3电气110 x班04311姓名外文翻译

中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业论文外文资料翻译系 别：信息工程系专 业：电气工程及其自动化姓 名： 赵亮亮学 号：043094292013 年 4月1日外文翻译太阳能交通灯控制系统设计1.概述我所设计的太阳能交通灯控制系统设计采用太阳能供电基于单片机的交通灯系统。太 阳能是太阳内部或者表面的黑子连续不断的核聚变反应过程产生的能量。太阳能部分有电 池单元（当太阳光照射到由P型和N型两种不同导电类型的同质半导体材料构成的P-N结 上时，在一定的条件下，太阳能辐射被半导体材料吸收，在导带和价带中产生韭平衡载流 子即电子和空穴。同于P-N结势垒区存在着较强的内建静电场，因而能在光照下形成电流 密度J,短路电流Isc，开路电压Uoc。若在内建电场的两侧面引出电极并接上负载，理论 上讲由P-N结、连6接电路和负载形成的回路，就有光生电流流过，太阳能电池组件就 实现了对负载的功率P输出）控制器，逆变器发电系统反光二极管。交通灯部分是由单片 机AT89C51所控制的，由发光二极管组成的LED灯、共阴极的显示数码管等元器件组成 的。在单片机AT89C51中有写入的所控制灯转换的程序，它是交通灯控制系统的大脑， 它有32位引脚组成，且分别接入了显示数码管、LED灯等。本设计主要做了如下几方 面的工作：一是确定系统交通控制的总体设计，包括，十字路口具体的通行禁行方案设计 以及系统应拥有的各项功能，二是进行传感器的硬件电路、显示电路等的设计和基本功能 要求。2 太阳能电池板介绍2.1结构组成 钢化玻璃 其作用为保护发电主体（如电池片），透光其选用是有要求的，1透光率 必须咼（一般91%以上）；2超白钢化处理 EVA用来粘结固定钢化玻璃和发电主体（如电池片），透明EVA材质的优劣直接影响 到组件的寿命，暴露在空气中的EVA易老化发黄，从而影响组件的透光率，从而影响组件 的发电质量除了 EVA本身的质量外，组件厂家的层压工艺影响也是非常大的，如EVA胶连 度不达标，EVA与钢化玻璃、背板粘接强度不够，都会引起EVA提早老化，影响组件寿命。 电池片主要作用就是发电，发电主体市场上主流的是晶体硅太阳电池片、薄膜太阳 能电池片，两者各有优劣晶体硅太阳能电池片，设备成本相对较低，但消耗及电池片成本 很高，但光电转换效率也高，在室外阳光下发电比较适宜薄膜太阳能电池，相对设备成本 较高，但消耗和电池成本 很低，但光电转化效率相对晶体硅电池片一半多点，但弱光效 应非常好，在普通灯光下也能发电，如计算器上的太阳能电池。 背板及连接部分。密封、绝缘、防水（一般都用TPT、TPE等材质必须耐老化，大部 分组件厂家都质保25年，钢化玻璃，铝合金一般都没问题，关键就在与背板和硅胶是否 能达到要求。2.2材料分类当前，晶体硅材料（包括多晶硅和单晶硅）是最主要的光伏材料，其市场占有率在90% 以上,而且在今后相当长的一段时期也依然是太阳能电池的主流材料。多晶硅材料的生产 技术长期以来掌握在美、日、德等3个国家7个公司的10家工厂手中，形成技术封锁、 市场垄断的状况。多晶硅的需求主要来自于半导体和太阳能电池。按纯度要求不同，分为 电子级和太阳能级。其中，用于电子级多晶硅占55%左右，太阳能级多晶硅占45%，随着 光伏产业的迅猛发展，太阳能电池对多晶硅需求量的增长速度高于半导体多晶硅的发展， 预计到2008年太阳能多晶硅的需求量将超过电子级多晶硅。1994年全世界太阳能电池的 总产量只有69MW，而2004年就接近1200MW，在短短的10年里就增长了 17倍。专家预测 太阳能光伏产业在二十一世纪前半期将超过核电成为最重要的基础能源之一。2.3发电原理太阳能发电方式太阳能发电有两种方式，一种是光一热一电转换方式，另一种是光一 电直接转换方式。光一热一电转换方式通过利用太阳辐射产生的热能发电，一般是由太阳 能集热器将所吸收的热能转太阳能电池板换成工质的蒸气，再驱动汽轮机发电。前一个过 程是光一热转换过程；后一个过程是热一电转换过程，与普通的火力发电一样。太阳能热 发电的缺点是效率很低而成本很高，估计它的投资至少要比普通火电站贵510倍。一座 1000MW的太阳能热电站需要投资2025亿美元，平均1kW的投资为20002500美元。因 此，适用小规模特殊的场合，而大规模利用在经济上很不合算，还不能与普通的火电站或 核电站相竞争。光一电直接转换方式该方式是利用光电效应，将太阳辐射能直接转换成电 能，光一电转换的基本装置就是太阳能电池。太阳能电池是一种由于光生伏特效应而将太 阳光能直接转化为电能的器件，是一个半导体光电二极管，当太阳光照到光电二极管上时, 光电二极管就会把太阳的光能变成电能，产生电流。当许多个电池串联或并联起来就可以 成为有比较大的输出功率的太阳能电池方阵了。太阳能电池是一种大有前途的新型电源， 具有永久性、清洁性和灵活性三大优点太阳能电池寿命长，只要太阳存在，太阳能电池 就可以一次投资而长期使用；与火力发电、核能发电相比，太阳能电池不会引起环境污染; 太阳能电池可以大中小并举，大到百万千瓦的中型电站，小到只供一户用的太阳能电池组, 这是其它电源无法比拟的。2.4检测与维护 检查电池板有无破损，要做到及时发现，及时更换。 检查汇流箱接线处是否有发热现象。 对电池板的清洁程度进行鉴定。 做分析总结记录并归档。3AT89C51介绍3.1 AT89C51 的简介AT89C51 是一种带 4K 字节 FLASH 存储器(FPEROMFlash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory)的低电压、高性能CMOS 8位微处理器，俗称单片机。AT89C2051是一 种带2K字节闪存可编程可擦除只读存储器的单片机。单片机的可擦除只读存储器可以反 复擦除1000次。该器件采用ATMEL高密度非易失存储器制造技术制造，与工业标准的 MCS-51指令集和输出管脚相兼容。由于将多功能8位CPU和闪速存储器组合在单个芯片中， ATMEL的AT89C51是一种高效微控制器，AT89C2051是它的一种精简版本。AT89C51单片机 为很多嵌入式控制系统提供了一种灵活性高且价廉的方案。3.2特性概述AT89C51提供以下标准功能：4k字节Flash闪速存储器，128字节内部RAM，32个 I/O 口线，两个16位定时/计数器，一个5向量两级中断结构，一个全双工串行通信口， 片内振荡器及时钟电路。同时，AT89C51可降至0Hz的静态逻辑操作，并支持两种软件可 选的节电工作模式。空闲方式停止CPU的工作，但允许RAM,定时/计数器，串行通信口及 中断系统继续工作。掉电方式保存RAM中的内容，但振荡器停止工作并禁止其它所有部件 工作直到下一个硬件复位。3.3管脚说明P0 口： P0 口为一个8位漏级开路双向I/O 口，每脚可吸收8TTL门电流。当P0 口的管 脚第一次写1时，被定义为高阻输入。P0能够用于外部程序数据存储器，它可以被定义为 数据/地址的低八位。在FIASH编程时，P0 口作为原码输入口，当FIASH进行校验时，P0 输出原码，此时P0外部必须接上拉电阻。P1 口: P1 口是一个内部提供上拉电阻的8位双向I/O 口，P1 口缓冲器能接收输出4TTL 门电流。P1 口管脚写入1后，被内部上拉为高，可用作输入，P1 口被外部下拉为低电平 时，将输出电流，这是由于内部上拉的缘故。在FLASH编程和校验时，P1 口作为低八位地 址接收。P2 口： P2 口为一个内部上拉电阻的8位双向I/O 口，P2 口缓冲器可接收，输出4个 TTL门电流，当P2 口被写“ 1”时，其管脚被内部上拉电阻拉高，且作为输入。并因此作 为输入时，P2 口的管脚被外部拉低，将输出电流。这是由于内部上拉的缘故。P2 口当用 于外部程序存储器或16位地址外部数据存储器进行存取时，P2 口输出地址的高八位。在 给出地址“1”时，它利用内部上拉优势，当对外部八位地址数据存储器进行读写时，P2 口输出其特殊功能寄存器的内容。P2 口在FLASH编程和校验时接收高八位地址信号和控制 信号。P3 口： P3 口管脚是8个带内部上拉电阻的双向I/O 口，可接收输出4个TTL门电流。 当P3 口写入“1”后，它们被内部上拉为高电平，并用作输入。作为输入，由于外部下拉 为低电平，P3 口将输出电流（ILL）这是由于上拉的缘故。ALE/PROG:当访问外部存储器时，地址锁存允许的输出电平用于锁存地址的低位字节。 在FLASH编程期间，此引脚用于输入编程脉冲。在平时，ALE端以不变的频率周期输出正 脉冲信号，此频率为振荡器频率的1/6。因此它可用作对外部输出的脉冲或用于定时目的。 然而要注意的是：每当用作外部数据存储器时，将跳过一个ALE脉冲。如想禁止ALE的输 出可在SFR8EH地址上置0。此时，ALE只有在执行MOVX，MOVC指令是ALE才起作用。另 外，该引脚被略微拉高。如果微处理器在外部执行状态ALE禁止，置位无效。3.4封装形式CMOS I艺制造的低功耗芯片也采用塑封方型扁平式封装(PQFP, Plastic Quad FlatPackage)和塑封有引线芯片载体封簇(PLCC, Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier)形式.这两种 封装采用“个引脚，其中4个引脚不用，其引脚排列51系列单片帆PQFP和PLCC封装图。外文资料Solar Traffic Light Control System Design1 OverviewI designed solar traffic light control system design using solar-powered traffic light system based on single chip. Solar energy is the energy of nuclear fusion reactions inside the sun or sunspot surface continuously generated. Part of a solar cell (when the sun light shines junction by PN P-type and N-type conductivity of two different types of homogeneous semiconductor material when, under certain conditions, the solar radiation is absorbed by the semiconductor material in the conduction band and the valence band to produce non-equilibrium carriers i.e. electrons and holes.2MSP430F149 IntroducedThe MSP430 series is a 16 bit, with mixed type single-chip RISC, ultra low power, has the comprehensive advantages of powerful.In terms of computing power, the MSP430 series monolithic integrated circuit is a 16 bit single chip, using the reduced instruction set (RISC) structure, is addressing the rich (7 source operand addressing, 4 destination operand addressing), 27 kernel command as well as a large number of simulated instructions; a large number of registers and the on-chip data memory can participate in a variety of operations; and efficient look-up processing instruction; have a high processing speed, in the 8MHz crystal under driving cycle 125ns. These features ensure can produce efficient program.In terms of computational speed, MSP430 Series MCU can drive 8MHz crystal, 125ns instruction cycle. 16 bit data width, 125ns instruction cycle and multi-function hardware multiplier (can realize the multiplication and addition) to match, can achieve some algorithms of digital signal processing (such as FFTD).MSP430 Series MCU interrupt source is more, and can be arbitrarily nested, flexible and convenient use. When the system is in standby state power, using interrupt request it would wake up only 6 卩 s.Ultra low power MSP430 microcontroller has low power consumption, is because it has its ones own knack in at a reduced supply voltage and clock chip operation is flexible and controllable aspects. Due to open the system function module, which uses different work mode, the power consumption of a chip is significantly different. In the system a total of a pattern of activity (AM) and five low power mode (LPM0 LPM4). In the waiting mode, the power consumption is 0.7 卩 A, in the power saving mode, a minimum of 0.1 y.In addition, each member of the MSP430 Series MCU integrates rich on-chip peripherals. Provides the convenience of MSP430 series single-chip these set inside and outside system of monolithic programs.MSP430F149 is a MSP430X14X series, two 16 timer, analog-to-digital converter, 12 bits in a 14 Road, 6 road, a watchdog P, two USART communication port, a comparator, an internal DCO oscillator and two external clock, 8M clock.The characteristics of 2.1MSP430F149 chipA. low supply voltage range: 1.8 3.6 VB. ultra low power:2.5 y A 4KHz, 2.2V; 280 y A lMHz, 2.C. 5 power-saving methods:Wait for 1.6 yPower saving mode RAM 0.1 yD. from the waiting mode wake-up time less than 6 yE. 16 RISC structure, the 125ns instruction cycle.Configure F. basic clock module: high-speed crystals (up to 8MHz); low speed crystal (32768Hz); DCOG. with the external device can form a single bevel A/D converter.H. 12 200Ksps A/D converter, with sample and hold.I. internal temperature sensor.J. has 3 capture / compare register 16 timer Timer-A, Timer-B.K. two serial communication interface can be used in asynchronous or synchronous (UART/SPI) mode. 1.6 8 bit parallel port, and the 2 8 bit port with interrupt capability.M.hardware multiplierN.up to 60KB FLASH ROM and 2KB RAMO.serial in-system programming.Code protection P. security fuse.2.2 MSP430F149 chip processing unitThe processing unit CPU and command a orthogonal design based on a consistent set, the design structure formed a highly transparent to the application development, and in the RISC system programming simple known. In addition to all the operation procedure flow instruction outside, as register operations with 7 kinds of source addressing mode and 4 destination operand addressing mode to execute.MSP430F149 chip CPU has 16 registers provide reduced instruction execution time. Memory to a register operation execution time is reduced to a period of processor frequency, 4 registers are reserved, used especially for the program counter, stack counter, state storage register and constant generator. The remaining registers can be used as a general-purpose register. Peripheral using a data address and control bus is connected to the CPU, and can easily use the memory processing instructions.2.3 MSP430F149 chip operation modeLow power operation mode of MSP430F149 has a pattern of activity and five software selectable. An interrupt event can chip from the five low power mode of any a wake-up service the request and in the recovery of low power mode from the interruption of the procedure returns.The following six kinds of operation mode by software configuration:A. activity model AMAll clock activityB. low power mode 0 (LPM0)CPU closedACLK and SMCLK activities, MCLK offC. low power mode 2 (LPM2)CPU ACLK keep close activities;MCLK, FLL+, DCOCLK closeClose the DC generator DCO; crystal oscillator stops at2.4MSP430F149 chip I/O portThe MSP430F149 has 6 8 bit I/O port P1 to P6, P1 and P2 port 7 port control register, P3, P4, P5, P6 using only 4 registers, to provide maximum flexibility for the application of digital input / output:All A. single I/O port can be programmed independently;Any combination of B. input and output and interrupt conditions are possible;The C. port of P1 and P2 in all 8 of the external event interrupt processing complete;Port Pl and P2 with input / output, interrupt and external functional module, port P3, P4, P5 and P6 have no interrupt capability, the function and P1, P2. Taking Px port, the 7 registers all.A. PxDIR (input / output direction register)8 independent respectively defines 8 pin input / output direction. Using the input / output function, should first define the port direction, input / output to meet the requirements of the designer. As inputs, can only be read; as output, readable and writable.0: the input mode; 1: output modeB. PxOUT (output register)The input registers are read-only register, the user cannot write to it, only by reading the contents of the register that input signal of the I/O port, this pin direction must be selected for input.C. PxOUT (output register)The register as the output buffer of I/O port, irrelevant to pin direction output cache when read definition. To change the direction of the contents of register, the output cache content was not affected by.D. PxIFG (interrupt flag register)The register has 8 mark, mark the corresponding pin is to interrupt processing information, namely whether an interrupt request corresponding pin.0: do not interrupt request; 1: interrupt requestE. PxlES (interrupt trigger edge select register)If a pin Px port interrupt enable, also need to interrupt the definition of pin. 8 the register correspond to 8 pin Px port.0: the rising edge of the corresponding flag is set; 1: the falling edge of the corresponding flag.F. PxlE (interrupt enable register)Each pin has a Px port to control the pin is allowed to interrupt.0: disable interrupt; 1: interrupt enableGPxSEL (feature selection register)Each port with other peripheral functions, in order to reduce the pin, the function and the chip contact by multiplexing the Px pin way to achieve. PxSEL is used to select the I/O port function and peripheral module pin.P3, P4, P5 and P6 port only input / output direction register (Px DIR), input register (PxIN), the output register (PxOUT) and function selection register (PxSEL).0 Pinout: choose I/O port; 1: select pins for peripheral module function2.5MSP430F149 chip clock systemThe MSP430F149 chip based clock module has 3 input clock source:Low frequency a.LFXTICLK Zhong YuanB. XT2CLK high-frequency Zhong YuanC. DCOCLK digital control of RC oscillatorThe default LFXT1 oscillator working in low-frequency modes, namely 32768Hz, 8MHz crystal oscillator XT2 oscillator as the standard.Basic clock module can provide 3 kinds of clock signal: the main system clock (MCLK) subsystem clock (SMCLK) and clock (ACLK).The main system clock (MCLK): MCLK can be selected by the software of LFXT1CLK, XT2CLK, DCOCLK from three, and 1, 2, 4, 8 frequency obtained. MCLK is mainly used for CPU and system.System clock (SMCLK): the software can be selected from LFXT1CLK and DCOCLK, or XT2CLK and DCOCLK (determined by the specific device), and then after 1, 2, 4, 8 frequency obtained. SMCLK is mainly used for high Speed peripheral module.Auxiliary clock (ACLK): ACLK is obtained by 1, 2, 4, 8 frequency of LFXT1CLK signal. Clock signal ACLK software can be selected for each peripheral module, generally used for low-speed peripherals.System using different clock signals, the user through the program can choose the low frequency or the high frequency, it can choose the system clock frequency appropriate according to the actual need, the 3 different frequency clock output of different modules, thus more reasonable use of the system power supply, ultra low power implementation of the system, this is a crucial point for a battery powered system.2.6MSP430F149 chip memory structure and address spaceMSP430 Series MCU memory is used in the storage area of unified structure, physically separated such as ROM/FLASH, RAM, peripheral modules, special function registers SFR, are arranged in the same address space, so that we can use a set of address, data bus, the same command byte or character access to them. This organization and CPU MSP430 Series MCU memory using RISC coordination, access to the external module does not require a separate instruction, the structure of software development and debugging convenience.Now with 64KB of storage space as an example of MSP430 memory usage, as shown in figure 3-1.Storage space in the MSP430 series devices distribution have a lot in common:A. interrupt vectors are arranged in the same space: OFFEO OFFFFHMemory address b.8, bit 16 peripheral module occupies the same rangeThe C. special function registers occupy the same memory address rangeD. data storage from 0200HThe highest E. address program memory is 0FFFFHBut because the device belongs to different type, distribution of storage space, there are some differences: program memory capacity is not the same, so the starting address is not the same; only FLASH type information storage and guide the memory address of different devices, and they are different; the end address of data storage device is not the same, the interrupt vector and 8, 16 peripheral modules with different contents etc.MSP430 is the most flexible data memory address space, the 0200H unit is located in the memory address space, the memory is generally used to stack and variables, such as storage of frequently changing data. The stack is a data storage unit for special operation of advanced, can in the subroutine call, interrupt processing or function call in stored procedures, parameters, such as pointer register.FLASH program memory is the storage space of a certain number of below OFFFFH, can store system program or application and constant power, can avoid accidents caused by the loss of information storage. Code must have the address. The code includes: interrupt the boot program vector area, the user program code and system.MSP430 Series Single chip all the modules can use the software to access and control, control registers and state register peripheral module are arranged in the 0000H 01FFH range of RAM, MSP430 can be accessed like ordinary RAM unit on the register operation.