2022年考博英语-沈阳药科大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第53期

2022年考博英语-沈阳药科大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题In individualistic cultures, people put emphasis on self-interests, and tend to have emotional detachment from their in-group.问题1选项A.concernB.disinterestednessC.dedicationD.fondness【答案】B【解析】考查上下文语义。A选项concern“关心；忧虑”；B选项disinterestedness“漠不关心，不感兴趣”；C选项dedication“奉献；献身”；D选项fondness“喜爱”。句意：在个人主义文化中，人们强调自身利益，往往在情感上_于自己的群体。由“个人主义”可知，人们往往强调自身利益，忽视集体利益，只有B选项与原文情感基调一致，符合题意。因此，本题最佳选项为B。2. 翻译题一个国家的经济实力带动其商业实力。20世纪20年代，英国公司拥有全世界直接海外投资40%的股份份额。而到了1967年，美国以50%的份额成为全球领头羊。这些数据的背后体现出的是文化的变革。英国人将电报和铁路传播到拉丁美洲，而美国公司则通过电影和广告将美好生活的理念兜售到世界各地。凯洛格（Kellogg）改变富人们的早餐习惯，柯达（Kodak）则帮助人们留住了假日的美好回忆。正如我们在本周的特别报告中所述，下一次企业的革命正发生在亚洲，它将改变整个世界的生活方式。【答案】A countrys economic strength drives its commercial strength. In the 1920s, British companies owned 40% of the worlds shares in direct overseas investment, but in 1967, the United States, with a 50% share, became the worlds leader. Behind these figures lies a cultural change. The British brought the telegraph and railways to Latin America, and American companies sold their idea of living a good life to the rest of the world via films and advertisements. Kellogg changed the richs habit of having breakfast, and Kodak helped keep holiday memories alive. As our special report this week argues, the next corporate revolution is taking place in Asia, and it will change the lifestyle of the whole world.3. 单选题Mary found it difficult to _ Jims father when he disapproved of their marriage.问题1选项A.stand forB.stand outC.stand byD.stand up to【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析与上下文语义。A选项stand for“代表”；B选项stand out“显眼；突出”；C选项stand by“继续支持（某人），尤指处于困境者”；D选项stand up to“经受住；反抗（某人）”。句意：Mary发现很难_Jim的父亲，当他不赞成他们的婚姻时。A、B选项不符合句意，排除；Jim的父亲不是处于困境者，而是相对来说更强大的人，D选项更符合句意，表达的是“Mary发现当Jim的父亲不赞成他们的婚姻时，反抗他很难”。因此，本题最佳选项为D。4. 单选题There is a widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accompanied by an equivalent surge in industrial research. A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual inventors working alone, independent of organized industrial research. While industrial laboratories contributed such important products as nylon and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission, the jet engine, the helicopter, insulin, and streptomycin. Still other inventions were developed through the combined efforts of individuals and laboratory teams.Despite these findings, we are urged to support monopoly power on the ground that such power creates an environment supportive of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources; that only the huge assets of the giant corporation or conglomerate can afford the kind of expenditures that can produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditures for research, we find that more than half of this government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or do much to protect our diminishing resources.Recent history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our long-standing conception of the process driven forward by competition. The price variable once perceived as the dominant aspect of the competitive process is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure, and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by a single corporation, investment in innovationa risky and expensive budget itemmight meet resistance from management and stockholders who might be more concerned with cost-cutting, efficient organization, and large advertising budgets, it would be a shocking error to assume that the monopolistic producer should be equated with bountiful expenditures for research. Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status and resist the threat implied in change. Furthermore, the firm with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue new techniques and different products, since with little interest in capital equipment or plant it is not deterred from investment in innovation. In some cases where inter-industry competition is reduced or even entirely eliminated, the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss by deliberately preventing technological progress.The conglomerates are not, however, completely exempt from strong competitive pressures; there are instances in which they, too, must compete, as against another industrial leviathan, and then their weapons may include large expenditures on innovation.36. According to Paragraph 1, important inventions of the 20th century _.37. From Paragraph 2, we can learn that _.38. Management and stockholders might be concerned with cost-cutting rather than innovation if _.39. Which of the following statements is implied in the text?40. The purpose of this text is to _.问题1选项A.had greater impact on smaller firms than on conglomeratesB.came primarily from the huge laboratories of monopoly industriesC.reduced our standard of living and diminished our natural resourcesD.were often produced by independent inventors as by research teams问题2选项A.it is reasonable to support independent inventors because they lack capitalB.it is obvious that small firms alone contribute to promote the living standardC.it is beyond any doubt that military research can protect resources effectivelyD.it still remains doubtful whether defense research is the cause of better living问题3选项A.they have little vested interest in capital equipment or plantB.they are very stable and secure and hold a monopoly position in their industryC.they have produced some of the important inventions of this centuryD.they are met competition in fields not ruled by one of the industrial giants问题4选项A.Important inventions were produced by both individuals and corporate teams.B.For a better living, the money spent on military research should be reduced.C.The growth of the automatic transmission is not credited to organized industrial research.D.Industrial giants may deliberately suppress innovations to avoid capital loss.问题5选项A.encourage free-market competitionB.advocate an increase in governmental support of organized industrial researchC.point out a misconception about the industrial research and the monopolistic powerD.show that Americas strength depends upon individual ingenuity and resourcefulness【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:B第4题:D第5题:C【解析】36. 事实细节题。题干“根据第一段，20世纪的重要发明_”，可定位到原文第1段第2句A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual inventors working alone, independent of organized industrial research.（最近一项关于世纪之交以来的重要发明的研究表明，超过一半的发明是个体发明家，独立于有组织的工业研究，独自工作的产物。）由此可知，20世纪的重要发明中超过一半是独立发明家的产物，D选项“通常是由独立发明家和研究团队制作的”表述符合原文，而B选项“主要来自垄断行业的大型实验室”表述错误，排除；A选项“对小公司的影响大于对大企业集团的影响”原文并未谈及这些发明对大公司或小公司的影响，排除；C选项“降低了我们的生活水平，减少了我们的自然资源”原文并未提及，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为D。37. 事实细节题。题干“从第2段我们可以了解到_”可定位到原文第2段。第2段第2句the independent inventor vital to economic progress.（独立发明家和小公司无法承担既能保护日益减少的资源又能提高我们的生活水平的重要研究；只有大型企业的巨额资产才能负担得起这种技术进步的支出，这些技术进步对经济发展至关重要。）由此可知，“既能保护我们日益减少的资源又能提高我们的生活水平的重要研究”需要巨额的研究资金，而独立发明家的资金不够支持他们进行这些研究。A选项“支持独立发明家是合理的，因为他们缺乏资金”表述与原文不符，原文只是说他们的资金不够从事“既能保护我们日益减少的资源又能提高我们的生活水平的重要研究”，并没有说他们缺乏资金，他们的资金还是可以支持他们做其他研究的，排除；B选项“很明显，只有小公司才能促进生活水平的提高”表述不正确，能够提高生活水平的研究不是小公司的研究内容，排除；第2段最后一句There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or, do much to protect our diminishing resources.（这些与国防有关的研究项目是否能改善人们的生活水平，或者是否在保护日益减少的资源方面起到很大作用，这是值得怀疑的。）根据句意，C选项“毫无疑问，军事研究可以有效地保护资源”，“毫无疑问”与原文表述不符，排除；D选项“国防研究是否是改善生活的原因仍然值得怀疑”与原文表述相符。因此，本题最佳选项为D。38. 判断推理题。题干“管理层和股东可能关心的是成本削减而非创新，如果_”可定位到第3段。A选项“他们在重要的设备或工厂几乎没有既得利益”可定位到第3段倒数第2句the firm with a small share of the marketit is not deterred from investment in innovation.（市场份额小的公司将积极追求新技术和不同的产品，因为在重要设备和工厂没有利益，它不会阻止创新投资。）由此判断，“在重要的设备或工厂几乎没有既得利益”的公司追求创新，与题意不符，排除；B选项“他们非常稳定和安全，在行业中拥有垄断地位”可定位到第3段第4句Large-scale enterprises tend to promote the status and resist the threat implied in change.（大型企业倾向于更舒适地在稳定和安全的环境中经营，它们的管理官僚机构倾向于提高地位并抵制变化所隐含的威胁。）由此可知，在行业拥有垄断地位的企业管理层不鼓励创新，B选项与原文相符；C选项“他们创造了本世纪的一些重要发明”与题目无关，原文并未提及，排除；干扰D选项“他们在没有任何工业巨头的领域遭遇了竞争”可定位到第3段最后一句In some cases where inter-industry competition is reduced or even entirely eliminated, the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss by deliberately preventing technological progress.（在某些行业间竞争减少甚至完全消除的情况下，工业巨头可能有意阻止技术进步以避免资本损失。）由此可知，在竞争少或没有竞争的行业，行业巨头会为了避免资本损失而阻止创新，D选项指的是一个竞争激烈且没有行业垄断的情况，与原文不符，排除；注意不能被第3段第3句While it can be assumed that large advertising budgets（虽然可以假设）误导，这只是一种可能存在的假设，并不一定正确，而且根据第3段第2句The price variable once perceived as the dominant aspect of the competitive process is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure, and the new technology（价格变量曾经被认为是竞争过程中占主导地位的方面，现在却屈从于新产品、新业务结构和新技术的竞争）可知，当今时代创新在竞争中起着很重要的作用，所以D选项“他们在没有任何工业巨头的领域遭遇了竞争”，企业管理层应该是鼓励创新的，与题干不符，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为B。39. 判断推理题。题干“下列哪一项陈述隐含在文中？”A选项“重要的发明是由个人和公司团队共同创造的”，可定位到第1段最后两句While industrial laboratories contributed , independent inventors . Still other inventions .（当工业实验室贡献了诸如尼龙和晶体管这样的重要产品时，独立的发明家们开发了空调、自动传输、喷气发动机、直升机、胰岛素和链霉素。还有一些发明是通过个人和实验室团队的共同努力开发出来的。）由此可以推断，重要的发明一部分是工业实验室发明的，一些是独立发明家发明的，还有一些是共同发明的，选项 A的表述不符合原文；B选项“为了更好的生活，应该减少用于军事研究的资金”，可定位到第2段最后一句There are those who consider it questionable that .（这些与国防有关的研究项目是否能改善人们的生活水平，或者是否在保护日益减少的资源方面起到很大作用，这是值得怀疑的）由此可知，与国防军事有关的研究是否能带来更好的生活值得怀疑，但是这并不能说明它就是不能带来更好的生活，B选项的表述不太符合原文，排除；C选项“自动传输的发展并不归功于有组织的工业研究”，可定位到原文第1段倒数第2句independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission（独立发明家开发了空调、自动传输）由此可知，自动传输是由独立发明家发明的，但它的发展是否与“有组织的工业研究”有关无从得知，排除；D选项“工业巨头可能会故意抑制创新以避免资本损失”可定位到第3段最后一句In some cases where inter-industry competition is reduced or even entirely eliminated, the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss by deliberately preventing technological progress.（在某些行业间竞争减少甚至完全消除的情况下，工业巨头可能有意阻止技术进步以避免资本损失。）D选项表述与原文一致。因此，本题最佳选项为D。40. 作者意图题。A选项“鼓励自由市场竞争”；B选项“提倡政府增加对有组织的工业研究的支持”；C选项“指出对产业研究和垄断权力的一种误解”；D选项“表明美国的力量依赖于个人的聪明才智”。本文一共4段，第1段主要内容人们普遍认为，工业巨头的出现伴随着同等工业研究的激增的。近期的研究表明20世纪以来，实际上，超过一半的发明是独立于有组织的工业研究的个体发明家独立工作的产物，其他是实验室或者实验室和个人合作发明的。第2段主要内容我们仍被要求支持垄断力量，因为这种力量创造了一个支持创新的环境。但一半的政府支出被用于军事研究和产品开发，这能否改善人们的生活水平，能否在保护我们日益减少的资源方面起到很大作用，值得怀疑。第3段主要内容我们长期以来关于竞争的看法可能是错的，在当今时代创新而非价格变化才是创新的重要因素。行业巨头出于既得利益，不倾向于创新，相反，小公司鼓励创新。第4段主要内容处于垄断地位的企业也不能避免竞争，也会需要在创新上投入大量资金。综合来看，作者的行文逻辑是提出一个存在的观点，然后用事实证明该观点是错的，而这些观点是关于工业研究和行业巨头的。因此，C选项“指出对产业研究和垄断权力的一种误解”最符合作者意图。本题最佳选项为C。5. 单选题About four years ago, Kerry Sturgill found herself at a career crossroads: Should she stay in an industry populated by extroverts (外向型的人) or jump ship to a more reflective place where introverts like her were in the majorityCareer counselors had told her to get out of the highly extroverted public relations fields “so you can be happy and do what you are.” Among the less fast-paced areas they pointes to: art, scientific research, data analysis.Such a move is definitely the right road for many introverts struggling to fit into an extroverted workplace. So, just what is an introvert anyway? Its someone who is energized by thought and reflection, while extroverts are energized by socializing. Introverts naturally need to think before they speak. Extroverts use the speaking process to figure out what it is to say.And, needless to say, there are pluses and minuses to both personality types.Still, in the modern world where as many as two-thirds of the population may be extroverted, those who are the opposite can be misunderstood. They can be seen as antisocial, secretive, even territorial, because they can sometimes try to protect their “space” and quiet.Workplaces can actually benefit from having both types, says Deborah Barrett, program director of the Rice University MBA communications program.An introvert herself, she says she has the best of both worldsworking in an environment of professors, who tend towards introversion, yet getting to teach, which calls on her more “out there” skills.Heres her advice for those looking to follow the same path:Make good use of e-mail. If you dont get to make a point at a loud meeting, send a follow-up email sharing your thoughts.If you dont have an office and are easily distracted by ongoing small talk, consider listening to music through headphones. But take care not to make your more sociable neighbors feel rejected.Sure, she says, if she had moved to a less stimulating environment, that might have “short- circuited a lot of my pain, but I also believe it would have short-circuited learning whats made me a much more well-rounded person.” Her main lesson? “I dont have to be an extrovert. I just have to play at being one for an hour.”19. According to the career counselors, _.20. Which of the following statements is true?21. According to the author, introverts are sometimes misunderstood because they are _.22. Deborah Barrett believes that teaching is a practice of _.23. By “short-circuited a lot of my pain” (in the last paragraph), Deborah Barrette means “_”.24. We can learn from Deborah Barretts case that introverted people _.问题1选项A.introverts should try to avoid working in a highly extroverted environmentB.introverts should try to change themselves to fit into an extroverted working environmentC.extroverts should work in less fast-paced areas such as art and scientific researchD.introverts can be happier if they can find jobs in the field of public relations问题2选项A.People with introverted personality have some disadvantages in finding jobs.B.People with introverted personality have some advantages in working with others.C.Both introverted and extroverted people have merits and demerits.D.Most workplaces need more extroverted people than introverted ones.问题3选项A.antisocialB.reservedC.aggressiveD.queer问题4选项A.reflectionB.introversionC.energizingD.socializing问题5选项A.ruined a lot of her happinessB.saved her a lot of troubleC.relieved her of a heavy burdenD.added to her sufferings问题6选项A.should not share offices with extroverted onesB.are easily irritated by small talkC.like to communicate with others via e-mailD.are reluctant to express their ideas in public【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:B第6题:D【解析】19. 事实细节题。1）精准定位：根据题干“根据职业顾问，_”,可定位到原文第2段Career counselors had told her to get out of the highly extroverted public relations fields “so you can be happy and do what you are.” Among the less fast-paced areas they pointes to: art, scientific research, data analysis.（职业顾问曾告诉她，不要再从事极度外向的公关行业，“这样你就能快乐地做自己该做的事。”在节奏较慢的领域，他们指出：艺术、科学研究、数据分析。）再根据原文第1段最后一句中introverts like her（像她这样内向的人）可知，“她”是一个内向的人。2）综合理解：由此可知，职业顾问认为内向的人不要从事过度外向的行业，比如公关，而应该去节奏较慢的行业，比如艺术、科学研究、数据分析，这样他们会更快乐。A选项“内向的人应该避免在一个非常外向的环境中工作”，表述符合原文。B选项“内向的人应该努力改变自己，以适应外向的工作环境”，原文并未提及，属于无中生有；C选项“外向的人应该在节奏不那么快的领域工作，比如艺术和科学研究”，原文说的是“内向的人”，而不是选项中的“外向的人”，该选项属于张冠李戴；D选项“如果能找到公共关系领域的工作，内向的人会更快乐”，表述错误，原文认为内向的人离开公关工作会更开心，该选项属于反向干扰。因此，本题最佳选项为A。20. 事实细节题。1）精准定位：A选项“性格内向的人在找工作时有一些缺点”，可定位到原文第4段And, needless to say, there are pluses and minuses to both personality types.（不用说，这两种性格都有利有弊。）原文只是说这两种性格的人都各有利弊，并没有提他们在找工作时的利弊，该选项属于推理过度，排除。B选项“性格内向的人在与他人合作时有一些优势”，可定位到原文第3段第2-3句So, just what is an introvert anyway? Its someone who is energized by thought and reflection, while extroverts are energized by socializing.（那么，到底什么是内向者呢？内向的人是通过思考和反思获得能量的人，而外向的人是通过社交获得能量的人。）由此可知，外向的人更适合社交，在与他人合作中更有优势，而不是选项所说的“内向的人”，该选项属于张冠李戴，排除。C选项“内向和外向的人都有优点和缺点”，可定位到原文第4段And, needless to say, there are pluses and minuses to both personality types.（不用说，这两种性格都有利有弊。）由此可知，选项表述符合原文。D选项“大多数工作场所需要更多外向的人而不是内向的人”，可定位到原文第6段Workplaces can actually benefit from having both types.（工作场所实际上可以从这两种类型中受益。）原文的意思是这两种性格的人工作场所都需要，并没说哪种人需要的更多，该选项属于推理过度，排除。2）综合理解：只有C选项表述正确，符合题意。因此，本题最佳选项为C。21. 事实细节题。1）精准定位：根据题干“根据作者的说法，内向的人有时会被误解，因为他们是_”，可定位到原文第5段第1句Still, in the modern world where as many as two-thirds of the population may be extroverted, those who are the opposite can be misunderstood.（然而，在现代世界中，多达三分之二的人可能是外向的，那些性格相反的人可能会被误解。）和第5段第2句They can be seen as antisocial, secretive, even territorial, because they can sometimes try to protect their “space” and quiet.（他们可能被认为是反社会的、神秘的，甚至是有领土意识的，因为他们有时会试图保护自己的“空间”并且安静。）2）综合理解：由此可知，作者认为他们被误解的原因是“他们试图保护自己的空间并且安静”，B选项“寡言少语的；矜持的”最符合原文。C选项“好斗的；有进取心的”、D选项“奇怪的”均属于曲解原文，排除；A选项“反社会的”表述错误，这是别人对内向的人的误解，而不是作者认为他们被误解的原因，该选项属于偷换概念，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为B。22. 事实细节题。1）精准定位：根据题干“Deborah Barrett认为教学是_的一种实践”，可定位到原文第7段An introvert herself, she says she has the best of both worldsworking in an environment of professors, who tend towards introversion, yet getting to teach, which calls on her more “out there” skills.（作为一个内向的人，她说她拥有两个世界中最好的工作在一个倾向于内向的都是教授的环境中工作，同时又能教书，这需要她更多的“外行”技能。）2）综合理解：由此可知，Deborah Barrett认为对于一个在内向的环境中工作的人来说，教学需要更多的“外行”技能。与“内向”相对的是“外向”，根据上文第3段第3句Its someone who is energized by thought and reflection, while extroverts are energized by socializing.（内向的人是通过思考和反思获得能量的人，而外向的人是通过社交获得能量的人。）可知，外向的人更会社交。因此，此处的“外行”技能指的应该是D选项“社交”。A选项“反思”、C选项“激励”属于无中生有，排除；B选项“内向”，指的是教授所在的环境倾向与“内向”，而不是指教学，该选项属于张冠李戴，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为D。23. 判断推理题。1）句内线索：根据题干“Deborah Barrette在最后一段所说的让我的许多痛苦短路的意思是”可定位到原文最后一段第1句if she had moved to a less stimulating environment, that might have “short- circuited a lot of my pain, but I also believe it would have short-circuited learning whats made me a much more well-rounded person”.（如果她换到一个不那么刺激的环境，这可能会“_，但我也相信，这也会_学到的知识，而正是这些知识使我成为一个更全面的人”。）由此可知，划线句的内容是“她”去到一个不那么刺激的环境的好处。2）上下文线索：根据第7段第1句An introvert herself, she says“作为一个内向的人，她说”由此可知，他是一个内向的人。3）综合理解：对于一个内向的人来说，在一个刺激的环境工作，是痛苦的，那么换到一个不那么刺激的环境，她的痛苦应该是减少了的，B选项“给她省了不少麻烦”表述符合原文。A选项“毁了她很多幸福”、D选项“使她更加痛苦”，与原文意思相反，属于反向干扰，排除；C选项“减轻了她的负担”，原文并未提到“负担”，该选项属于无中生有，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为B。24. 推理判断题。1）句内线索：题干“我们可以从Deborah Barrett的案例中了解到内向的人_。”A选项“不应该和外向的人共用办公室”，可定位到第10段第1句If you dont have an office and are easily distracted by ongoing small talk,（如果你没有办公室，很容易被闲聊分心，）原文只是假设没有办公室的话，并没有说他们不应该和别人共用办公室，该选项属于偷换概念，排除。B选项“很容易被闲聊惹恼”，可定位到第10段第1句If you dont have an office and are easily distracted by ongoing small talk,（如果你没有办公室又很容易被闲聊分心的话，）原文 的是“分心”，而不是选项中的“惹恼”，该选项属于曲解原文，排除。C、D选项可定位到第9段Make good use of e-mail. If you dont get to make a point at a loud meeting, send a follow-up email sharing your thoughts.（好好利用电子邮件。如果你没有在一个喧闹的会议上表达你的观点，发一封后续邮件分享你的想法。）原文“发电子邮件”是Deborah Barrett给内向的人的建议，并没有说他们就喜欢这么做，C选项“喜欢通过电子邮件与他人交流”属于偷换概念，排除；通过他们没有在会议上表达自己的看法，可以推断出D选项“不愿意在公共场合表达自己的想法”，符合原文。2）综合理解：只有D选项符合原文。因此，本题最佳选项为D。6. 填空题Directions: Complete the following sentences by translating the given parts in Chinese into English.81. Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication _.（因为广告商要为宣传的广告信息付钱）82. _ on the grounds that he might learn bad habits.（禁止他在外面闲逛）83. _, but because there was something wrong with the bus.（我来晚了不是因为交通堵塞）84. Due to circumstances beyond our control, _.（我们很遗憾地通知顾客商店提前关门）85. The boss _ try the best of his employees by threatening.（应该知道不应该）【答案】81. Advertising is dist