2022年考博英语-山东大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷23

2022年考博英语-山东大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Since the island soil has been barren for so many years, the natives must now _ much of their food.问题1选项A.deliverB.importC.produceD.develop【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。deliver “交付，递送”；import “输入，进口”；produce “生产，引起”；develop “发展，进步”。句意：由于岛上的土壤多年来一直贫瘠，当地人现在必须进口大多数食物。选项B符合题意。2. 单选题Too much（ ）to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.问题1选项A.exposureB.disclosureC.contactD.connection【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。exposure to “暴露于”；disclosure “揭发”；contact “接触”；connection “联系”。句意：过多暴露在X射线下对皮肤有伤害，也可能导致癌症或者其他伤害。选项A符合题意。3. 单选题The study of genetics has given rise to a profitable new industry called biotechnology. As the name （1）, it combines biology and modem technology through such （2 ） as genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech companies, as they are called, （3 ） in agriculture and are working enthusiastically to patent （取得专利）seeds that give a high yield （产量），that （4 ） disease, drought and frost, and that reduce the need for dangerous chemicals. （5 ）such goals could be achieved, it would be most beneficial. But some have raised （6 ） about genetically engineered crops. “In nature, genetic diversity （多样性）is created within certain limits,” says the book Genetic Engineering, Food and Our Environment. “A rose can be crossed （杂交）with a different kind of rose, but a rose will （7 ）cross with a potato. Genetic engineering, on the other hand, usually involves taking genes from one species and inserting them into another in an attempt to （8 ） a desired property or character. This could mean, （9 ）, selecting a gene which leads to the production of a chemical with antifreeze properties from an arctic fish, and joining it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant. It is now possible for plants to be engineered with genes（10 ） from bacteria, viruses, insects, animals or even humans. （11 ）, then, biotechnology allows humans to break the genetic walls that（12 ） species. Like the green revolution, （13 ） some call the gene revolution（14 ） to the problem of genetic uniformity （千篇一律）- some say even more so （15 ） geneticists can employ techniques such （16 ）cloning and organ culture, processes that produce perfectly（17） copies, or clones. Concerns about the biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, raise new（18 ）, such as the effects that they may have on us and the environment. “We are flying blindly into a new （19 ） of agricultural biotechnology with high hopes, few constraints, and little idea of the potential（20）,” said science writer Jeremy Rifkin. 问题1选项A.suggestsB.recallsC.concernsD.advises问题2选项A.conceptsB.viewsC.techniquesD.courses问题3选项A.participateB.focusC.specializeD.involve问题4选项A.treatB.avoidC.opposeD.resist问题5选项A.IfB.UnlessC.SinceD.As问题6选项A.demandsB.topicsC.concernsD.lessons问题7选项A.sometimesB.neverC.frequentlyD.eventually问题8选项A.conveyB.transferC.selectD.collect问题9选项A.for exampleB.for one thingC.on one handD.in any case问题10选项A.resultedB.evolvedC.injectedD.taken问题11选项A.In contrastB.In thatC.In caseD.In essence问题12选项A.separateB.formC.createD.vary问题13选项A.whatB.whereC.asD.so问题14选项A.combinesB.contributesC.commandsD.breaks问题15选项A.thatB.becauseC.ifD.when问题16选项A.likeB.for exampleC.asD.is问题17选项A.resemblingB.alikeC.similarD.identical问题18选项A.issuesB.heightC.difficultiesD.goals问题19选项A.spotB.eraC.deadlineD.scheme问题20选项A.navigationsB.mysteryC.outcomesD.destinations【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A第6题:C第7题:B第8题:B第9题:A第10题:D第11题:C第12题:A第13题:A第14题:B第15题:B第16题:C第17题:D第18题:A第19题:B第20题:C【解析】（1）动词词义辨析。根据文章第一句，可知the name 指代第一句中的biotechnology，所以这个名字暗示了它是生物和现代技术的结合，选项A符合题意。（2）查上下文语义。根据上文，such指代前面提到的生物和现代技术，所以只有technique技术能概括前面的信息，选项C符合题意。（3）动词词组辨析。participate in “参加，分享”；focus on “集中于”；specialize in “专门研究 ”；involve in “参与，涉及”。句意：一些新的生物科技公司，专门研究农业方面的问题。选项C符合题意。（4）动词词义辨析。Treat “治疗，对待”；avoid “避免”；oppose “反对，对抗”；resist “抵抗”。句意：能够抵抗干旱、疾病和霜冻，并且减少对化学用品需求的种子。选项D符合题意。（5）逻辑关系。空格的这句和下一句应该是假设关系，if引导条件状语从句，句意：如果这些目标能够实现，那么将会是最大的好处。选项A符合题意。（6）固定搭配。concern about “对担心”，句意：一些人对转基因农作物越来越担心。选项C符合题意。（7）考查上下文语义。上文提到基因多样性是在特定范围内创建的，“A rose can be crossed （杂交）with a different kind of rose”，玫瑰可以和其他不同种类的玫瑰杂交，后面空格应该是表示转折，句意：但是玫瑰不能和土豆杂交。选项B符合题意。（8）动词词义辨析。convey “运达，传输”； transfer “转移”；select “选择”； collect “收集”。句意：从一种物种上获取基因，然后将其植入到另一物种中，尝试转移一种希望得到的特性。选项B符合题意。（9）考查上下文语义。根据上下文，用北极鱼防冻基因植入草莓土豆，使其也具有防冻特性的例子来说明了基因转移的过程。选项A符合题意。（10）动词词组辨析。resulted from “起因于”；evolved from “演变而来”；injected from “从注射”；taken from “从取出”。句意：现在用从病毒、细菌、昆虫、动物乃至人体中提取的基因来改造植物是可能的。选项D符合题意。（11）词组辨析。in contrast “与此相反”；in that “因为，由于”；in case “万一，假使”；in essence “本质上”。句意：假使生物技术允许人类打破基因墙。选项C符合题意。（12）动词词义辨析。separate “分离，分开” ；form “构成，形成” ；create “创造，造成” ；vary “改变，使多样化”。句意：生物技术使人们打破分隔物种的基因壁垒。选项A符合题意。（13）考查语法。空格应该是主语从句的引导词，句意：如同绿色革命一般，我们所说的基因革命有助于解决基因千篇一律的问题。有what引导主语从句。选项A符合题意。（14）固定搭配。contribute to “有助于”，句意：基因革命有助于解决基因千篇一律的问题。选项B符合题意。（15）逻辑关系。空格前后构成了因果关系。句意：因为遗传学者能采用技术，所以有助于解决基因千篇一律的问题选项B符合题意。（16）固定搭配。空格后面是举了克隆和器官培养的例子，所以用such as “比如”，选项C符合题意。（17）形容词词义辨析。resembling “像”，不是形容词，可排除 ；alike “相同的” ；similar “相似的”；identical “同一的，完全相同的”。文中是指完全相同的基因复制和克隆。选项D符合题意。（18）名词词义辨析。issues “问题”； height “高度”； difficulties “困难”；goals “目标”。句意：转基因植物可能带来新的问题。选项A符合题意。（19）名词词义辨析。spot “地点”；era “时代，年代”；deadline “最后期限”；scheme “计划”。句意：我们正盲目地飞向农业生物科学技术的新时代。选项B符合题意。（20）名词词义辨析。navigations “航海”；mystery “神秘”；outcomes “结果”；destinations “目的地”。句意：不知道会带来什么样的潜在结果。选项C符合题意。4. 单选题Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this _ produces artificial cold surrounding it.问题1选项A.absorptionB.transitionC.consumptionD.interaction【答案】A【解析】形近异义词辨析。absorption “吸收”；transition“传送，过渡，传递”；consumption “消费，消耗”；interaction “相互作用”。句意：从固体变成液体，水要吸收周围所有物体的热量，这种吸收会导致周围环境变冷。选项A符合题意。5. 单选题Many of you young persons out there are seriously thinking about going to college. (That is, of course, a lie. The only things you young persons think seriously about are loud music and sex. Trust me: these are closely related to college). College is basically a bunch of rooms where you sit for roughly two thousand hours and try to memorize things. The two thousand hours are spread out over four years; you spend the rest of the time sleeping and trying to get dates.Basically, you learn two kinds of things in college:Things you need to know later in life (two hours). These include how to make collect telephone calls and get beer and crepe-paper stains out of your pajamas.Things you will not need to know in later life (1, 998 hours). These are the things you learn in classes whose names end in -ology, -osophy, -istry, -ics, and so on. The idea is you memorize these things, then write them down in little exam books, then forget them. If you fail to forget them, you become a professor and have to stay in college for the rest of your life.Its very difficult to forget everything. For example, when I was in college, I had to memorize dont ask me why the names of the metaphysical poets other than John Donne. I have managed to forget one of them, but I still remember that the other two were named Vaughan and Crashaw.Sometimes, when Im trying to remember something important, like whether my wife told me to get tuna packed in oil or tuna packed in water, Vaughan and Crashaw just pop up in my mind, right there in the supermarket. Its a terrible waste of brain cells.After youve been in college for a year or so, youre supposed to choose a major, which is the subject you intend to memorize and forget the most things about. Here is a very important piece of advice: be sure to choose a major that does not involve Known Facts and Right Answers.This means that you must not major in mathematics, physics, biology or chemistry, because these subjects involve actual facts. If, for example, you major in mathematics, youre going to wander into class one day and the professor will say: “Define the cosine integer of the quadrant of the rhomboid binary axis, and extrapolate your result to five significant vertices. If you dont come up with exactly the answer the professor has in mind, you fail. The same is true of chemistry: if you write in your exam book that carbon and hydrogen combine to form oak, your professor will flunk you. He wants you to come up with the same answer he and all the other chemists have agreed on. Scientists are extremely snotty about this.1.According to the author, what are closely related to college?2.According to the author, what should the college students learn in college?3.When should the college students choose a major?4.The word “flunk” in the last paragraph means_.5.What is the best title for the passage?问题1选项A.Thinking and study.B.Shopping and music.C.Music and sex.D.Sleeping and thinking.问题2选项A.How to memorize things and to get dates.B.The things you will need and not need to know in later life.C.How to forget everything and to write poets.D.How to enhance memory and study ability.问题3选项A.The moment they go to college.B.After they have been in college for nearly two years.C.After they have been in college for a year or so.D.When they become a senior.问题4选项A.floatB.failC.ridiculeD.dupe问题5选项A.The Myth of CollegeB.What Can You Learn in CollegeC.How to Enjoy Your College LifeD.The Importance of College【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“The only things you young persons think seriously about are loud music and sex.”，可知作者提出年轻人唯一认真考虑的事情是吵闹的音乐和性。所以这两件事与大学密切相关。选项C符合题意。 2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“you learn two kinds of things in college”，第三段第一句， “Things you need to know later in life (two hours).”，以及第四段第一句，“Things you will not need to know in later life (1, 998 hours).”，可知大学生需要做学习的两件事就是：需要知道的事和不需要知道的事。选项B符合题意。 3.细节理解题。根据第七段第一句，“After youve been in college for a year or so, youre supposed to choose a major”，可知，上大学一年左后，应该选一个专业。选项C符合题意。 4.语义题。“come up with exactly the answer the professor has in mind, you fail. The same is true of chemistryyour professor will flunk you.”，列举了两件类似事情，根据前一句的failure可知，如果你不能在教科书里写出碳氢结合形成橡树，你的教授同样会让你不及格，所以flunk也是失败的意思。选项B符合题意。 5.主旨题。纵观全文，第一段作者介绍了大学里密不可分的事情是音乐和性，第二三四段介绍了在大学中你必须学到了两件事，所以B和C选项是文章内容的一部分，不够全面，选项B、C可排除。选项D中大学的重要性文章没有提及，可排除。选项A符合题意。6. 单选题We maintain a reflexive, （ ） affection for Uncle Ralph, the boring fellow with interminable stories of a time we never knew.问题1选项A.hatefulB.distancedC.lovingD.glaring【答案】B【解析】形容词词义辨析。hateful “可恨的”；distanced “距离远的”；loving “忠诚的”；glaring “耀眼的，瞪视的”。句意：我们对Ralph叔叔有一种反射式的疏远式的喜爱，这个无聊的家伙一次性没完没了地讲了很多我们不知道的故事。选项B符合题意。7. 单选题Reebok executives do not like to hear their stylish athletic shoes called “footwear for yuppies （雅皮士，少壮高薪职业人士）”. They contend that Reebok shoes appeal to diverse market segments, especially now that the company offers basketball and children s shoes for the under-18 set and walking shoes for older customers not interested in aerobics （健身操）or running. The executives also point out that through recent acquisitions they have added hiking boots, dress and casual shoes, and high-performance athletic footwear to their product lines, all of which should attract new and varied groups of customers.Still, despite its emphasis on new markets, Reebok plans few changes in the upmarket （高档消费人群）retailing network that helped push sales to $ 1 billion annually, ahead of all other sports shoe marketers. Reebok shoes, which are priced from $ 27 to $ 85, will continue to be sold only in better specialty, sporting goods, and department stores, in accordance with the companys view that consumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of its distribution.In the past few years, the Massachusetts-based company has imposed limits on the number of its distributors (and the number of shoes supplied to stores), partly out of necessity. At times the unexpected demand for Reeboks exceeded supply, and the company could barely keep up with orders from the dealers it already had. These fulfillment problems seem to be under control now, but the company is still selective about its distributors. At present, Reebok shoes are available in about five thousand retail stores in the United States.Reebok has already anticipated that walking shoes will be the next fitness-related craze, replacing aerobics shoes the same way its brightly colored, soft leather exercise footwear replaced conventional running shoes. Through product diversification and careful market research, Reebok hopes to avoid the distribution problems Nike came across several years ago, when Nike misjudged the strength of the aerobics shoe craze and was forced to unload huge inventories of running shoes through discount stores.1.One reason why Reeboks managerial personnel dont like their shoes to be called “footwear for yuppies” is that_.2.Reebok s view that “ consumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of its distribution” (Line 5，Para. 2) implies that_.3.Reebok once had to limit the number of its distributors because_ .4.Although the Reebok Company has solved the problem of fulfilling its orders, it_.5.What lesson has Reebok learned from Nikes distribution problems?问题1选项A.they believe that their shoes are popular with people of different age groupsB.new production lines have been added to produce inexpensive shoesC.“yuppies” usually evokes a negative imageD.the term makes people think of prohibitive prices问题2选项A.the quality of a brand is measured by the service quality of the store selling itB.the quality of a product determines the quality of its distributorsC.the popularity of a brand is determined by the stores that sell itD.consumers believe that first-rate products are only sold by high-quality stores问题3选项A.its supply of products fell short of demandB.too many distributors would cut into its profitsC.the reduction of distributors could increase its share of the marketD.it wanted to enhance consumer confidence in its products问题4选项A.does not want to further expand its retailing networkB.still limits the number of shoes supplied to storesC.is still particular about who sells its productsD.still carefully chooses the manufacturers of its products问题5选项A.A company should not sell its high quality shoes in discount stores.B.A company should not limit its distribution network.C.A company should do follow-up surveys of its products.D.A company should correctly evaluate the impact of a new craze on the market.【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“all of which should attract new and varied groups of customers.”，他们认为锐步的鞋子是多样的，适合不同的客户群，受到不同年龄阶段的欢迎。选项A符合题意。 2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“continue to be sold only in better specialty, sporting goods, and department stores”，说明锐步鞋只在专卖店、体育用品、百货商店销售，他们认为销售网点的档次影响了消费者对产品质量的判断。选项D符合题意。3.推断题。根据文章第三段，“At times the unexpected demand for Reeboks exceeded supply”，锐步的产品有时候会出乎预料的供不应求，公司无法满足经销商的订单，所以限制营销商的数量。选项A符合题意。 4.细节理解题。根据文章第三段，“These fulfillment problems seem to be under control now, but the company is still selective about its distributors.”，可知虽然供不应求的问题解决了，但是锐步还是对经销商是有选择性的。选项C符合题意。 5.推断题。根据文章最后一段，“Through product diversification and careful market researchNike misjudged the strength of the aerobics shoe craze and was forced to unload huge inventories of running shoes through discount stores.”，说明耐克错误地判断了健美鞋的热度，大量打折出售，是一种对市场行情判断不准的表现，所以锐步认为公司应该正确预测市场新热潮。选项D符合题意。8. 单选题If a cat comes too close to its nest, the mockingbird _ a set of actions to protect its offspring.问题1选项A.hastensB.releasesC.devisesD.initiates【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。hastens “催促，加速”；releases “释放，发表”；devises “发明，图谋”；initiates “发动，发起”。句意：如果猫越来越靠近嘲鸫的巢，它将会发动一系列行动去保护它的后代。选项D符合题意。9. 单选题Certain animal behaviors, such as mating rituals, seem to be _， and therefore _ external factors such as climate changes, food supply, or the presence of other animals of the same species.问题1选项A.learned. immune toB.innate. unaffected byC.intricate. belong toD.specific. confused with【答案】B【解析】形容词词义和动词词组解析。learned “有学问的”；innate “与生俱来的”；intricate “复杂的，错综的”；specific “明确的，详细的”。immune to “不受影响的”；unaffected by “不受影响的”；belong to “属于”；confused with “对困惑”。句意：一些动物的行为，比如交配行为，似乎是与生俱来的，不受外来因素影响的，比如气候变化，食物供给或者同一物种其他动物的存在。选项B符合题意。10. 单选题Most good writers use every means at their to make the readers way smooth and easy.问题1选项A.willB.disposalC.requestD.convenience【答案】B【解析】固定搭配。at will “任意，随意”；at one s disposal “可自行支配”；at one s request “应某人请求”；at one s convenience “在某人方便时”。句意：大多数作家用他们能用的一切方法使读者的阅读简单顺畅。选项B符合题意。11. 翻译题The bodies who play major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.【答案】这些年来，从事主要职业运动的选手们身高发生了巨大的变化，所以经理们很愿意调整队服，使其能够适合越来越多大体型的人。12. 翻译题This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.【答案】这种情况将是确定无疑的，能源匮乏将使高能量消耗这种美国生产方式将很难在农业继续下去，而这种耕种方式使少量农民联合起来获得高产量成为可能。13. 单选题The most frustrating periods of any diet are the inevitable _, when weight loss _ if not stops.问题1选项A.moods. acceleratesB.feasts. haltsC.holidays. contractsD.plateaus. slows【答案】D【解析】名词和动词词义辨析。mood “情绪，语气”；feast “筵席，宴会”；holiday “度假”；plateaus “高原，停滞时期”。accelerate “加速，促进”；halt “停止”；contract “感染，订约”；slow “放慢，阻碍”。句意：任何节食中最令人沮丧的时期是不可避免的停滞时期，如果不停止，体重下降会放慢。选项D符合题意。14. 翻译题According to a growing body of experience, the chemicals that make up many plastics may migrate out of the material and into foods and fluids, ending up in your body.【答案】根据越来越多的亲身体验，许多制成塑料制品的化学用品可能会移动到食物和流体上，最终进入你的体内。15. 单选题（ ）there was not a soul around except some cars passing occasionally.问题1选项A.Over nightB.At duskC.In the dead of nightD.Fortnight【答案】C【解析】词组短语辨析。over night “过夜”；at dusk “傍晚；黄昏时刻”；in the dead of night “夜深人静之时”；fortnight “两星期”。句意：夜深人静时，除了有几辆车偶尔经过外，没有几个行人。选项C符合题意。16. 翻译题Consider the survey evidence, which shows that while most Americans want to have both science and religion in their lives, theyll only go so far to preserve the former at the expense of the latter.【答案】根据调查证据思考发现，尽管许多人在他们的生命里都想拥有科学和宗教，但是目前他们只会保留前者，而以后者为代价。17. 单选题If the heavy rain had（ ）an extreme high tide，serious flooding would have resulted.问题1选项A.happened toB.occurred toC.coincided withD.turned out【答案】C【解析】动词词组辨析。happened to “碰巧”；occurred to “想起”；coincided with “与相一致”；turned out “结果是”。句意：如果大鱼正好逢上极端高潮，可能会导致严重的洪水。选项C符合题意。18. 写作题As the society develops, interpersonal relationships are getting more and more indifferent. Please make comment on the phenomena.【答案】It seems very ridiculous that people living so near dont know each oth