2022年考博英语-合肥工业大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷36

2022年考博英语-合肥工业大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Those living in countries with long dark winters are apt to be less talkative and less sociable than inhabitants of countries where the climate is more _.问题1选项A.excessiveB.equivalentC.equableD.exquisite【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项excessive“过多的，极度的，过分的”，B项equivalent“（在价值、数量等方面）相等的，等价的，等效的”，C项equable“平静的，变动小的”，D项exquisite“精致的，细腻的，优美的，剧烈的”。由long dark winters“漫长黑暗的冬天”和than“比”可知前后是对比，故where the climate is more _中填入exquisite符合语境。句意：那些生活在有漫长而黑暗的冬天的国家的人往往比那些气候更优美的国家的居民更不爱说话，更不爱交际。因此，该题选择D项正确。2. 单选题Two news photographers were attacked by the mob, and their cameras were smashed. It is disgraceful that they were so _.问题1选项A.obsessedB.deviatedC.despisedD.maltreated【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A项obsess“使痴迷，使迷恋，使心神不宁”，B项deviate“脱离，越轨”，C项despise“轻视，鄙视”，D项maltreat“虐待，滥用，粗暴对待”。根据第一句的句意“两名新闻摄影记者遭到暴徒袭击，他们的相机被砸碎了”可知，maltreated符合语境。句意：两名新闻摄影记者遭到暴徒袭击，他们的相机被砸碎了；他们受到如此虐待是可耻的。因此，该题选择D项正确。3. 单选题Hard training will _ you richly when it comes to the actual competition.问题1选项A.payB.bringC.serveD.make【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A项pay“支付，补偿，偿还”，B项bring“带来，提供，引起”，C项serve“招待，供应，为服务”，D项make“使得，进行，布置，准备”。由Hard training will _ you richly“艰苦的训练将丰厚地你”可知，“补偿”符合语境。句意：在真正的比赛中，艰苦的训练会给你带来丰厚的回报。因此，该题选择A项正确。4. 单选题_ Steve said: “I will be coming back and if conditions do not worsen so unexpectedly I hope to meet you again.”问题1选项A.CrypticallyB.DeservedlyC.ExceedinglyD.Excessively【答案】A【解析】考查副词辨析。A项cryptically“隐秘地，意义含糊地”，B项deservedly“理所当然地，应得报酬地”，C项exceedingly“非常，极其，极度地”，D项excessively“过分地，极度”。由双引号内的句意“我会回来的，如果情况不会如此出乎意料地恶化，我希望能再次见到你”可知，四个选项中把A项代入进去最符合句子的语境。句意：史蒂夫含糊其词地说：“我会回来的，如果情况不会如此出乎意料地恶化，我希望能再次见到你。”因此，该题选择A项正确。5. 单选题We have been told that young people have to go to college because our economy cant absorb an army of untrained eighteen-year-olds. But disappointing graduates are learning that it can no longer absorb an army of trained twenty-two-year-olds, either.问题1选项A.go to collegeB.an army ofC.disappointing graduatesD.either【答案】C【解析】考查形容词的使用。disappointing是形容词，表示“令人失望的”，一般用于事物给人的感觉，修饰是事物，这里修饰的名词是graduates（毕业生），该处应该要表示“感到失望的毕业生”，所以要用disappointed（感到失望的）。句意：我们被告知，年轻人必须上大学，因为我们的经济无法吸纳大批未经训练的18岁青年。但失望的毕业生们发现，它也无法再吸收大批训练有素的22岁年轻人。因此，该题选择C项。6. 单选题Immediacy and the speed of production that goes with it mean also that much of what appears in a newspaper has no more than _ value.问题1选项A.transitionalB.sentimentalC.transientD.inscrutable【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项transitional“变迁的，过渡期的”，B项sentimental“伤感的，多愁善感的，感情用事的”，C项transient“短暂的，路过的”，D项inscrutable“神秘的，不可理解的，不能预测的”。根据Immediacy and the speed of production that goes with it“即时性以及随之而来的生产速度”可知，“短暂的”符合语境。句意：即时性和与之相伴随的生产速度也意味着，报纸上出现的很多东西只不过是短暂的价值。因此，该题选择C项正确。7. 单选题Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, beliefs, and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this sense, every group has a culture, however savage, underdeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us.To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.People once thought of the languages of backward group as savage, underdeveloped forms of speech, consisting largely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of “backward” languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind our Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two things are to be noted: 1. All languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. 2. The objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in “backward” languages, while different from ours, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A Western language distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness (“this” and “that”); some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or to the person addressed, or removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future.This study of language, in turn, casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to be viewed independently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy.1. The author says that grunt-and-groan forms of speech are found _.2. According to the author, languages, whether civilized or not, have _.3. The author says that professional linguists recognize that _.4. Which of the following is implied in the passage?问题1选项A.nowhere todayB.among the Australian aboriginesC.among Eastern culturesD.among people speaking “backward” languages问题2选项A.the potential for expanding vocabularyB.their own sound patternsC.an ability to transfer ideasD.grammatical structures问题3选项A.Western languages are superior to Eastern languagesB.all languages come from grunts and groansC.the hierarchy of languages is difficult to understandD.there is no hierarchy of languages32. Which of the following is implied in the passage?问题4选项A.The study of languages has discredited anthropological studies.B.The study of languages has reinforced anthropologists in their view that there is no hierarchy among cultures.C.The study of languages is the same as the study of anthropologists.D.The study of languages casts a new light upon the claim of anthropologists.【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B【解析】1.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“作者说，咕哝和呻吟的语言形式可以在中找到”。根据第三段中的第二句While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of “backward” languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today.（虽然语言一般来说可能是从一系列的咕哝和呻吟开始的，但对“落后”语言的研究确立了这一事实，那就是如今没有哪种口语能与此描述相符）可知，咕哝和呻吟的语言形式在如今是找不到了，A项“在如今无处可寻”正确；B项“澳大利亚土著居民中”和C项“在东方文化中”文中都没有提及；D项“在说落后语言的人中”，文中提到对“落后”语言的研究确立了“如今没有哪种口语能与此描述相符”这一事实，所以咕哝和呻吟的语言形式在说落后语言的人中也不会找到。因此，该题选择A项正确。2.【试题答案】A【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“作者认为，无论文明与否，语言都有”。根据第三段中的Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind our Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakersAll languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system.（以我们最严格的标准来看，未开化群体的大多数语言都是极其复杂、精巧和巧妙的传递思想的机器。它们落后于我们的西方语言，不是在这些通常足以满足所有的语言需求的发音模式或语法结构上，而是在它们的词汇上，这些词汇反映了说话者所知道的对象和活动所有的语言似乎都拥有扩大词汇量的机制，要么把现有的词汇组合在一起，要么从其他语言中借用它们，并将它们适应于自己的系统。）可知，无论文明与否，语言拥有扩大词汇量的机制，A项“扩大词汇量的潜力”符合题意；由此也可知，B项“它们自己的发音模式”和D项“语法结构”不正确；C项“传递思想的能力”为干扰项，语言虽然是传递思想的一种方式，但是词汇才是反映说话者所知道的对象和活动，这是以词汇为前提的。因此，该题选择A项正确。3.【试题答案】D【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“作者说，专业语言学家认识到”。根据文章第二段To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.（对于专业的人类学家来说，一种文化并不比另一种文化有内在的优越性，就像对于专业的语言学家来说，语言之间没有内在的等级制度一样）可知，D项“没有语言的等级制度”符合题意；由此也可知C项“语言的层次体系很难理解”是错误的；A项“西方语言优于东方语言”，文中没有提到东方语言；B项“所有的语言都来自咕哝和呻吟”表述太绝对。因此，该题选择D项正确。4.【试题答案】B【试题解析】细节推断题。题干意思是“这篇文章暗示了下列哪一项？”。根据文章最后一段的内容This study of language, in turn, casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to be viewed independently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy.（对语言的研究反过来又为人类学家的这一主张提供了新的解释，即所有的文化都可以独立看待，没有等级和等级观念）可以推断，关于人类学家主张的文化没有等级观念的这一观点，语言的研究提供了新的解释，所以B项“对语言的研究加强了人类学家的观点，即文化之间不存在等级制度”是正确的；A项“语言研究败坏了人类学研究的声誉”和C项“研究语言就像研究人类学家一样”不能从文中找出相关信息；D项“对语言的研究使人们对人类学家的主张有了新的认识”是文中有的信息，并不需要从文章中推断出来，所以不符合题意。因此，该题选择B项正确。8. 翻译题For those playing the game of science, the method by which they ascertain what they believe is crucial. They have to evaluate data and arguments and decide for themselves on their validity. Scientists communicating to others have the task of convincing the hearers of the validity of their statements in terms of the data and their explanations of the data. They are not playing the game correctly if they win support by the strength of their personality or prestige. In the short run scientists may follow another on the basis of prestige, but this cannot continue indefinitely. It is up to the hearers to evaluate what the scientists say rather than accept it because they say it. And the culmination of this enterprise is the determination of whether the explanations account for the data observed. The relationship between scientific explanations and data helps to ensure the integrity of scientists. If their findings are important, they can be sure that their theories and data will be examined critically and new evidence will be attained.It is the system of data-based explanation that distinguishes science from dogma. Scientists have both the right and the responsibility to decide for themselves, on the basis of evidence at hand, the best explanation of a set of phenomena. On the other hand, dogma (religious, economic, political or social) depends on pronouncements by established authorities.【答案】对于从事科学研究的那些人来说，确认他们所相信的东西而所使用的方法是至关重要的。他们不得不评估数据和论据，并自己确定它们的正确性。与他人进行交流的科学家们有必要依据数据和他们对数据的解释，去让听者相信他们的陈述的正确性。如果他们通过自己的品格或威望而获得支持，那么他们就不是在正确地从事科学。从短期来看，尽管科学家们可能基于威望而追随另外一个人，但是这种追随不能无限期地延续。听者应该去评估科学家所说的，而不是因为是他们所说的就相信。科学这项事业的顶峰是确定解释是否能说明所观察到的数据。科学解释与数据之间的关系帮助确保科学家们的诚实。如果他们的发现是重要的，他们可以确信他们的理论和数据将被批判性地检验，并获得新的证据。正是基于数据的解释体系将科学与教条区分开来。根据现有的证据，科学家有权利也有责任为自己决定对一系列现象的最佳解释。另一方面，教条（宗教、经济、政治或社会）依赖于已确立的权威所做的声明。9. 单选题Money wages, interest rates and tax payments have all been adjusted to _ the 10 percent rise in the average level of prices.问题1选项A.mingle withB.pick upC.tuck inD.allow for【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。A项mingle with“和混合”，B项pick up“捡起，获得，收拾”，C项tuck in“紧缩，塞入，尽情地吃”，D项allow for“考虑到，虑及”。由Money wages, interest rates and tax payments have all been adjusted“货币工资、利率和税收都进行了调整”和the 10 percent rise in the average level of prices“平均价格水平10%的增长”可知，“获得”符合语境。句意：货币工资、利率和税收都进行了调整，以加快平均价格水平10%的增长。因此，该题选择B项正确。10. 单选题In the gloriously hot summer of nineteen fourteen, the murder of Austria-Hungarian Archduke in an obscure part of the Balkans provided the spark which set Europe ablaze.问题1选项A.indistinctB.unfriendlyC.impreciseD.unknown【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项indistinct“模糊的，不清楚的”；B选项unfriendly“不友好的；不利的”；C选项imprecise“不精确的；不严密的”；D选项unknown“无名的；陌生的”。句意：在1914年那个炎热的夏天，在巴尔干半岛一个的地方发生的奥匈帝国大公被杀事件点燃了欧洲的战火。obscure是用来形容一个大块区域的某个小地方。A，C选项一般用来形容事物，B选项一般用来形容人。因此D选项符合题意。11. 单选题During our exploration, we discovered that people will exploit the newness and breadth of the Information Marketplace to support their wishes and _.问题1选项A.breachesB.premisesC.rutsD.predilections【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A项breach“违背，违反，缺口”，B项premise“前提，假定”，C项rut“发情期，惯例，性冲动”，D项predilection“偏爱，嗜好”。根据句子可知空格处填入的词和wishes“愿望”并列，那么四个选项中只有predilection符合语境。句意：在我们的探索过程中，我们发现人们会利用信息市场的新颖性和广度来支持他们的愿望和偏好。因此，该题选择D项正确。12. 单选题Mountain climbing, like other sports, requires skill, stamina, teamwork, and the knowledge and experience to handle specialized equipment.问题1选项A.intelligenceB.guidanceC.enduranceD.caution【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。stamina表示“耐力，持久力，毅力”；A项intelligence“智力，情报工作，情报机关”，B项guidance“指导，引导，领导”，C项endurance“忍耐力，耐久性”，D项caution“小心，谨慎，警告”。句意：爬山和其他运动一样，需要技巧、耐力、团队合作以及处理专门设备的知识和经验。因此，根据句意可知C选项正确。13. 单选题A persons optimism level changes over the years, depending on whats happening in their life, the type of people they socialize and how determined they are to motivate themselves.问题1选项A.over the yearsB.depending onC.socializeD.how determined【答案】C【解析】考查语法。Socialize在句子中是动词原形，表示“交际”；而该句子结构完整，所以socialize不能用动词原形的形式，根据它的逻辑主语they可知，它们之间是主动关系，因此这里要把socialize改为socializing做定语修饰the type of people。句意：一个人的乐观水平会随着时间的推移而改变，这取决于他们生活中发生的事情、他们所交往的人的类型以及他们激励自己的决心。因此，该题选择C项。14. 单选题The gloomy myth-makers foresee a world destroyed by floods or fire, and a human population _ by war, starvation or infectious diseases.问题1选项A.stagnatedB.suppressedC.contrivedD.decimated【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A项stagnate“停滞，淤塞，变萧条”，B项suppress“抑制，镇压，废止”，C项contrive“设计，发明，图谋”，D项decimate“大批杀害，大量毁灭，大大削弱”。根据world destroyed by floods or fire“被洪水或火灾摧毁的世界”可知，human population _ by war填入decimated符合语境。句意：悲观的神话制造者预测世界将被洪水或火灾摧毁，人类将被战争、饥饿或传染病夺去生命。因此，该题选择D项正确。15. 单选题Weve made tentative plans for a holiday but havent decided anything yet.问题1选项A.temporaryB.detailedC.purposelyD.refreshing【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。tentative表示“试验性的，暂定的，踌躇的”；A项temporary“暂时的，临时的”，B项detailed“详细的，精细的”，C项purposely“故意地”，D项refreshing“提神的，使清爽的，使人重新振作的”。句意：我们暂定了一个度假计划，但还没有决定任何事情。根据句意可知，tentative在句中表示“暂定的”，A项的意思符合句子。因此，该题选择A项正确。16. 单选题The idea that hard work was to be _ distinguished Americans from Europeans who admired their gentlemen of leisure.问题1选项A.inversedB.esteemedC.exclaimedD.hoarded【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A项inverse“使倒转，使颠倒”，B项esteem“尊敬，尊重”，C项exclaim“呼喊，惊叫，大声叫嚷”，D项hoard“贮藏（钱财或贵重物品），（在某物匮乏时）积敛”。由Europeans who admired their gentlemen of leisure“欧洲人羡慕美国悠闲的绅士”可推理，美国人悠闲，而欧洲人重视努力工作。句意：努力工作是受人尊敬的观念使美国人和欧洲人区别开来，欧洲人羡慕他们悠闲的绅士。因此，该题选择B项正确。17. 单选题The film recounts the story of a young beautiful woman who plots a _ revenge on her unfaithful lover.问题1选项A.miserlyB.dastardlyC.impotentD.dissoluble【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项miserly“吝啬的，贪婪的”，B项dastardly“卑鄙的，懦弱的”，C项impotent“无力的，无效的，虚弱的”，D项dissoluble“可分解的，可溶解的，可解除的”。从句子结构可知，句子缺少一个形容词修饰名词revenge“复仇，报仇”，四个选项中只有“卑鄙的”符合语境。句意：这部电影讲述了一个年轻美丽的女人计划对她不忠的情人进行卑鄙的报复的故事。因此，该题选择B项正确。18. 单选题The airport police who _ the girl concluded that she was innocent and hadnt known about the drugs.问题1选项A.interrogatedB.shroudedC.ratifiedD.muffled【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A项interrogate“审问，质问”，B项shroud“覆盖，包以尸衣”，C项ratify“批准，认可”，D项muffle“蒙住，裹住，抑制”。由police“警察”可知，_ the girl表示“审问那个女孩”。句意：机场警察审问了这个女孩，得出的结论是她是无辜的，不知道毒品的事。因此，该题选择A项正确。19. 单选题The first mistake is to think of mankind as a thing in itself. It isnt. It is part of an intricate web of life. And we cant think even of life as a thing in itself. It isnt. It is part of the intricate structure of a planet bathed by energy from the Sun.The Earth, in the nearly 5 billion years since it assumed approximately its present form, has undergone a vast evolution. When it first came into being, it very likely lacked what we would today call an ocean and an atmosphere. These were formed by the gradual outward movement of material as the solid interior settled together.Nor were ocean, atmosphere, and solid crust independent of each other after formation. There is interaction always: evaporation, condensation, solution, weathering. Far within the solid crust there are slow, continuing changes, too, of which hot springs, volcanoes, and earth-quakes are the more noticeable manifestations here on the surface.Between 2 billion and 3 billion years ago, portions of the surface water, bathed by the energetic radiation from the Sun, developed complicated compounds in organization sufficiently versatile to qualify as what we call “life”. Life forms have become more complex and more various ever since.But the life forms are as much part of the structure of the Earth as any inanimate portion is. It is all an inseparable part of a whole. If any animal is isolated totally from other forms of life, then death by starvation will surely follow. If isolated from water, death by asphyxiation will follow still faster. If isolated from the Sun, animals will survive for a time, but plants would die, and if all plants died, all animal would starve.It works in reverse, too, for the inanimate portion of Earth is shaped and molded by life. The nature of the atmosphere has been changed by plant activity (which adds to the air the free oxygen it could not otherwise retain). The soil is turned by earthworms, while enormous ocean reefs are formed by coral.The entire planet, plus solar energy, is one enormous intricately interrelated system. The entire planet is a life form made up of nonliving portions and a large variety of living portions (as our own body is made up of nonliving crystals in bones and nonliving water in blood, as well as of a large variety of living portions).In fact, we can pursue the analogy. A man is of 50 trillion cells of a variety of types, all interrelated and interdependent. Loss of some of those cells, such as those making up an entire, will seriously handicap all the rest of the organism: serious damage to a relatively few cells in an organ, such as the heart or kidneys, may end by killing all 50 trillion.In the same way, on planetary scale, the chopping down of an entire forest may not threaten Earths life in general, but it will produce serious changes in the life forms of the region and even in the nature of the water runoff and, therefore, in the details of geological structure. A serious decline in the bee population will affect the numbers of those plants that depend on bees for fertilization, then the numbers of those animals that depend on those particular bee-fertilized plants, and so on.Or consider cell growth. Cells in those organs that suffer constant wear and tearas in the skin or in the intestinal lininggrow and multiply all life long. Other cells, not so exposed, as in nerve and muscle, do not multiply at all in the adult, under any circumstances. Still other organs, ordinarily quiescent, as liver and bone, stand ready to grow if that is necessary to replace damage. When the proper repairs are made, growth stops.In a much looser and more flexible way, the same is true of die “planet organism” (which we study in the science called ecology). If cougars grow too numerous, the deer they live on are decimated, and some of the cougars die of starvation, so that their “proper number” is restored. If too many cougars die, then deer multiply with particular rapidity, and cougars multiply quickly in turn, till the additional predators bring down the number of deer again. Barring interference from outside, the eaters and the eaten retain their proper numbers, and both are the better for it.The neat economy of growth within an organism such as a human being is sometimesfor what reason, we know notdisrupted, and a group of cells begins growing without limit. This is the dread disease of cancer, and unless that growing group of cells is somehow stopped, the wild growth will throw all the body structure out of true and end by killing the organism itself.In ecology, the same would happening if, for some reason, one particular type of organism began to multiply without limit, killing its competitors and increasing its own food supply at the expense of that of others. That, too, could end in the destruction of the larger systemmost or all of life and even of certain aspects of the inanimate environment.And this is exactly what is happening at this moment. For thousands of years, the single species Homo sapiens, to which you and I