2022年考博英语-广东工业大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第92期

2022年考博英语-广东工业大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题Actress Amanda Bynes was convicted of（ ）driving in April 2012 when she crashed into an L.A. County sheriffs deputys cruiser.问题1选项A.legitimateB.juvenileC.recklessD.redundant【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项legitimate表示“合法的，正当的”；B选项juvenile表示“青少年的，幼稚的”；C选项reckless表示“鲁莽的，不顾后果的”；D选项redundant表示“多余的，过剩的，失业的”。be convicted of表示“被宣判有罪”，由句意可知这位女演员因为驾驶不当而被判有罪，因此只有C选项词义最符合句意。故本题正确答案为C选项。2. 单选题The seal can dive to a depth of about 1600 feet and remain（ ）for as long as an hour and ten minutes.问题1选项A.breathlessB.fearlessC.submergedD.unconscious【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。breathless屏息；fearless无畏的，大胆的；submerge沉浸，淹没；unconscious无意识的。由前半句可知海豹可以在1600英尺的海里潜水，由dive及remain可推知海豹能保持屏息。故A项符合题意。句意：海豹可以潜入1600英尺深的海里，并且能保持屏息一小时十分钟。3. 单选题When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals: they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass（the amount of living biological matter ）of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators（animals that kill and eat other animals）in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Todays vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the date support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to be business.1. The writer mentions the extinction of large prehistoric animals to suggest that（ ）.2. It can be inferred form Dr. Myers and Dr. Worms paper that（ ）.3. Dr. Worms comment of “these figures are conservative”（ Line 1, Paragraph 3）means（ ）.4. Dr. Myers and other researchers maintain that（ ）.5. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries（ ）.问题1选项A.large animal were vulnerable to the changing environmentB.small species survived as large animals disappearedC.large sea animals may face the same threat todayD.Slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones问题2选项A.the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the oldB.the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%C.the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amountD.there are only half as many fisheries are there were 15 years ago问题3选项A.the catch-sizes are actually smaller than recordedB.the marine biomass has suffered a greater lossC.the data collected so far are out of dateD.fishing technology has improved rapidly问题4选项A.people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situationB.people should look for a baseline that cant work for a longer timeC.fisheries should keep their yield below 50% of the biomassD.the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level问题5选项A.technological applicationB.management efficiencyC.catch-size limitsD.biomass level【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。根据题干信息可定位到原文第一段。文章通过讲述史前人类到达新地方时，大型动物会突然灭绝，进而引出讨论的话题，即海洋生物也会在人类来临之后面临灭绝的危险。因此，本题正确答案为C选项。2.推理判断题。根据原文第二段“the biomass of large predators（animals that kill and eat other animals）in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.”可知，一个新的渔场在被开发后的15年中大型捕食类鱼种的生物量平均减少了80% 。在有些长期捕捞的地区，自那以后，这个数量又减少了一半（剩余20%的一半），因此一共下降了90% ；故B选项表述正确，其余选项均不能由他们的论文得出。故本题正确答案为B选项。3.推理判断题。根据题干信息定位到原文第三段。沃姆博士承认论文中的数据是保守的，因为现在捕鱼的技术已经提高，已经用上了卫星和声纳定位，这些设备50年前是无法使用的。这就意味着现在海里有更高比例的海洋生物被捕捞了。以前一些抓不住的海洋生物现在都可以抓住了，以前被鲨鱼抢走的，现在由于鲨鱼都不见了，自然被捕捞的就更多了。由此可知，之前的那些数据已经过时了。故本题正确答案为C选项。4.细节事实题。根据原文最后一段可知，两位博士认为，他们的工作给出了正确的基准线，因为人们之所以没有察觉到海洋中发生的巨大变化是因为他们只回顾了过去相对较短的一段时间，所以在未来的管理工作中要明确“移动基准线”的意义。因此，本题正确答案为A选项“人们要根据变化情况调整基准线”。5.推理判断题。由文章最后一段可知，当目标鱼种的生物量约为其原始水平的50%时，渔场就可以收获最大的可持续产量。而大多数渔场都远低于这一水平，这是一种糟糕的经营方式。由此可知，作者最关心的是渔场的可持续产量，也就是关心biomass level（生态量）。故本题正确答案为D选项。4. 单选题Located in the Free Trade Zone, the trade center sells goods imported from Europe, offering nearly 17,000 products from 52（ ）European brands.问题1选项A.well-knownB.overseasC.ready-madeD.counterfeit【答案】A【解析】A选项well-known表示“著名的，众所周知的”；B选项overseas表示“海外的，国外的”；C选项ready-made表示“现成的，做好的，平凡的，陈旧的”；D选项counterfeit表示“仿造的，假冒的”。 分析句子可知，空缺处单词修饰European brands，因此只有A选项最符合句意。故本题正确答案为A选项。句意：该贸易中心位于自由贸易区，销售从欧洲进口的商品，提供来自52个知名欧洲品牌的近17000种产品。5. 单选题For years Kaufer, an associate professor at U.C. Berkeley, has been working on how stress affects the brain and body, and the complexity of the（ ）instinct to fight or flee.问题1选项A.ethicalB.militaryC.politicalD.human【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项ethical表示“伦理的，道德的”；B选项military表示“军事的，军人的”；C选项political表示“政治的，党派的”；D选项human表示“人的，人类的”。分析句意可知，这位副教授一直都致力于研究压力如何影响大脑和身体，以及人类战斗和逃跑本能的复杂性。因此human的词义最符合原文句意，故本题正确答案为D选项。6. 单选题Although he had been given several traffic tickets, the driver（ ）that he had not been responsible for a single accident.问题1选项A.defendedB.acknowledgedC.inferredD.contended【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。defend辩护；acknowledged承认，确认；inferred 推测；contended 主张，为竞争。句意：尽管他收到了几张交通罚单，但司机辩护称他对这几起交通事故都没有责任。由Although可知前后两句是让步关系。虽然该司机收到几张罚单，但他辩护.故A项符合句意。7. 单选题If a school posts a students name and test score without obtaining student（or parental）consent, it can（ ）FERPA, a federal law that protects the privacy of student education records.问题1选项A.verifyB.vilifyC.violateD.vibrate【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项verify表示“核实，查证”；B选项vilify表示“诽谤，中伤，轻视”；C选项violate表示“违反，侵犯”；D选项vibrate表示“振动，颤动，摇摆”。由句意可知，如果学校在没有得到学生（或家长）同意的情况下公布学生的姓名和考试成绩，它就违反了联邦法律。因此，violate的词义最符合句意，故本题正确答案为C选项。8. 单选题Chinas first set of regulations on human organ transplant, which prohibits organizations and individuals from trading human organs in any form,（ ）on May lst, 2007.问题1选项A.fell backB.fell shortC.went into effectD.come to the point【答案】C【解析】考查动词词组辨析。A选项fell back表示“后退”；B选项fell short表示“不符合标准，缺乏”；C选项went into effect表示“生效”；D选项come to the point表示“直截了当的说，简明扼要的说”。分析句意可知，中国颁布的首部人体器官移植条例是从2007年5月1日开始生效。因此本题正确答案为C选项。9. 单选题The poem perfectly（ ）to the reader the poets loneliness and disillusionment with the industrial society.问题1选项A.conjuresB.conveysC.consentsD.converse【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。conjure 提出，恳求，用魔法驱赶；convey表达；consent同意，准许；converse交谈，谈话。句意：这首诗完美地向读者传达了诗人对工业社会的孤独和幻灭。只有B项符合句意。10. 单选题Most geologists believe（ ）from the remains of tiny marine plants and animals that died millions of years ago.问题1选项A.that petroleum was formedB.what was formed petroleumC.when petroleum formedD.petroleum that formed【答案】A【解析】考查宾语从句。BCD三项的内容与句意不符。A项用that引导宾语从句。句意：大多数地质学家认为石油是从微小的海洋植物和几百万年前死掉的动物的遗骸中形成的11. 单选题The interrelationship of science, technology, and industry is taken for granted today -summed up, not altogether accurately, as “research and development”. Yet historically this widespread faith in the economic virtues of science is a relatively recent phenomenon, dating back in the United States about 150 years, and in the Western world as a whole not over 300 years at most. Even in this current era of large scale, intensive research and development, the interrelationships involved in this process are frequently misunderstood. Until the coming of the Industrial Revolution, science and technology evolved for the most part independently of each other. Then as industrialization became increasingly complicated, the craft techniques of preindustrial society gradually gave way to a technology based on the systematic application of scientific knowledge and scientific methods. This changeover started slowly and progressed unevenly. Until late in the nineteenth century, only a few industries could use scientific techniques or cared about using them. The list expanded noticeably after 1870，but even then much of what passed for the application of science was “engineering science” rather than basic science. Nevertheless, by the middle of the nineteenth century, the rapid expansion of scientific knowledge and of public awareness -if not understanding of it had created a belief that the advance of science would in some unspecified manner automatically generate economic benefits. The widespread and usually uncritical acceptance of this thesis led in turn to the assumption that the application of science to industrial purposes was a linear process, starting with fundamental science, then proceeding to applied science or technology, and through them to industrial use. This is probably the most common pattern, but it is not invariable. New areas of science have been opened up and fundamental discoveries made as a result of attempts to solve a specific technical or economic problem. Conversely, scientists who mainly do basic research also serve as consultants on projects that apply research in practical ways. In sum, the science-technology-industry relationship may flow in several different ways, and the particular channel it will follow depends on the individual situation. It may at times even be multidirectional.1. What is the authors main purpose in the passage?2. The “list” mentioned in line 13 refers to（ ）.3. The understanding of research and development in the late nineteenth century-is based on which of the following?4. Why does the author mention “consultants” in line 26?5. Which of the following statements does the passage support?问题1选项A.To correct misunderstandings about the connections between science, technology, and industryB.To describe the scientific base of nineteenth-century American industriesC.To show how technology influenced basic scienceD.To argue that basic science has no practical application问题2选项A.types of scientific knowledgeB.changes brought by technologyC.industries that used scientific techniquesD.applications of engineering science问题3选项A.Engineering science is not very important.B.Industrial needs should determine what areas fundamental science focuses on.C.The relationship between research and development should be criticized.D.Fundamental science naturally leads to economic benefits.问题4选项A.To show how new areas of science have given rise to new professionsB.To distinguish between scientists who work in industry and those who do notC.To show how scientists who work in basic research contribute to applied scienceD.To explain the ways in which scientists find financial support for their work问题5选项A.The development of science and of industry is now interdependent.B.Basic scientific research cannot generate practical applications.C.Industries should spend less money on research and development.D.Science and technology are becoming more separate.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.作者意图题。由文章开头“The interrelationship of science, technology, and industry is taken for granted today -summed up, not altogether accurately, as “research and development”Even in this current era of large scale, intensive research and development, the interrelationships involved in this process are frequently misunderstood. 科学、技术和工业之间的相互关系在今天被认为是理所当然的不能完全准确地概括为“研究和开发”即使在当今这个大规模、密集的研究和开发的时代，这个过程中所涉及的相互关系也常常被误解。”以及本文最后一句“In sum, the science-technology-industry relationship may flow in several different ways, and the particular channel it will follow depends on the individual situation. It may at times even be multidirectional. 总之，科技-工业关系可能以几种不同的方式流动，它所遵循的特定渠道取决于个人情况。它有时甚至是多向的。”可知作者开头即点明人们对科学，技术，工业的相互关系的误解，最后一句也点明这三者之间正变得越来越疏远。作者的意图在于澄清人们对这三者之间的误解。故A项正确。2.词义题。由题干定位到“Until late in the nineteenth century, only a few industries could use scientific techniques or cared about using them. The list expanded noticeably after 1870直到19世纪后期，只有少数几个行业能够使用科学技术或关心使用它们。1870年后，这一名单显著扩大”由此可知list是指代上文提到的“使用科学技术的行业”。故C项正确。3.细节试题题。由题干定位到“Nevertheless, by the middle of the nineteenth century, the rapid expansion of scientific knowledge and of public awareness -if not understanding of it had created a belief that the advance of science would in some unspecified manner automatically generate economic benefits. 尽管如此，到19世纪中叶，科学知识和公众意识（如果不是理解的话）的迅速扩展使人们相信，科学的进步将以某种未指明的方式自动地产生经济效益。由此可知人们相信科学进步能够带来经济效益。故D项正确。4.判断推理题。由题干定位到“Conversely, scientists who mainly do basic research also serve as consultants on projects that apply research in practical ways. 相反地，主要从事基础研究的科学家也担任顾问，从事以实际方式应用研究的项目。”从事基础研究的科学家也兼顾应用研究，可知作者想表明科学家对应用研究的贡献。故C项正确。5.判断推理题。由本文最后一句“In sum, the science-technology-industry relationship may flow in several different ways, and the particular channel it will follow depends on the individual situation. It may at times even be multidirectional. 总之，科学-技术-工业关系可能以几种不同的方式流动，它所遵循的特定渠道取决于个人情况。它有时甚至是多向的。”可知D项“科学和技术正变得越来越分离开”与该内容相符。故D项正确。A项与此内容不符。B项“基本科学研究不能产生实际应用”文中没提到；C项“工业应该在研究和发展上少花点钱”文中也没提到。12. 单选题The Department of Transportation and Communications（DOTC. will（ ）the purchase of 48 new Light Rail Vehicles（LRV）for the Metro Rail Transit（MRT）.问题1选项A.proceed withB.proceed fromC.prevail overD.preside over【答案】A【解析】A选项proceed with表示“继续进行”；B选项proceed from表示“从出发”；C选项prevail over 表示“胜过，占优势”；D选项preside over表示“主持，负责”。由原句句意可知，交通运输部（DOTC.将为地铁（MRT）（ ）_采购48辆新的轻轨车辆（LRV）。所以，只有A选项最符合原文句意。故本题正确答案为A选项。13. 单选题Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children（ ）a violent act previously seen on television.问题1选项A.duplicatingB.acceleratingC.stimulatingD.modifying【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。duplicate复制；accelerate加速，促进；stimulate刺激，鼓舞；modify修改，修饰。从前后语义可推测儿童与从电视上看到的暴力行为之间的关系，应该是儿童模仿电视上的暴力行为。故A项正确。句意：最近有一些儿童模仿电视上的暴力行为的报道。14. 单选题For Tony Blair, the outside world is a place of moral certainty. There are good guys and bad guys, and what needs to be done is pretty clear. Home, by contrast, is a messy sort of place, where the prime ministers job is not to uphold eternal values but to force through some unpopular changes that may make the country work a bit better. So, if, as Britain dispatches 1,700 marines to help finish off the bad guys in Afghanistan, Mr. Blair cuts a more impressive figure abroad than he does at home, it is not surprising. Mr. Blairs government is at that dangerous stage.The gloss of last years landslide（政党候选人的胜利）has worn off; the next election is too far away to foster unity among the Labor Party and its allies; fighting the battles that need to be fought seems like hard work. No wonder Mr. Blair is not looking so steady. The area where this is most obvious, and where it matters most is the public services. Mr. Blair faces a difficulty here which is partly of his own making. By focusing his last election campaign on the need to improve hospitals, schools, transport and policing, he built up expectations. And he has been admirably frank about how that improvement needs to be achieved. A lazier and more cynical prime minister might have blamed past failure on Tory underfunding, thrown some more money at the relevant ministries and hoped for the best. Mr. Blair has said many times those reforms in the way the public services work need to go alongside increases in cash. The trouble is that public services are, for the most part, peopleteachers, doctors, nurses, policemenso reforming them means changing working practices. People dont much like having new ways of working forced on them, and their unions see resisting change as their raison detre（存在的目的或理由）.So the hardest part of the governments task is getting the unions to agree to change.Mr. Blair has made his task harder by committing a classic negotiation error. Instead of extracting concessions from the other side before promising his own, he has pledged himself to higher spending on public services without getting a commitment to change from the unions.Nor are other ministries conveying quite the same message as the treasury. On March 19th, John Hutton, a health minister, announced that cleaners and catering staff in new privately funded hospitals working for the National Health Service will still be government employees, entitled to the same pay and conditions as other health service workers. Since one of the main ways in which the government hopes to reform the public sector is by using private providers, and since one of the main ways in which private providers are likely to be able to save money is by cutting labor costs, this move seems to undermine the governments strategy.1. As is described in the first paragraph, Tony Blairs government is strikingly characterized by（ ）.2. The Blairs government is looking so uncertain in the area which（ ）.3. Mr. Blairs achievements on reforms（ ）.4. Strong opposition is leveled against Mr. Blairs strategy because the government（ ）.5. At the time when the article was written, the situation in Britains public services seems to be（ ）.问题1选项A.prompt fulfillment of its promisesB.timely coordination with other departmentsC.dedication to the efficiency of administrationD.involvement in a dangerous stage问题2选项A.underlies the government strategyB.matters most to votersC.welcomes easy concessionsD.entitles workers to pensions问题3选项A.meet the expectations of government employeesB.fail to live up to his remarks on electionC.goes against the interests of the populaceD.neglects the section of public services问题4选项A.wants to take advantage of private providersB.pledges itself to higher spending on health careC.asserts its absolute control of the nationD.hopes to change working practices问题5选项A.quite encouragingB.very impressiveC.rather bleakD.fairly promising【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。文章第一段最后一句提到“布莱尔先生的政府处在危险中”（Mr. Blairs government is at that dangerous stage）,因此选项D符合题意。2.细节事实题。文章第二段第二句提到“布莱尔先生看起来并没有想象中稳定，而这种不稳定主要是在公共服务中”（No wonder Mr. Blair is not looking