2022年考博英语-黑龙江大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷30

2022年考博英语-黑龙江大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题The boy fell off the ladder and badly（ ）himself.问题1选项A.woundedB.damagedC.harmedD.injured【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。wound“使受伤”；damage“损害，毁坏，对有用或有价值的人或财产的破坏”；harm“伤害，危害，身体或心理上的损害或伤害”；injure“损害，伤害，通常指肉体上的伤害”。句意：这个男孩从楼梯上摔了下来，伤得很严重。只有D项符合题意。2. 单选题The person who（ ）this type of research deserves our praise.问题1选项A.originatedB.manufacturedC.generatedD.estimated【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。originate“引起，创作”；manufacture“制造，加工”；generate“生成，使发生”；estimate“估计，判断”。句意：发起这项研究的人值得赞扬。只有A项符合题意。3. 单选题He is struggling to move on after_ emotional and health problems.问题1选项A.a bundle ofB.a part ofC.a series ofD.a bunch of【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. a bundle of 一束 B. a part of一部分C. a series of 一系列的；一连串的 D. a bunch of一群【考查点】词组辨析。【解题思路】这里的短语用来形容“情感和健康问题”， C选项a series of “一系列的”表示一系列的，符合句子逻辑。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。【句意】在经历了一系列情感和健康问题后，他正在努力向前看。4. 单选题With all its advantages, the computer is by no means without its（ ）.问题1选项A.boundariesB.restraintsC.confinementsD.limitations【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。boundary“边界，界限”；restraint“抑制，克制”；confinement“限制，监禁”；limitation“限制，局限性”。句意：这台计算机有很多优点，但并不是没有局限性。由by no means“并非，决不”可知后半句与前半句为转折关系。故D项正确。5. 写作题Directions: Write an essay of 180 to 200 words on the topic: “Private Cars Should Not Be Encouraged in China?” Your essay should include a beginning, a body and a conclusion. Please pay special attention to its structure, content and language. Write the essay on the answer sheet.【答案】略6. 单选题Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too little conflict breeds apathy and stagnation, too much conflict leads to divisiveness and hostility. Moderate levels of conflict, however, can spark creativity and motivate people in a healthy and competitive way.Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the optimal level of conflict may be more complex to determine than these simple generalizations. He studied perceptions of conflict among a sample of executives. Some of the executives worked for profit-seeking organizations and others for not-for-profit organizations.Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found that opinions about conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization. Specifically, managers in not-for-profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organizations and that it promoted higher quality decision making than might be achieved in the absence of conflict.Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture. They believed that conflict generally was damaging and usually led to poor-quality decision making in their organizations. Schwenk interpreted these results in terms of the criteria for effective decision making suggested by the executives. In the profit-seeking organizations, decision-making effectiveness was most often assessed in financial terms. The executives believed that consensus rather than conflict enhanced financial indicators.In the not-for-profit organizations, decision-making effectiveness was defined from the perspective of satisfying constituents. Given the complexities and ambiguities associated with satisfying many diverse constituents executives perceived that conflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions.1.In the eyes of the author, conventional opinion on conflict is（ ）.2.Professor Charles R. Schwenks research shows（ ）.3.We can learn from Schwenks research that（ ）.4.The passage suggests that in for-profit organizations（ ）.5.People working in a not-for-profit organization（ ）.问题1选项A.wrongB.oversimplifiedC.misleadingD.unclear问题2选项A.the advantages and disadvantages of conflictB.the real value of conflictC.the difficult in determining the optimal level of conflictD.the complexity of defining the roles of conflict问题3选项A.a persons view of conflict is influenced by the purpose of his organizationB.conflict is necessary for managers of for-profit organizationsC.different people resolve conflicts in different waysD.it is impossible for people to avoid conflict问题4选项A.there is no end of conflictB.expression of different opinions is encouragedC.decisions must be justifiableD.success lies in general agreement问题5选项A.seem to be difficult to satisfyB.are free to express diverse opinionsC.are less effective in making decisionsD.find it easier to reach agreement【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.观点态度题。由第二段“Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the optimal level of conflict may be more complex to determine than these simple generalizations. 然而，Charles R. Schwenk教授最近的研究表明，确定冲突的最佳水平可能比这些简单的概括要复杂得多。”可知作者认为公众对于冲突的理解过于简单。故B项正确。2.细节事实题。由“Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the optimal level of conflict may be more complex to determine than these simple generalizations. 然而，Charles R. Schwenk教授最近的研究表明，确定冲突的最佳水平可能比这些简单的概括要复杂得多。”可知确定冲突的最佳水平存在困难。故C项正确。3.推理判断题。由第三段“Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found that opinions about conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization. 有些令人惊讶的是，Schwenk发现，对于冲突的看法随着组织类型的不同而系统地变化。”接下来分别列举了盈利机构和非盈利机构对待冲突的不同看法。故A项正确。4.推理判断题。由第四段“In the profit-seeking organizations, decision-making effectiveness was most often assessed in financial terms. The executives believed that consensus rather than conflict enhanced financial indicators. 在以盈利为目的的组织中，决策效能最常以财务术语来评估。高管们认为，共识而不是冲突可以增强财务指标。”可知盈利机构认为共识能增强财务指标。故D项“成功在于统一的意见（共识）”正确。5.推理判断题。由最后一段“In the not-for-profit organizations, decision-making effectiveness was defined from the perspective of satisfying constituents. Given the complexities and ambiguities associated with satisfying many diverse constituents executives perceived that conflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions. 在非营利性组织中，决策有效性是从令人满意的群体的角度来定义的。考虑到满足许多不同成员的复杂性和模糊性，高管们认为冲突导致了更深思熟虑和可接受的决定。”可知在非盈利性机构里人们可以表达不同的观点，故B项正确。7. 单选题（ ）that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better.问题1选项A.ForB.NowC.SinceD.Despite【答案】B【解析】考查逻辑连词。for、since通常表示原因，不和that连用，now that“既然，因为，由于”；despite“尽管”。句意：由于我的头脑清醒了，我的大脑也开始运转得更好了。前后句因果关系，故B项正确。8. 写作题Directions: For this part, you are allowed to write a composition on the topic of “On the Aging Population”. You should write at least 160-180 words.【答案】略9. 单选题Many novels that attempt to mirror the world are really _ of the reality that they represent.问题1选项A.reflectionsB.demonstrationsC.illuminationsD.reproductions【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. reflections 反射 B. demonstrations 示范；展示C. illuminations 启发；阐释 D. reproductions 复制品【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】空格前that引导一个定语从句，先行词是novel，这里mirror做动词表反映，意思为反映世界的小说；空格后of短语做后置定语，表示所代表事实的；根据句意，应该是反映世界的小说是所代表事实的反映。这两处应该相对应。综上所述，A选项reflections“反射”可引申为此句所需的逻辑“反映”以满足上述条件。【干扰项排除】B选项demonstration表示清楚细致地展示；C选项illumination指某物能够被理解；D选项reproduction表示复制出与原物相似的物品。【句意】许多试图反映世界的小说的确反映了它们所代表的现实。10. 单选题（ ）that they may eventually reduce the amount of labor needed on construction sites by 90 percent.问题1选项A.So clever are the construction robotsB.So clever the construction robots areC.Such construction robots are cleverD.Such clever construction robots are【答案】A【解析】考查倒装。sothat和suchthat句型中，so和such放于句首时，句子部分倒装。故A项正确。句意：建筑机器人是如此聪明以至于它们最终减少了建筑工地上需要的90%的劳动力。11. 单选题My pain（ ）apparent the minute I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”问题1选项A.must beB.had beenC.must have beenD.had to be【答案】C【解析】考查语法。must have done表示对过去肯定的假设。句意：我的疼痛一定很明显，因为当我走进房间时，我见到的第一个人问道“你还好吧？”。由for可推断我的疼痛比较明显。故C项正确。12. 单选题From this course the students should（ ）some useful knowledge in political science.问题1选项A.requireB.demandC.enquireD.acquire【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。require“要求，需要，想要”；demand“要求，请求，需要”；enquire“打听，询问”；acquire“获得，取得”。句意：通过这节课，学生们应该掌握一些与政治科学相关的实用知识。D项符合题意。13. 写作题Directions: Nowadays, traffic problem remains one of the most serious situations in urban areas. Write an essay of 180-200 words to discuss this topic. Your essay must include the instructions as follows:1. Present situations2. Possible reasons3. What should be done to solve this problem【答案】略14. 不定项选择题President Arling has put his long-awaited economic restructuring program before the Congress. It provides a coordinated program of investment credits, research grants, educational reforms, and tax changes designed to make American industry more competitive. This is necessary to reverse the economic slide into unemployment, lack of growth, and trade deficits that have plagued the economy for the past six years. The most liberal wing of the Presidents party has called for stronger and more direct action. They want an incomes policy to check inflation while Federal financing helps rebuild industry behind a wall of protective tariffs. The Republicans, however, decry even the modest, graduated tax increases in the Presidents program.They want tax cuts and a more open market. They say if Federal money has to be injected into the economy, let it through defence spending.Both these alternatives ignore the unique nature of the economic problem before us. It is not simply a matter of markets or financing. The new technology allows vastly increased production for those able to master it.But it also threatens those who fail to adopt it with permanent second-class citizenship in the world economy. If an industry cannot lever itself up to the leading stage of technological advances, then it will not be able to compete effectively. If it cannot do this, no amount of government protectionism or access to foreign markets can keep it profitable for long.Without the profits and experience of technological excellence to reinvest, that industry can only fall still further behind its foreign competitors.So the crux is the technology and that is where the Presidents program focused. The danger is not that a plan will not be passed, it is that the ideologues of right and left will distort the bill with amendments that will blur its focus on technology. The economic restructuring plan should be passed intact.If we fail to restructure our economy now, we may not get a second chance.1. The focus of the Presidents program is on_.2. What is the requirement of the most liberal wing of the Democratic-party?3. What is the editors attitude?4. The danger to the plan lies in _.5. The passage is _.问题1选项A.investmentB.economyC.technologyD.tax问题2选项A.They want a more direct action.B.They want an incomes policy to check inflation.C.They want to rebuild industry.D.They want a wall of protective tariffs.问题3选项A.Support.B.Distaste.C.Disapproval.D.Compromise.问题4选项A.the two parties objectionB.different idea of the two parties about the planC.its passageD.distortion问题5选项A.a reviewB.a prefaceC.an advertisementD.an editorial【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:A第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1. 【选项释义】The focus of the Presidents program is on _. 总统项目的重点是_。A. investment A. 投资B. economy B. 经济C. technology C. 技术D. tax D. 税收【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干信息focus of the Presidents program可定位到倒数第二段第一句，该处讲到“所以关键是技术（the crux is the technology），这也是总统项目的重点所在”因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“投资”，是总统计划中涉及到的部分但并不是关键，属于本末倒置；B选项“经济”，范围太广，太笼统，属于本末倒置；D选项“税收”，是总统计划中的一部分但也不是关键，属于本末倒置。2. 【选项释义】What is the requirement of the most liberal wing of the Democratic-party? 民主党中最自由派的要求是什么？A. They want a more direct action. A. 他们想要一个更直接的行动。B. They want an incomes policy to check inflation. B. 他们想要一个收入政策来遏制通货膨胀。C. They want to rebuild industry. C. 他们想重建工业。D. They want a wall of protective tariffs. D. 他们想要保护性关税壁垒。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到Para. 1第四句，该处讲到“总统政党中最自由的一派呼吁采取更有力、更直接的行动（stronger and more direct action）”。因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“他们想要一个收入政策来遏制通货膨胀”，属于行动中的一部分，该选项以偏概全；C选项“他们想重建工业”，属于行动中一部分，该选项以偏概全；D选项“他们想要保护性关税壁垒”也是该行动中的一部分，以偏概全。3. 【选项释义】What is the editors attitude? 编者的态度是什么？A. Support. A. 支持。B. Distaste. B. 厌恶。C. Disapproval. C. 反对。D. Compromise. D. 妥协。【考查点】观点态度题。【解题思路】文中作者在Para. 4第二句中说到“如果一个行业不能把自己提升到技术进步的领先阶段，那么它就不能有效地竞争”。也就是说作者赞同新计划，发展新技术。同时他还强调了新技术在未来发展的作用。作者在最后一段又提到“如果我们现在不能重组我们的经济，我们可能不会有第二次机会。”，综合理解可以推测出作者的态度是支持的。因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“厌恶”、C选项“反对”、D选项“妥协”不符合原文作者的观点，属于无中生有。4. 【选项释义】The danger to the plan lies in _. 这个计划的危险在于_。A. the two parties objection A. 双方的反对意见B. different idea of the two parties about the plan B. 双方对这个计划有不同的看法C. its passage C. 它的通过D. distortion D. 扭曲；曲解【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干信息danger to the plan可定位到倒数第二段第二句，该处讲到“危险（The danger）不在于一项计划无法通过，而在于左右翼的理论家将通过修正案歪曲该法案（distort the bill with amendments），从而模糊其对技术的关注。”。比对选项，D选项恰好是此信息的同义转换，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“双方的反对意见”，属于无中生有；B选项“双方对这个计划有不同的看法”，属于无中生有；C选项“它的通过”，通过解题思路可知文中明确提到“危险（The danger）不在于一项计划无法通过”，为反向干扰。5. 【选项释义】The passage is _. 这篇文章是_。A. a reviewA. 一篇回顾B. a preface B. 一篇前言C. an advertisement C. 一则广告D. an editorial D. 一篇社论【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据文章内容可知，该文章是作者对美国经济计划的客观描述。这是对大事件的报道。editorial表示报纸上的一篇重要文章，表达编辑对某条新闻或某一问题的看法， 因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“一篇回顾”，指回想过去发生的事情。而该文章描述的是一个经济计划，因此属于无中生有；B选项“一篇前言”，指写在书或者文章前的序言或导言，该篇文章是一个陈述并非引导，属于无中生有；C选项“一则广告”，广告应该要宣传什么，不符合文章内容，属于无中生有。15. 单选题A good leader must have character traits that inspire others to accept his leadership. He must display courage, intelligence, and（ ）.问题1选项A.wisdomB.braveryC.shrewdnessD.integrity【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。wisdom“智慧”；bravery“勇敢，勇气”；shrewdness“精明，机灵”；integrity“完整，正直”。句意：一个好领导必须有激励他人接受自己领导的特质。他必须表现出自己的勇气，智慧和正直。由courage, intelligence可排除A、B项。C项不符合题意，故D项正确。16. 单选题The mood of the evening is_ just as it is every year when this topic is brought up.问题1选项A.destroyedB.damagedC.ruinedD.spoiled【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. destroyed破坏；摧毁 B. damaged损害C. ruined毁灭 D. spoiled破坏；破坏的兴致【考察点】近义词辨析。【解题思路】A、B、C、D四个选项都有“破坏”的意思。空格处是一个被动语态。空格处的动词用来说明mood“心情”被怎么样了。Mood做主语，句意为每当这个话题被提起时，夜晚的心情就被破坏了。只有D选项spoil指破坏的兴致符合句子语境。因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项destroy的基本意思是用任何力量“破坏，毁坏”，用于物时，指破坏或毁坏有用的事物; 用于人时，指用武力或暴力“杀死”“毁灭”“消灭”敌人等；B选项damage的基本意思是“损害，伤害”，主要指自然力或人为地在价值、完整性、效能等方面造成损害，一般是局部地、非彻底地、可修复地，可以用于有形物，也可以用于无形物，还可表示对经济信心等造成坏的结果或影响；C选项ruin的基本意思是“破坏，毁掉”，常指因暴力、自然灾害或疏忽等外部原因而造成毁坏，强调倒塌成碎片，也可指健康、声望、容貌、气节、价值等受到严重损坏。以上选项均不能和mood搭配。【句意】就像每年提起这个话题一样，整个晚上的气氛都被破坏了。17. 单选题The psychologist William James believed that facial expressions not only provide a visiblesign of an （ ） .问题1选项A.emotion but also actually contributing to the feeling itselfB.emotion; they also actually contribute to the feeling ofC.emotion but also actually contribute to the feeling itselfD.emotion, actually contributing to the feeling itself【答案】C【解析】not onlybut also表示并列关系，前后分句的结构应该保持一致，宾语从句的主语为facial expressions，not only后面接的是provide，故but also后面也应该用动词复数contribute to故答案C。句意：心理学家威廉詹姆斯认为,面部表情不仅提供情感的可见迹象，而且也有助于感觉本身。18. 单选题Most of his fellow workers dont like him because he often_ of his past glory.问题1选项A.burstsB.bawlsC.boastsD.bans【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. bursts爆发 B. bawls大叫C. boasts自夸；夸耀 D. bans禁止【考查点】固定搭配。【解题思路】空格处接of组成固定短语。空格处的动词与光辉事迹相连接，与前文同事们不喜欢他相照应。C选项boast of“自夸”在这里表示他总是自己夸耀自己，符合句子逻辑。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。【句意】他的大多数同事都不喜欢他，因为他经常吹嘘自己过去的辉煌。19. 单选题Abraham Lincoln insisted that（ ）not just on mere opinion but on moral purpose.问题1选项A.to base democracyB.democracy be basedC.for democracy to be based onD.whenever democracy is based【答案】B【解析】考查虚拟语气。当句中谓语动词为表示命令、建议、要求等词汇时，从句谓语动词用should+动词原形，should可省略。故B项正确。句意：奥巴马林肯坚称民主不能仅仅建立在意念上，而应该建立在道德目的上。20. 单选题The material（ ）the apparatus is made is a good nonconductor of heat.问题1选项A.with whichB.of whichC.from whichD.with what【答案】B【解析】考查语法。be made of sth“由组成”。故B项正确。句意：制造这种仪器的材料是一种很好的热绝缘体。故B项正确。