proceeding16. The meal was excellent; the pears were particularly_.A. flavored B. delicious C. tasteful D. gracious17. His parents give him many expensive toys as some form of _for his lameness and inability to play active games.A. remedy B. compensationC. treatment D. comfort18. To what extent will future scientific discoveries make possible the _ of the human life span.A. increase B. expansionC. growth D. prolongation19. She was at the _ of her career when she was badly injured in the car accident.A. bloom B. peak C. excess D. extreme20. Should the _ of patriotism be controlled by reason?A. sentiment B. affection C. emotion D. passion21._ going through to New York yesterday to attend his sons wedding, Dr. Knapp flew to Chicago for a flower show.A. On the contrary B. In spite ofC. Instead of D. Because of22._ to the question of refreshments, I should think orange juice and potato chips will be sufficient.A.Due B. As C. Prior D. According23. To most of the undergraduate students, the doctoral degree is a distant _.A. theme B. prospect C. threshold D. token24. The partys reduced vote was _ of lack of support for its policies.A. authoritative B. acuteC. adverse D. indicative25. Platos teaching had a profound _ on Aristotle.A. sentiment B. affect C. effect D.sanction 英语四级试题答案与解析1D)【句意】蒸汽机是将热转化为能的一个例子。【难点】heat是不可数名词，是being turned的逻辑主语。2D)【句意】从本质上说，理论是对虚构现实的一种抽象的并具有象征性的展示。【难点】介词of后应接宾语，B)和C)为定语从句，但无先行词；A)中it为多余，只有D)为名词性从句，可作of的宾语。3. C)【句意】猴子要到几岁的时候才能表现出脱离母亲而独立的迹象。【难点】否定词not用于句首，要用倒装句，即把句子谓语的情态动词或助动词提到主语前面。4C)【句意】人们将使用电视在家里舒舒服服地购物，可以通过屏幕进行订货，所需支付的款项可直接从信用卡扣除。【难点】此句为独立主格，分句动词应用分词形式。5A)【句意】一个女人如果想走男人的一半距离的话，那么她的体力必须是男人的二倍。【难点】表示“有几倍好”用“几倍+as+adj +as”结构。6A)【句意】我们刚上车，就下起雨来了。【难点】hardly位于句首，句子要用倒装形式。Hardly通常与when连用，表示“一就”7A)【句意】对不起，我不能跟你去，但是我希望你玩得愉快。【难点】wish的祝愿句中，wish后的直接宾语通常是名词。8C)【句意】我们多次警告他们不要这样做。【难点】“Many a time”引导倒装。9A)【句意】他们这个月生产的钢琴比上个月多十台。【难点】表示程度的状语应放在比较形容词或副词前面。10C)【句意】他饿极了，点了两份鱼。【难点】portion意为“（食物的）一份”；share意为“一份，份额”，指数量讲；part意为“部分”；section意为“（事物的）部分；（文章等的）段落，节”。11A)【句意】最好的学生被颁发特殊奖学金。【难点】award意为“授予；颁发”；reward意为“酬谢，奖励”，常与with连用；forward意为“促进，推动”；honor意为“使增光，给以荣誉”。12C)【句意】她站起身，用激烈的言辞表示反对。【难点】object意为“反对，不赞成；提出异议”,指有不同意见。oppose意为“反对；反抗”，及物动词;reckon意为“计算；数”；shout意为“叫喊”。13B)【句意】瘫痪后，珍妮不得不去习惯失去自由行动能力的状态，她讨厌依赖他人做她以前自己能做的事情。【难点】autonomy意为“人身自由；自主权”；authority意为“权力；管辖权”；attraction意为“吸引”；dependence意为“依靠，依赖；依赖关系”。14D)【句意】字写得不好在打字机和电脑时代算不上不利条件。【难点】liability意为“不利条件，妨碍的人（或物）”；difference意为“差异”；possibility意为“可能性”；convention意为“社会习俗”。15 B)【句意】一般认为初级年级是从幼儿园到三年级。【难点】primary意为“初级的；小学的”，primitive意为“原始的，上古的；早期的”；promising意为“有希望的，有前途的；大有可为的”；preceding意为“在前的，在先的”。16B)【句意】这顿饭真好吃，尤其是梨，很香。【难点】delicious意为“美味的，可口的”;flavored意为“特殊风味的”；tasteful意为“有鉴赏力的；趣味高雅的”；gracious意为“亲切的，和蔼的；殷勤的”。17B)【句意】由于跛足，他不能玩运动量大的游戏，他的父母给了他很多昂贵的玩具作为某种形式的补偿。【难点】compensation意为“补偿”；remedy意为“补救；纠正（办法）”；treatment意为“治疗，疗法”；comfort意为“安慰，慰藉”。18D)【句意】未来的科学发现将在多大程度上延长人的寿命呢？【难点】prolongation意为“延长，拉长”；increase意为“增加；增大”；expansion意为“扩大，扩充”；growth意为“增长，增加；生长”。19B)【句意】正当事业处于顶峰的时候，她出了车祸，受了重伤。【难点】peak意为“顶点，顶峰”，常用于词组at the peak of 中；bloom 意为“开花期；繁花盛开”，常用于词组 in the bloom of ；excess意为“超越，越过”；extreme意为“极度（状态）”。20. A)【句意】爱国主义情操应该受理智控制吗?【难点】sentiment意为“情操”，含有较大的理智因素。affection意为“喜爱，爱心”，指热烈亲切慈爱的感情。emotion意为“情绪，激情”，主要指精神上的感情。passion意为“热情，激情”，指一种与理智相对而言的强烈的情感，这种情感往往使一个人的判断受到影响。21C)【句意】耐普博士昨天没去纽约参加儿子的婚礼而是飞到芝加哥去看花展。【难点】instead of 意为“代替，而不是”；on the contrary 意为“正相反”；in spite of 意为“不顾，尽管”;because of 意为“由于，因为”。四个词组中，只有instead of 后面可接动名词doing的形式。22C) 【句意】我想，在吃点心前桔汁和土豆片就足以吃饱了。【难点】prior to 意为“在以前，先于”；due to 意为“由于，因为”；as to 意为“至于，关于”； according to 意为“根据，按照”。23B)【句意】对多数本科生来说，博士学位是一个遥远的前景。【难点】prospect意为“（经济、地位等）前景，前程；景象”；theme 意为“主题，题目”；threshold意为“门槛；开端”；token意为“标志，象征，记号”。24D)【句意】该党得票下降暗示该党的政策缺少支持。【难点】indicative意为“象征的，暗示的”，后接of，构成词组；authoritative意为“权威性的，可信的”；acute意为“尖锐的，敏锐的”；adverse意为“不利的，有害的”。25C)【句意】柏拉图的教学对亚里士多得有深远的影响。【难点】effect意为“作用，影响”，have an effect on 意为“对有影响。”sentiment意为“感情，意见”；affect意为“影响，假装”，是动词；sanction意为“赞许，支持；鼓励”。引起倒装的前置状语当句首状语为否定词或带否定意义的词语时，一般引起局部倒装。这些词语常见的有：never, not for one minute, no longer, on no account, no more, nowhere else, at no time, hardly, scarcely, rarely, not for nothing等。例如：Never have I found him in such a good mood.句首状语若由“only+副词”、“only+介词词组”、“only+状语分句”构成，也可引起局部倒装。例如：Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.以关联连词not only(but also)和so(.that)开头的句子，通常引起局部倒装。例如：So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.近义词辨析gaze, glare, gape, peer, stare这组词均含有“注意地或专注地看”的意思。gaze指长时间目不转晴地看或凝视，常用于表达惊奇、羡慕或心不在焉的心情。We gazed at the rough sea lost in thought.我们凝视波涛汹涌的大海，陷入沉思。glare指怒目而视，敌视或仇视。People glared at the man who had assassinated their premier.人们愤怒地瞪着刺杀了他们总理的凶手。gape指目瞪口呆地凝视，常有发呆的意味。Tourists gaped at the animal keeper feeding meat to the lions.游客们目不转晴地看着饲养员给狮子喂肉。peer指眯起眼睛窥视。The detective peered into the room through his binoculars.侦探用望远镜向屋内窥视。stare指睁大眼睛看，带有好奇、猜疑或傲慢等含义。The girl stared at the beggar instead of giving him some money.小女孩冷冷地盯着乞丐，没给他钱。 2011年英语四级考试词汇、语法详解（2）：1. _ their help, we wouldnt have succeeded.A. Hadnt been forB. Had it not been forC. It hadnt been for D. Hadnt it been for2. _ that the sweater is handmade, the price seems reasonable.A. Since B. In view C. Because D. Considering3. I am in charge of welcoming the _.A. visitors from outside of townB. outoftown visitorsC. visitors of outoftownD. outside town visitors4. I really do not know whether we can succeed, so do not expect _.A. too much of us B. us too muchC. of us too much D. us of too much5. Japan has begun to rival America _.A. producing automobilesB. to manufacture automobiles C. in the production of automobilesD. for automobiles producing6. He did nothing but _ letters home all this afternoon.A. to write B. writing C. write D. wrote7. _ left before the deadline, it does not seem likely that Jimmy will accomplish the job.A. With so short timeB. Although such a short timeC.With such a short timeD. It is such a short time8. “Will Tom recover?”“Right now there is no way _.”A. of knowing B. to be known C. for knowing D. to have known9. No sooner had we started out _ it began to snow.A.then B.when C. than D. whenever10. _ the consequence, I will be on your side.A. However B. No matter howC. No matter D. Whatever11. When they arrived at the cross roads, they went the wrong _.A. direction B. way C. path D. route12. I cant stand the summers _ heat.A. intensive B. heavy C. intense D. high13. She takes _ interest in the economic reform in China.A. considerable B. conventionalC. considerate D. conservative14. When our university library bought this microscope we were given a one years _.A. proof B. reservation C. security D. guarantee15. The football player had studied economics in the university for a(n)_ of roughly six years.A. decade B. time C. age D. period16. A dictionary of the English language, _ by Dr. Samuel Johnson, was the first real attempt as a systematic written survey of English usage.A. compiled B. composedC. concocted D. collected17. The volunteer firefighters valiantly tried to put out the _forest fire.A. raging B. rippling C. rolling D. roaring18. Education is _ for all schoolage children in many a country.A. universal B. compulsory C. requested D. general19. The policemans _ mind caught the suspects lies.A. alive B. alert C. experienced D. imaginable20. Over years, a balance is _ among the plants and animals in a community and it remains basically stable.A. worked out B. worked offC. worked over D. worked up21. The global influence of English can be measured by the opposition of its old _, French.A. rival B. mould C. objective D. plot22. That nights _ with Grace was as tough a battle as Ive ever fought with an animal.A. experience B. encounter C. fatigue D. attack23. I dont think I have become more political, but if I see injustice and _, I feel I have to do something.A. hostility B. hostage C. inhumanity D. indignation24. Dr. Foxsaid that wolves he has have been even more _and more sensitive to human feelings than most dogs have.A. expressive B. extensive C. impressive D. intensive25. The present universal fear has been the result of a forward surgeinour knowledge and _ of certain dangerous factors in the physical world.A. perception B. supplementC. synthesis D.manipulation 试题答案与解析1B)【句意】要不是他们帮助，我们不会成功。【难点】这是以had为助动词，表示虚拟语气的条件状语从句句型，省略if，句子倒装，而not不提前。2D)【句意】考虑到这件毛衣是手工织的，价格还算合理。【难点】considering常常当作介词用，意为“考虑到”。3B)【句意】我负责接待城外的来客。【难点】outoftown 是合成形容词。4A)【句意】我真不知道我们会（转载自扬格外语考试网，请保留此标记。）不会成功，所以不要对我们期望太高。【难点】expectof 表示“对期望”。5C)【句意】在汽车生产方面日本已经成为美国的竞争对手。【难点】in表示“在方面”。6C)【句意】整个今天下午他在家除了写几封信，别的什么也没做。【难点】do nothing but 后加动词原形。7C)【句意】在最后期限到来之前，时间所剩无几，吉米似乎不可能完成这项工作。【难点】逗号前是个由with引导的独立结构。time前加a,表示一段时间。8A)【句意】“汤姆会恢复健康吗?”“眼下还无从知道。”【难点】there is no way of knowing意为还无法知道。9C)【句意】我们刚一出发天就开始下雪。【难点】no sooner than为固定句型，意为“一就”。10D)【句意】不论后果如何，我都将站到你这边。【难点】whatever意为“不论什么，不论如何”。11A)【句意】到十字路口时，他们走错了方向。【难点】direction 意为“方向”,go the wrong direction是习语，意为“走错方向”。way意为“方式,方法”；path意为“小路；小道”；route意为“路线，航线”。12C)【句意】我无法忍受夏日的酷热。【难点】intense意为“强烈的”，intense heat 为固定搭配，意为“酷热”。intensive意为“集中的，彻底的”；heavy 意为“强烈的；猛烈的”，但不能修饰heat;high 意为“（速度，温度，程度等）激烈的”。13A)【句意】她对中国的经济改革怀有极大的兴趣。【难点】considerable意为“相当的，可观的”；conventional意为“惯例的；常规的”；considerate意为“体贴的”；conservative意为“保守的，慎重的”。14D)【句意】我们大学的图书馆买这台显微镜的时候，得到一年保修的承诺。【难点】guarantee 意为“保证；保单”；proof意为“证据；证物”；reservation意为“预订，预订的房间或座席”；security 意为“保证；保障；担保”。15D)【句意】这位足球运动员曾在大学学习了大约六年经济学。【难点】period 意为“（一段）时间，时期，阶段；时代”； decade意为“十年，十年期”；time意为“（一部分）时间，（一段）时间”；age 意为“时代，年代”。16 A)【句意】塞缪尔 约翰逊编的英语字典是对英语用法进行系统书面研究的第一次真正尝试。【难点】compile意为“编辑，编纂”；compose意为“创作（音乐、文学作品）；谱曲”；concoct意为“人为地制造，编造”；collect意为“收集；聚集”。17A)【句意】消防志愿者们勇敢地努力去扑灭熊熊燃烧的森林大火。【难点】raging意为“狂想的，狂暴的”；rippling意为“起涟漪的；波动的”；rolling意为“起伏的，翻腾的”；roaring意为“吼叫的，轰鸣的”。18B)【句意】在许多国家，教育对所有学龄儿童来说是义务性的。【难点】compulsory意为“强制的，义务的”；universal意为“全体的；共同的，普遍的”；request是动词，意为“要求”，general意为“一般的，普通的”。19B)【句意】警察头脑机警，揭穿了嫌疑犯的谎言。【难点】alert意为“警惕的；警觉的”；alive意为“活的；有活力的；“只能做表语；experienced意为“有经验的，老练的”；imaginable意为“可想象的，想得到的”的，常与all,every,only连用。20D)【句意】生物群落中的植物和动物从长时间角度看能保持平衡，这种平衡会基本上保持稳定。【难点】work out意为“解决，计算出”;work off 意为“慢慢除去”；work over意为“彻底检查，充分研究”；work up 意为“渐渐发展成，逐渐达到”。21A)【句意】英语在全球的影响可从它的老对手法语的抵抗窥见一斑。【难点】rival意为“竞争者，对手”；mould意为“模子，铸型”；objective意为“目的，目标”；plot意为“阴谋，秘密计划”。22B)【句意】那晚和格雷丝的遭遇就像我以前同动物的打斗一样艰难。【难点】encounter意为“邂逅；遭遇”，后接with; experience意为“经历，经验”；fatigue意为“疲劳”；attack意为“攻击；责难”。23C)【句意】我认为我并没有变得更有政治倾向，但是，如果我看见不公正和野蛮的事情，我感觉我必须做点什么。【难点】inhumanity意为“无人性；野蛮”；hostility意为“敌意；敌视”；hostage意为“人质；抵押品”；indignation意为“愤怒；义愤”。24A)【句意】福克斯博士说，他养的狼要比多数狗对人更富于情感，更敏感。【难点】expressive意为“富于表情的，意味深长的”；extensive意为“广泛的；广阔的”；impressive意为“给人以深刻印象的”；intensive意为“集中的，密集的”。25D)【句意】现在普遍存在的恐惧一直是我们大量地了解并控制了客观世界里某些危险因素的结果。【难点】manipulation意为“控制，操纵”；perception意为“感知，察觉”；supplement意为“增补物，补充物”；synthesis意为“综合，结合”。英语四级考试：名词+不定式与名词+介词+ing分词有些名词如attempt, chance, effort, freedom, intention, reason, necessity, opportunity, time, way等，在其后用不定式或介词+ing分词均可，意义无甚区别。例如：The doctor made a bold attempt to save/at saving the childs life.有些名词如ability, agreement, ambition, anxiety, curiosity, mind, obligation, permission, refusal, tendency, wish等，在其后通常带不定式，而不带介词+ing分词。例如：Our ability to think and speak separates us from other mammals.还有些名词如aptitude, experience, hope, method, possibility, difficulty, interest, plan, habit, passion, genius等，其后通常带介词+ing分词，而不带不定式。例如：There is no hope of winning the game.近义词辨析strange, eccentric, odd, peculiar, queer, unique这组词均含有“不平常的”或“奇怪的”的意思。strange词义最广。指非一般的、不平常的、费解的或与预期不同的，还强调陌生，不熟悉。With so many strange faces around her, she felt a bit nervous.身边尽是陌生的面孔，她感到有点紧张。eccentric指行为偏离常规，特别是显得古怪或可笑。Youll be considered eccentric if you go to the banquet in your tennis shoes.如果穿着网球鞋去参加宴会，别人会认为你很古怪。odd强调有异于正常，表示不标准、不正规、不符合规律等，暗示这种奇异令人困惑不解。Einstein was considered an odd man by the neighbours kids.邻居的孩子们认为爱因斯坦是个古怪的人。peculiar强调具有明显的奇异特征或令人不快的怪异特性。We can identify the drug by its peculiar smell.我们可以通过其古怪的气味来辨认那种毒品。queer比odd更强调古怪性，指古怪得令人难以置信或离奇可笑。该词是个比较陈旧过时的词。曾被用于指男子同性恋者，宜慎用。He had a queer expression on his face.他的面部表情古怪。unique可指在某一方面不同寻常、特别，有较强的“独一无二”的意思。His calligraphic style is unique.他的书法风格很独特。2011年英语四级考试词汇、语法详解（3）：1. Everyone in the family bullied her and made her do all the chores, she was indeed _.A. Ciderella B. a CinderellaC. the Cinderella D. that Cinderella2. Air is to us _ water to fish.A. like B. as C. what D. that3. _ troublesome the problem is, he faces it with patience.A. However B. No matter C. Despite D. Although4. Peter became angry and said that _.A. he was tired to listen to them B. the listening to them was tired for himC. he was tiring listening to themD. he was tired of listening to them5. Weather _, the picnic will be held as scheduled.A. permits B. should permitC. will permit D. permitting6. We regret _ you that your subscription is overdue.A. informing B. to informC. being informed D. to be informed7. _ you are a college teacher, you probably have to take your holidays in July and August.A. Since that B. Since now C. By now D. Now that8. He had no business _ mixed up in such a matter.A. getting B. in getting C. to be got D. get9. Everybody must observe the rule, not _ the director.A. except B.but C. excepting D. except for10. The texture of the rocks grains were described _“like sugar”.A. as being B. as is C. as was D. as if11. The subject of children starving to death is too _to joke about.A. grim B. grief C. shrewd D. snobbish12. We cant just _ these objections off.A. ward B. lay C.shrug D. shake13. Children are _ for saying the wrong thing at the wrong time.A.naughty B. plain C. versatile D. notorious14. Lets _ the bird from the case.A. liberate B. put C. set D. free15. She regarded the burglary as a(n) _ of her home.A. invasion B. suppressionC. violation D. theft16. I telephoned this afternoon, but nobody _ .A. replied B. responded C. returned D. answered17. The _ of my paper on animal communication includes a book on whale songs.A. biography B. preface C. introductionD. bibliography18. Many experts _ a lowprotein, highcarbonhy drate diet.A. prompt B. advocate C. inherent D.claim19. The medical centers annual fee is _ , covering all visits and services.A. indicative B. indefiniteC. inclusive D. integral20. Dominic is the most _ pupil in class.A. individual B. industrial C. indulgent D. industrious21. Mr. Morgan gradually _ a knowledge of the subject.A. attained B. required C. acquired D. enquired22. Though steam engines have now passed the _ of their usefulness, their heritage remains.A. prime B. era C. epoch D. date23. What he said just now had little to do with the question _discussion.A. with B. under C. by D. over24. Molten iron is poured into the mixer in the same way _tea is poured into a cup from a teapot.A. as B.that C. since D. like25. The Russians also burned their farms and _ their dams and power plants.A. blew up B. blew off C. blew out D. blew over 试题答案与解析1. B)【句意】家中的每个人都欺侮她，叫她做所有的家务，她真是个灰姑娘。【难点】Cinderella源于童话灰姑娘,现已成为专有名词。2C)【句意】空气对于我们来说就像水对于鱼一样。【难点】固定句型A is to B what C is to D.3A)【句意】无论问题多么麻烦，他都耐心地去面对。【难点】however=no matter how, 意为“不管”。4D)【句意】彼得非常生气，并说他很讨厌他们说话。【难点】sb be tired of doing sth意为“（转载自扬格外语考试网，请保留此标记。）某人厌倦做某事”。5D)【句意】若天气允许的话，野餐将如期进行。【难点】“Weather permitting”作为独立结构，意为“如果天气允许的话”，也可以用“if weather permits”。6B)【句意】我们很遗憾地通知你，你的订单已经过期。【难点】“We regret to inform you”意为“我们很遗憾地通知你”。7D)【句意】既然你是个大学老师，你大概不得不在七、八月份休假。【难点】now that=since, 意为“既然”。8A)【句意】他没有理由卷入这件事情。【难点】getting为get的现在分词形式，与mixed up构成现在分词短语，修饰business，作定语。9B)【句意】每个人都要遵守规则，主任也不例外。【难点】but=except,not but意为“不除之外”。10A)【句意】岩石的纹理结构被描述为“像糖”。【难点】be described as 意为“被形容为”。11A)【句意】儿童饿死这一话题太无情，不该拿来开玩笑。【难点】grim意为“无情的，冷酷的，可怕的”；grief是名词，意为“悲伤，悲痛”；shrewd意为“机灵的，精明的”；snobbish意为“势力的，媚上欺下的”。12C)【句意】我们不能对这些反对意见不予理睬。【难点】shrug off 意为“对满不在乎，对不屑一顾”；ward off意为“避开，挡开，避免”；lay off 意为“停止打扰；不理会；戒绝”；shake off 意为“抖落，摆脱”。13D)【句意】孩子们常在错误的时间说错话，这一点众所周知。【难点】notorious意为“坏方面闻名的，臭名昭著的”，后接介词for；naughty 意为“顽皮的，淘气的；plain意为“明白的，清楚的”；versatile意为“多才多艺的，有多方面才能的”。14D)【句意】咱们把鸟从笼子里放了吧。【难点】free意为“使自由；释放”，常与from连用；libe