2022年考博英语-南京艺术学院考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第35期

2022年考博英语-南京艺术学院考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Our heritage and our culture have caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving goodbye is the way to summon a Filipino to ones side, or that in Italy curling the finger in a beckoning motion is a gesture of farewell.Those Private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after W.W. II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that GIFT means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arms length away from others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.Our linguistic and cultural nearsightedness and the casualness with which we take noticewhen we do-of the developed tastes, mannerisms, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.Even here in the U.S, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual guide tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations and multilingual bank clerks and policemen are rare.When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels where English is spoken. The attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives, usually the more affluentwho speak English. Our business, as well as the nations diplomacy, dealings are conducted through interpreters.For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance. After all, America was the most powerful country of the world, the dispenser of the needed funds and commodities, the peacemaker, the “top banana” in the global cast. But all that is past. We are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing.1.When the author uses “nearsightedness”，he is talking（ ）.2.The passage informs us that ?3.We can infer from the passage that（ ）.4.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the author?5.The author is most probably（ ）by nationality.问题1选项A.metaphoricallyB.ironicallyC.humorouslyD.sarcastically问题2选项A.Americans do not understand their own heritage and culture wellB.the author does not mind Americans, cultural blindnessC.Americans pay little attention to foreign customs and languagesD.America has no problems in the world because its the most powerful country问题3选项A.America is becoming a warlike countryB.the American role in the world is no longer properC.America will become the most powerful again if it starts to learn foreign customsD.America shouldnt remain blind and ignorant with respect to other nations cultures问题4选项A.Some American citizens sent poisons as gifts to Germany after W.W.II.B.A Filipino will probably approach an American who waves bye-bye.C.It may be unfriendly to Latins to keep more than 3 feet away from them.D.Italians use the finger motions to express bye-bye.问题5选项A.an ItalianB.an AmericanC.a FilipinoD.a German【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.推理判断题。题目问的是“作者使用目光短浅时，她正在说”。文章第三段提到“我们在语言和文化上的近视眼以及不注意去留意他国的爱好，习惯，习俗和语言正让我们在世界上失去朋友，业务及尊重”（Our linguistic and cultural nearsightedness and the casualness with which we take noticewhen we do-of the developed tastes, mannerisms, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world），选项A“比喻地”符合题意。2.推理判断题。题目问的是“文章告诉我们”。文章第三段提到“我们在语言和文化上的近视眼以及不注意去留意他国的爱好，习惯，习俗和语言正让我们在世界上失去朋友，业务及尊重”（Our linguistic and cultural nearsightedness and the casualness with which we take noticewhen we do-of the developed tastes, mannerisms, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world），说明美国人不注重别国的习俗，选项C符合题意。3.推理判断题。题目问的是“我们能从文章中得出”文章最后一段提到过去美国人习惯忽视他国的语言和文化，因为那个时候美国很强大。但是已经是过去时了，我们应该意识到我们在世界上的独特作用正在改变（But all that is past. We are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing），说明现在美国不应该像以前那样忽视他国的语言和文化，选项D“美国人不应该忽视他国的文化”符合题意。4.细节事实题。题目问的是“根据作者的描述，下列哪项陈述是不真实的”。文章第二段提到“给二战后占领德国的美国军队寄送包裹的美国人为了避税而在包裹上标示GIFT”，而不愿麻烦去发现GIFT在德语中是“毒药”的意思（Those Private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after W.W. II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that GIFT means poison in German），由此可知选项A的描述是不真实的，是美国人为了避税错把GIFT（毒药）当GIFT（礼物），符合题意。5.推理判断题。题目问的是“作者可能是哪个国家的人”。文章使用的是第一人称，文章多次用“our heritage and our culture”或者 “we are slowly beginning to realize”可以推测作者最有可能是美国人。选项B符合题意。2. 单选题The fridge is considered a necessity. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with the label: “store in the refrigerator.”In my fridgeless fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. The milkman came daily, the grocer, the butcher, the baker, and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted, and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country.The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. A vast way of well-tried techniques already existednatural cooling, drying, smoking, salting, sugaring, bottling. What refrigeration did promote was marketing-marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price.Consequently, most of the worlds fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of fridges hum away continuously, and at vast expense, busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially heated house-while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge.The fridges effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. If you dont believe me, try it yourself, invest in a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers, but at least youll get rid of that terrible hum.1.In the 2ndparagraph, the statement “In my fridgeless fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily.” suggest that（ ）.2.Why does the author say that nothing was wasted before the invention of fridges?3.Who benefited the least from fridges according to the author?4.Which of the following phrases in the last paragraph indicates the fridges negative effect on the environment?5.What is the authors overall attitude toward fridges?问题1选项A.the author was well-fed and healthy even without a fridge in his fiftiesB.the author was not accustomed to use fridges even in his fifties.C.there was no fridge in the authors home in the 1950s.D.the fridge was in its early stage of development in the 1950s.问题2选项A.People would not buy more food than was necessary.B.Food was delivered to people two or three times a week.C.Food was sold fresh and did not get rotten easily.D.People had effective ways to preserve their food.问题3选项A.Inventors.B.Consumers.C.Manufacturers.D.Traveling salesmen.问题4选项A.Hum away continuouslyB.Climatically almost unnecessary.C.Artificially-cooled space.D.With mild temperatures.问题5选项A.NeutralB.CriticalC.ObjectiveD.Compromising【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.推理判断题。题目问的是“第二段中，我的童年没有冰箱，但我吃得不错并且很健康意味着”。文章第二段提到了没有冰箱的那几十年，作者吃得很好，也很健康，送牛奶的人每天都来，食品商、屠夫、面包师傅等一周来两三次，东西没有被浪费，也没有变质（Nothing was wasted, and we were never troubled by rotten food），因此选项A符合题意。2.推理判断题。题目问的是“作者为什么说在冰箱发明之前没有任何东西被浪费”。文章第二段提到了没有冰箱的那几十年，作者吃得很好，也很健康，送牛奶的人每天都来，食品商、屠夫、面包师傅等一周来两三次。肉可以从星期日吃到星期三，剩余的面包和牛奶变成了各种小蛋糕。东西没有被浪费，也没有变质。由此可知在冰箱发明之前人们掌握了怎样处理剩余食物的方法，选项D符合题意。3.推理判断题。题目问的是“在作者看来，哪类人从冰箱的发明中受益最少”。文章第三段提到冰箱的发明并没有对食物的保存起太大作用（The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation），真正的作用是促进了市场营销，硬件、电力、各种饮料、肉类等等，由此可知从中获益最少的是消费者，选项B符合题意。4.细节事实题。题目问的是“下列哪句话表明了冰箱对于环境的危害”。文章最后一段提到“冰箱对环境的影响是显而易见的，但是它对人类幸福的贡献却微不足道你可能会想念汉堡包，但至少你能摆脱那可怕的嗡嗡声”（The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation），由此可知选项A“持续不断的噪音”符合题意。5.观点态度题。题目问的是“作者对冰箱的态度”。文章第二段作者提及自己亲身经历：没有冰箱吃得很好并且很健康。接着又谈到了冰箱的发明并没有对食物的保存起很大作用，并且认为很多地方是不需要冰箱的，由此可知作者对冰箱是持批判态度的。选项B符合题意。3. 单选题Massive changes in all of the worlds deeply cherished spoiling habits are under way. Whether its one of Londons parks full of people playing softball, and Russians taking up rugby, or the Super bowl rivaling the British Football Cup Final as a televised spectator event in Britain, the patterns of players and spectators are changing beyond recognition. We are witnessing a globalization of our spoiling culture.That annual bicycle race, the Tour de France, much loved by the French is a good case in point. Just a few years back it was a strictly continental affair with France, Belgium and Holland, Spain and Italy taking part. But in recent years it has been dominated by Colombian mountain climbers, and American and Irish riders. The people who really matter welcome the shift toward globalization. Peugeot, Michelin and Panasonic are multi-national corporations that want worldwide returns for the millions they invest in teams. So it does them literally a world of good to see this unofficial world championship become just that. This is undoubtedly an economic-based revolution we are witnessing here, one made possible by communications technology, blit made to happen because of marketing considerations. Sell the game and you can sell Coca Cola or Budweiser as well.The skillful way in which American football has been sold to Europe is a good example of how all sports will develop. The aim of course is not really to spread the sport for its own sake, but to increase the number of people interested in the major moneymaking events. The economics of the Super bowl are already astronomical. Willi scats at US $125, gate receipts along were a staggering $10,000,000. The most important statistic of the day, however, was the $100,000,000 in TV advertising fees. Imagine how much that becomes when the eyes of the world are watching.So it came as a terrible shock, but not really as a surprise, to learn that some people are now suggesting that soccer change from being a game of two 45-minutc halves, to one of four 25-minute quarters. The idea is unashamedly to capture more advertising revenue, without giving any thought for the integrity of a sport which relics for its essence on the flowing nature of the action.Moreover, as sports expand into world markets, and as our choice of sports as consumers also grows, so we will demand to see that they play at a higher and higher level. In boxing we have already seen numerous, dubious world title categories because people will not pay to see anything less than a “World Title” fight, and this means that the title fights have to be held in different countries around the world!1.Globalization of sporting culture means that（ ）.2.Which of the following is NOT related to the massive changes?3.As is used in the passage, globalization comes closest in meaning to（ ）.4.What is the authors attitude towards the suggestion to change soccer into one of four 25-minute quarters?5.Why should the title fights in boxing be held in different countries of the world?问题1选项A.more people are taking up sports.B.traditional spoils are getting popular.C.many local sports are becoming international.D.foreigners are more interested in local sports.问题2选项A.Good economic returns.B.Revival of traditional games.C.Communications technologyD.Marketing strategies.问题3选项A.commercializationB.“westernization”C.“speculation”D.“standardization”问题4选项A.Favorable.B.Unclear.C.Reserved.D.Critical.问题5选项A.Because they are very exciting.B.Because people do not want to pay to see them.C.Because people want to see the most exciting games.D.Because they are less exciting【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.推理判断题。题目问的是“运动文化全球化的含义是”。文章第一段最后一句提到“我们正在目睹一场体育文化的全球化过程”（We are witnessing a globalization of our spoiling culture）。接下来举了自行车竞赛（bicycle race）的例子，提到自行车竞赛开始是在法国、比利时、荷兰、西班牙和意大利受欢迎，最近几年又受到了哥伦比亚的登山者，美国和爱尔兰的骑手的青睐，由此可以看出这项本来只在当地流行的运动走向了国际，选项C符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是“下列哪项与巨大的变化（全球化）无关”。文章第二段提到标致、米其林和松下这些跨国企业，他们在团队上投入了数百万美元，期望获得全球回报，所以选项A与全球化有关，排除；该段还提到我们正在见证一场以经济为基础、一场由通信技术促成的革命（This is undoubtedly an economic-based revolution we are witnessing here, one made possible by communications technology），由此选项C“通信技术”可以排除；该段最后一句话提到“推销比赛，你同时也在推销可口可乐或者百威啤酒”（Sell the game and you can sell Coca Cola or Budweiser as well）。综上，选项B符合题意。3.词义题。题目问的是“文章中的全球化与哪个词意思最接近”。文章第二段提到各大跨国公司投资体育赛事都是为了获得全球的经济回报（Peugeot, Michelin and Panasonic are multi-national corporations that want worldwide returns for the millions they invest in teams），以及提到卖体育赛事也同时在做各种产品的推广；文章第三段提到美国橄榄球推广到欧洲并不是想推广这项运动，而是为了增加对观众人数，增加商人们的利益（The aim of course is not really to spread the sport for its own sake, but to increase the number of people interested in the major moneymaking events. The economics of the Super bowl are already astronomical），由此可以看出，“全球化”相当于“商业化”，选项A符合题意4.观点态度题。题目问的是“作者对将足球比赛的时间改成4个25分钟的建议持什么态度”。文章倒数第二段提到“这种想法是无耻的，目的是为了获得更多的广告收入，而不考虑这项运动的完整性”（The idea is unashamedly to capture more advertising revenue, without giving any thought for the integrity of a sport which relics for its essence on the flowing nature of the action），由此可以看出作者对这个想法是持批评态度的，选项D符合题意。5.推理判断题。题目问的是“为什么拳击比赛要在全世界各国举行”。文章最后一段举了拳击的例子是为了说明“随着体育运动项目进入世界市场，我们作为消费者的需求也在不断变化，我们需要观看高水平的比赛”（Moreover, as sports expand into world markets, and as our choice of sports as consumers also grows, so we will demand to see that they play at a higher and higher level），因此选项C符合题意。4. 单选题Everybody gets sick. Disease and injury make us suffer throughout our lives until finally sonic attack on the body brings our existence to an end. Fortunately, most of us in modern industrialized societies can take relatively good health for granted most of the time. In fact, we tend to fully realize the importance of good health only when we or those close to us become seriously ill. At such times we keenly appreciate the ancient truth that health is our most precious asset, one for which we might readily give up such rewards as power, wealth, or fame.Because ill health is universal problem, affecting both the individual and society, the human response to sickness is always socially organized. No society leaves the responsibility for maintaining health and treating ill health entirely to the individual. Each society develops its own concepts of health and sickness and authorizes certain people to decide who is sick and how the sick should be treated. Around this focus there arises, over time, a number of standards, values, groups, statuses, and roles: in other words, an institution. To the sociologist, then, medicine is the institution concerned with the maintenance of health and treatment of disease.In the simplest pre-industrial societies, medicine is usually an aspect of religion. The social arrangements for dealing with sickness arc very elementary, often involving only two roles: the sick and the healer. The latter is typically also the priest, who relies primarily on religious ceremonies, both to identify and to treat disease: for example, bones may be thrown to establish a cause, songs may be used to bring about a cure. In modem industrialized societies, on the other hand, the institution has become highly complicated and specialized, including dozens of roles such as those of brain surgeon, druggist, and hospital administrator, linked with various organizations such as nursing homes, insurance companies, and medical schools. Medicine, in fact, has become the subject of intense sociological interest precisely because it is now one of the most pervasive and costly institutions of modern society.1.Which of the following statements is true according to Paragraph I?2.The word “authorize” in Paragraph 2 means “（ ）.3.In Paragraph 2, we learn that the sociologist regards medicine as（ ）.4.According to Paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT true?5.The author of this passage is mainly concerned with（ ）.问题1选项A.Nowadays most people believe they can have fairly good health.B.Human life involves a great deal of pain and suffering.C.Most of us are aware of the full value of health.D.Ancient people believed that health was more expensive than anything else.问题2选项A.make way forB.give power toC.write an order forD.make it possible for问题3选项A.a system whose purpose is to treat disease and keep people healthyB.a universal problem that affects every societyC.a social responsibility to treat ill healthD.a science that focuses on the treatment of disease问题4选项A.In the past, bones might be used to decide why people fell ill.B.in pre-industrial societies priests sometimes treated patients by singing.C.Modem medicine is so complicated that sociology no longer has a place in it.D.There were only two roles in an elementary medical system, the patient and the one who tried to cure him.问题5选项A.sociological aspects in medicineB.medical treatment of diseasesC.the development of medical scienceD.the role of religion in medicine【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“根据第一段，下列哪个描述是正确的”。文章第一段提到“疾病和受伤让我们痛苦一生，直到对身体的一些攻击能让我们死去”（Disease and injury make us suffer throughout our lives until finally sonic attack on the body brings our existence to an end），选项B“人生有许多痛苦和磨难”符合题意。2.词义题。题目问的是“第二段中的authorize的意思是”。文章第二段提到某些人去决定谁生了病，以及决定这些病人被怎样处理（authorizes certain people to decide who is sick and how the sick should be treated），选项B“给以权力”符合题意。3.细节事实题。题目问的是“在第二段中，我们可以得知社会学家将药品作为”。文章第二段的最后一句“对于社会学家来说，医学是关于维持健康和治疗疾病的一种制度”（To the sociologist, then, medicine is the institution concerned with the maintenance of health and treatment of disease），选项A“一种以治疗疾病和维持人体健康为目的的体系”符合题意。4.细节事实题。题目问的是“根据第三段，下列不正确的是”。文章第三段提到“正因为医学现在是最普遍的、花费多的现代社会机构之一，所以它已经成为社会学家最感兴趣的主题”（Medicine, in fact, has become the subject of intense sociological interest precisely because it is now one of the most pervasive and costly institutions of modern society），所以选项C“现代医学如此复杂，以至于社会学在其中不再有任何位置”与描述不符合，所以是答案。5.主旨大意题。题目问的是“这篇文章作者关心的是”。文章第三段提到“正因为医学现在是最普遍的、花费多的现代社会机构之一，所以它已经成为社会学家最感兴趣的主题”（Medicine, in fact, has become the subject of intense sociological interest precisely because it is now one of the most pervasive and costly institutions of modern society），选项A“医学的社会学方面”符合题意。5. 单选题Nowadays, a cell-phone service is available to everyone, everywhere. Probably thousands of people have already been using it, but I just discovered it, so Im going to claim it and also name it: Fake Foning.The technology has been working well for me at the office, but there are infinite applications, virtually in any public space.Say you work at a big university with lots of talky faculty members buzzing about. Now, say you need to use the restroom. The trip down the hall will take approximately one hour, because a person cant walk into those talky people without getting pulled aside for a question, a bit of gossip, a new read on a certain line of Paradise Lost.So, a cell-phone. Any cell-phone. Just pick it up. Dont dial. Just hold that phone to your face and