2022年考博英语-北京大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）套卷73

2022年考博英语-北京大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to （ ）or to root out, apart from monarchy.问题1选项A.discardB.discreetC.discordD.disgorge【答案】A【解析】考查形近词辨析。空格后的or代表并列关系，因此选项应与root out动词词性相符合。discard“抛弃，丢弃”；discreet“谨慎的”，没有动词用法；discord“不一致”；disgorge“吐出，被迫交出”。句意：除了君主政体，美国革命没有中世纪的法律制度可以废除或。因此A选项符合题意。2. 单选题The United Nations declared last Friday that Somalias famine is over. But the official declarationmeans little to the millions of Somalis who are still hungry and waiting for their crops to grow.Ken Menkhaus, professor of political science at Davidson College, said it was profoundly disappointing to be discussing another Somali famine, after he worked in the country during the 1991 - 1992 one. Each famine, he said, has distinct characteristics, and this one unfold in slow motion over the past couple of years. Thats at least partly because the Somali diaspora sent money home that delayed the worst effects.Menkhaus was among four experts on Somalia and famine who spoke at the Radcliffe Gym Monday evening and gathered for the event, “Sound the Hom: Famine in the Hom of Africa.” Paul Farmer, Kolokotrones University Professor of Global Health and Social Medicine, drew on his experience treating malnourished people in Haiti，where he has worked for decade，and said the human and social context of home, and aid to families should be part of wearing the child, he said. Similarly, broader agricultural interventions and fair trade policies are needed to boost local agricultural economies.Though famine is often thought of as a natural disaster, Mondays speakers said that is a false impression. Though Somalia suffered through a severe drought, with todays instant communications, transport systems can move massive amounts of food. Given todays global food markets, famine is too often a failure of local government and international response.“In todays 21st-century world, just about everything about famine is man-made. Were no longer in a world of man against nature. ” said Robert Paarlberg, adjunct professor of public policy at the Harvard Kennedy School.Ethiopia, which was also affected by the recent drought, fared much better this time because of reforms implemented after the 2001 one. Likewise, Paarlberg said, northern and central Somalia, regions that fall outside of the influence of the Al-Shabaab militia, also fared better. There were several man-made features of this famine, which affected more than 10 million people and killed between 50, 000 and 100, 000, half of them children under age 5.The largest man-made feature was the role of the Al-Shabaab militia that rules the region and that kept food aid from reaching those in need. But the international community isnt blameless. As early as November 2010, an international famine early warning system was predicting the failure of rains in the region, but the international community didnt respond fully until an official famine was declared in July 2011. On top of that, U. S. anti-terrorism laws cut off food aid because Al-Shabaab, listed as a terrorist group, was taking some of it.Though the United Nations has declared the famine over, that was based on statistical measures, such as the number of people dying each day and the number of children who are malnourished. Though the official famine may be over, both U. N. officials and Mondays speakers said the crisis continues for the people of Somalia. Almost a third of the population remains dependent on humanitarian assistance, crops growing from recent rains will take months to reach maturity, and herds of cows, goats, and other animals were greatly reduced during the crisis.Michael Delaney, director of humanitarian response for Oxfam America, warned that the world will have another chance to get its response right, because the warning signs are pointing to an impending famine in Africas Sahel, the arid, continent-spanning transition zone just below the Sahara Desert.1.The current Somali famine is different from the 1991 -1992 one in that（ ）.2.In treating the malnourished patients, attention should be paid to the following EXCEPT（）3.What is implied by “Were no longer in a world of man against nature”？4.Regarding the current famine in Somalia, whos to blame most?5.What problem still remains from the current Somali famine?问题1选项A.it received less international aidB.worst effects came more slowlyC.it caught more attention from the worldD.it lasted longer despite help from the UN问题2选项A.making fair trade policiesB.aiding the patients familiesC.ignoring the indication of povertyD.exercising agricultural interventions问题3选项A.Natural disaster alone cannot explain famine.B.We live in a world of many man-made matters.C.The world is made up of conflicting social forces.D.Human beings fight with one another for better life.问题4选项A.The United States.B.The Al-Shabaab militia.C.The United Nations FAO.D.The international community.问题5选项A.The number of malnourished children remains unknown.B.Half of the population remains dependent on humanitarian assistance.C.Crops growing from recent rains were reaped before reaching maturity.D.Herds of cows, goats and other animals were greatly reduced during the famine.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.细节题。题干：索马里这次饥荒与1991 -1992年的饥荒不同是因为_。本文第二段提到了1991-1992的饥荒，最后一句中提到“ delayed the worst effects”，说明这次饥荒比之前那次的最坏的影响来得晚些。因此B选项符合题意。2.细节题。题干：在治疗营养不良的病人时，应注意以下几点除了_。本文第三段提到malnourished patients，后文中“and aid to families should be part of wearing the child broader agricultural interventions and fair trade policies are needed ”，对应选项A、B、D。因此C选项符合题意。3.判断推理题。题干：“我们不再处于一个人与自然作斗争的世界”指的是什么？根据语句定位到文章第五段，前文中“In todays 21st-century world, just about everything about famine is man-made”表明现在与饥荒有关的一切几乎都是人为的，单纯自然灾害这个因素不足以解释饥荒，因此A选项符合题意。.4判断推理题。题干：关于索马里目前的饥荒，谁是罪魁祸首？题干中的blame可对应上第七段第二句的blameless，由此可定位。往前看到“the largest feature”可知最大的人为因素是青年党民兵组织。因此B选项符合题意。5.细节题。题干：索马里目前的饥荒还遗留着什么问题？本文倒数第二段中提到，尽管联合国宣告饥荒已结束，但问题还有很多。A选项中营养不良的孩子的数由官方统计而来；B选项half the population与文中a third of the population不符；C选项的were reaped before 与原文的takes months to reach maturity不符。因此D选项符合题意。3. 单选题The British aristocracy had always been involved in industrialization, especially in the development of mining, canals, and railways. It now shrewdly associated itself with the new wave of commercial expansion: most banks and insurance companies had a lord to add tone to the managerial board. It also shored up its fortunes by astute marriages, notably with the new aristocracy of wealth in the United States; the best-known example was the marriage of the duke of Marlborough to Consuelo Vanderbilt. By these means, many of the great aristocratic estates were preserved despite agricultural decline. But they were playthings as well as engines of wealth, and came to be treated as such. The aristocracy came to be known to the urban population chiefly through their representation in the popular press and magazines as men and women of leisure: racing, hunting, shooting, and fishing in the country, gambling and attending the season in London. In a population for which leisure was becoming increasingly important, this did not make the aristocracy unpopular.1.In the second sentence of this passage, had a lord to add tone to the managerial board means that _.2.The “astute marriages” in the passage refers to marriages between _.3.Judging from the content of the passage, Consuelo Vanderbilt was _.4.Which of the following statements is TRUE?问题1选项A.the banks and insurance companies would hire a lord on the board to give advice to their managementB.having lords involved in the management gave the banks or companies a very good public imageC.lords worked for the banks and insurance companies to bring in more profitsD.it had become a fashion to have a lord on the managerial board of a bank or a company问题2选项A.British aristocracy and rich American entrepreneursB.old British aristocratic families and newly knighted aristocracy of wealthC.aristocratic families and new business families of money and enterprisesD.big landlord families in the British countryside and rich American tycoons of industry问题3选项A.Male, and from a rich business family in the United SatesB.Female, and from a British wealthy family of industryC.Male, and from a rich industrial family of BritainD.Female, and from an entrepreneur family in America问题4选项A.The 19th-century British aristocrats were treated as decorations in public life and were used to make money by press.B.The 19th-century British aristocrats were toys of the rich capitalists and were made to earn profits for them.C.The 19th-century British aristocrats acted as playmates of people in pleasure-seeking such as hunting, fishing, and shooting.D.The 19th-century British aristocrats were popular figures in advertisements because they lived a leisurely life.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:A【解析】1.语义题。题干：在这段话的第二句中，“had a lord to add tone to the management board”的意思是_。通过全文可知贵族“they were playthings as well as engines of wealth”，让他们进入商界只是为了良好的公众形象。因此B选项符合题意。2.细节题。题干：中所说的“精明的婚姻”是指_。文中提到，贵族涉足商业的一种方式是银行和大企业管理层中有贵族任职，还有一种方式就是通过在美国和财富新贵结婚维持自己的财富。因此C选项符合题意。3.细节推理题。题干：从这篇文章的内容判断，Consuelo Vanderbilt是_。根据关键词定位到第三句的实例，例证贵族也会通过精明的婚姻来维持财富，结婚对象是Duke“公爵”。因此D选项符合题意。4.判断推理题。题干：下列哪种说法是对的？文中说到，贵族是受人摆布的人，又是创造财富的工具，与A选项符合。4. 单选题The well-maintained facility in San Francisco( ) leagues in virtually every sport.问题1选项A.were home toB.was the home ofC.was home toD.was home of【答案】B【解析】考查语法知识。本句主语facility“设施”是单数，因此排除A选项。句意：旧金山的设施很好，是几乎所有的运动联盟之家。表示“之家”使用“the home of”。因此B选项符合题意。5. 单选题The school shooting triggered a barrage of transparently irrelevant proposed solutions, tossed out without regard to their relevance to the events that supposedly _ the proposals.问题1选项A.occasionedB.concernedC.illuminatedD.ensued【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。occasion“引起，惹起”；concern“涉及；使担心”；illuminate“阐明；照亮”；ensue“追求”。句意：学校枪击事件引发了一连串明显不相干的解决方案，而这些方案与引发这些方案的事件毫无关联。选项A符合题意。6. 单选题The worlds greatest snow-capped peaks, which run in a chain from the Himalayas to Tian Shan（1 ） the border of China and Kyrgyzstan, have lost no ice （2 ） the last decade, new research shows.The discovery has stunned scientists, who （3 ） that around 50bn tons of meltwater（4 ） each year and not being replaced by new snowfall.The study is the first to survey all the worlds icecaps and glaciers and was made （5 ） by the use of satellite data. Overall, the contribution of melting ice outside the two largest caps 一 Greenland and Antarctica is much （6 ） than previously estimated，with the lack of ice loss in the Himalayas and the other high peaks of Asia （7 ） most of the discrepancy.Bristol University glaciologist Prof Jonathan Bamber, who was not part of the research team, said, “The very unexpected result was the negligible mass loss from high mountain Asia, which is not（8 ） different from zero.”The melting of Himalayan glaciers caused （9 ） in 2009 when a report from the UNs intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change mistakenly stated that they would disappear by 2035, instead of 2350. （10 ），the scientist who led the new work is clear that while greater uncertainty has been discovered in Asias highest mountains, the melting of ice caps and glaciers around the world （11 ） a serious concern.“Our results and those of everyone else show we are losing a huge amount of water into the oceans every year,” said Prof John Wahr of the University of Colorado. “People should be just as worried about the melting of the worlds ice as they were before.”His teams study, published in the journal Nature, concludes that between 443-629bn tons of meltwater overall are added to the worlds oceans each year. This is （12 ） sea level by about 1. 5mm a year, the team reports, （13 ） the 2mm a year caused by expansion of the warming ocean.The scientists are careful to point out that lower-altitude glaciers in the Asian mountain rangessometimes dubbed the “third pole” are （14 ）melting. Satellite images and reports confirm this. But over the study period from 2003-10 enough ice was added to the peaks to（15 ）.问题1选项A.onB.inC.acrossD.over问题2选项A.fromB.asC.uponD.over问题3选项A.believedB.had believedC.have believedD.were believing问题4选项A.were being sheddingB.were sheddingC.were being shedD.were shed问题5选项A.impossibleB.possibleC.unavailableD.available问题6选项A.shorterB.smallerC.fewerD.less问题7选项A.in charge ofB.responsible forC.liable forD.caused by问题8选项A.significantlyB.meaningfullyC.informativelyD.expressively问题9选项A.agreementB.consensusC.controversyD.difference问题10选项A.BesidesB.FurthermoreC.DespiteD.However问题11选项A.resumesB.remainsC.keepsD.lasts问题12选项A.risingB.arisingC.raisingD.rearing问题13选项A.includingB.adding up toC.additionallyD.in addition to问题14选项A.definitelyB.necessarilyC.exactlyD.particularly问题15选项A.replaceB.refundC.compensateD.balance【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:B第6题:D第7题:B第8题:A第9题:C第10题:D第11题:B第12题:C第13题:D第14题:A第15题:C【解析】（1）考查固定搭配。空格后是the border of，选项中只有on可以与其搭配，表示“在的边界”。因此A选项符合题意。（2）考查介词用法。空格后是the last decade，表示时间，与over搭配时表示“在过去的十年内”。因此D选项符合题意。（3）考查语法知识。 本句前部分提到“这一发现震惊了科学家”，说明这是与科学家以前的发现不同。相对现在的时间点，科学家以前的动作属于过去完成。因此B选项符合题意。（4）考查语法知识。根绝选项得知动词为shed（流失），空格前的meltwater与shed应为被动关系。冰雪融化成水流失是不断进行的动作，因此需要使用过去进行时的被动语态形式。选项C符合题意。（5）考查上下文语义。句意：由于使用了卫星数据，这项第一次针对全世界的冰盖和冰川的研究。联系上下文，覆盖全球范围的研究得益于卫星数据，得以顺利进行。因此B选项符合题意。be made possible表示“使称为可能，使得以发生”。（6）考查上下文语义。句意：总的来说,外融冰的贡献最大的两个冰盖一格陵兰岛和南极洲比先前估计的多。联系前文提到发现融冰量并不如科学家们以为的多，因此空格处应填表示量少的否定词。ice为不可数名词，因此D选项符合题意。（7）考查词组辨析。in charge of “负责，主管”；responsible for“为负责；是的缘由”；liable for “对有责任”；caused by“归因于”。句意：没有冰川损失的喜马拉雅山脉和亚洲其他32个高峰是造成此差异的缘故。因此B选项符合题意。（8）考查副词辨析。significantly “显著地；相当数量地”；meaningfully“有意义地”；informatively“提供消息地”；expressively“表现地；意味深长地”。前文句意：令人意想不到的结果是亚洲高山冰川的质量损失微不足道。非限定性定语从句中的notdifferent应与negligible相符合。因此A选项符合题意，表示“与零没有显著的区别”。（9）考查名词辨析。agreement“协议；同意”；consensus“一致；舆论”；controversy“争论，辩论”；difference“差异”。本句提到，2009年一份有关气候变化的报告错误地显示喜马拉雅冰川将在2035年而不是2350年消失时，引起了。由mistakenly states等字眼可知，此处应为引起了争论，而不是所有人达成一致意见。因此C选项符合题意。（10）考查逻辑关系。前文讲述亚洲高山冰川的积雪损失可以忽略不计这一好的结果，空格后提到应该关注全世界冰盖和冰川融化的现象属于转折。因此D选项符合题意。（11）考查动词辨析。resume“继续；恢复”；remain“保持某状态，依然”；keep“使保持某状态；经营”；last“持续；维持”。句意：世界各地的冰冠和冰川融化（依然）是一个严重的问题。因此B选项符合题意。（12）考查近义动词辨析。本句表示海平面上升，空格后有宾语，因此必须填及物动词。在表示“上升”时，rise和arise都是不及物动词，因此排除。rear“养育，抚养”不符合句意。因此C选项符合题意。（13）考查词语辨析。including“包含，包括”；adding up to“总计达”；additionally“此外，加之”；in addition to“除之外（还有）”。本句表示除海平面每年上升1.5毫米之外，海洋暖流范围的扩大引起海平面每年上升2毫米。空格后是名词，不能用副词additionally修饰。因此D选项符合题意。（14）考查副词辨析。definitely“清楚地，明确地”；necessarily“必要地”；exactly“恰好地”；particularly“特别地”。句意：科学家们谨慎地指出，亚洲山脉的低海拔冰川有时被称为“第三极”，正在融化。根据句意，A选项符合。（15）考查上下文语义。replace“取代”；refund“退还”；compensate“补偿”；balance“使平衡”。前文提到的是冰川消融，本句开头有一个转折词but，说明空格处应填入与冰川消融反义的词语。综合以上，“补偿损失”最合适，因此C选项符合题意。7. 单选题Western man is himself being Westernized by his own speed-up, （ ）by industrial technology.问题1选项A.as much the Africans are detribalizedB.the Africans are much being detribalizedC.as much as the Africans are being detribalizedD.as much as the Africans are detribalized【答案】C【解析】考查固定用法。asas“像一样”，此结构前后有呼应，前半句是被动语态的进行时，后半句也应保持一致。因此C选项符合题意。8. 单选题One of the recurrent frustrations and tragedies in the history of thought is caused by the uncertainty _ to solve a given problem by traditional methods previously applied to problems which seem to be of the same nature.问题1选项A.that is possibleB.that it is possibleC.whether it is possibleD.about what is possible【答案】C【解析】考查语法知识。uncertainty后面的句子正是作为同位语用来修饰这个先行词，而只有whether可以表示“不确定性”，因此C选项符合题意。9. 单选题Scientists on Tuesday pushed the hands of the infamous “Doomsday Clock” forward one minute from last year, signaling their_pessimism about the efforts of world leaders to handle global threats.问题1选项A.increaseB.increasedC.increasedlyD.increasing【答案】D【解析】考查语法知识。空格前是their形容词性物主代词，后是名词pessimism悲观主义，所以空格处应填形容词，可排除A和C。increased“增强的”；increasing“越来越也多的，渐增的”。句意：周二，科学家们把臭名昭著的“世界末日时钟”拨快了一分钟，比去年提前了一分钟，这表明他们对世界领导人应对全球威胁的努力持悲观态度。B选项强调“已经增强的”，综合句意D选项更符合。10. 单选题At first, the company refused to purchase the equipment, but this decision was _revised.问题1选项A.subsequentlyB.successivelyC.predominantlyD.preliminarily【答案】A【解析】考查副词辨析。subsequently“随后”；successively“相继地”；predominantly“主要地；显著地”；preliminarily“初步地”。句意：起初，该公司拒绝购买设备，但这一决定被修改了。根据句意选用“后来”更合适，因此A选项符合题意。11. 单选题While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very（ ）.问题1选项A.triggerB.meagerC.vigorD.linger【答案】B【解析】考查形近词辨析。trigger诱发 meager贫瘠的 vigor精力 linger消磨，徘徊。句意：尽管他付出了巨大努力，但是结果却不令人满意(收获很小) 答案B。while表转折，可知前后形成对比。12. 单选题The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choice. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo draw a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal health choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.1.The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because （ ）.2.Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because _.3.According to Fries and Crapo, sound health choice should be based on _.问题1选项A.it is essential to personal freedom in American societyB.it helps raise the level of our medical knowledgeC.personal health choices help cure most illnessesD.wrong decisions could lead to poor health问题2选