2019-2020年高中英语基础知识 代词的讲解与训练.doc

2019-2020年高中英语基础知识 代词的讲解与训练代词知识要点 1. 简述：代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。下面以表格的形式，具体说明代词的类别： 2.分类： 1人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some5不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either6关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as7疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever8相互代词each other，one another 疑难突破代词的用法：代词种类基本用法1.人称代词。包括I,me,we,us,you,he,him,She,her,they,them等。人称代词有主格和宾语之分：主格用作主语，宾语用作宾语。但在口语中，当人称代词用作表语，用于than, as 之后或用于强调句中被强调时，用主格(较正式)和宾格(较口语化)均可以。如：1.“Who is it?” “Its me.” “是谁呀?” “是我。”2.He dances better than me. 他比我跳舞跳得好。2.物主代词。包括my,your,his,our,their,her, ours,yours, hers, his, theirs等。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。形容词性物主代词在句中只用作定语；名词性物主代词则不能用作定语，但可以用作主语、宾语、表语、连用of作定语等。如：1.Here is my pen. Its colour is green. 这是我的钢笔，它的颜色是绿的。2.Is that book yours or hers? 那本书是你的还是她的?3.反身代词。包括myself,ourself,ourselves,himself,youself,youselves等。反身代词可用作宾语、同位语、表语等。用作同位语时，主要用于加强被修饰词的语气，可紧放在被修饰名词后或句末如：1.He himself was a teacher. 他本人就是一位教师。2.She is too young to dress herself. 她太小，不能自己穿衣服。注：用于 be, feel, seem, look 等后作表语表示身体或精神处于正常状态。4. 相互代词。相互代词只有each other和one another。在句中通常只用作宾语，不能用作主语或状语等。如：Students should help one another. 学生应该互相帮助。5.指示代词。主要有四个，即this, that, these 和 those。在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。具体使用时应注意以下几点：1.为避免重复，可用 that 和 those 代替前面提到的名词。如：Our grain output is now 5 times that of 1977. 2. 用来回指上文提到的事情时，可用this 或 that，但是若要指下文叙述的事情，通常要用 this。3. 除用作代词外，this 和that 还可用作副词，用以修饰形容词或副词，意为“这么”、“那么”，相当于 so。如：Ive done only that much. 我所做的就这么多。6. 疑问代词。即指who, whom, whose, which, what等用于引出特殊疑问句的代词。在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。如：What did she say? 她怎么说?Which are our books? 哪些是我们的书?What are you worrying about? 你为什么事烦恼?注：who 和 whom 只用作主语、宾语和表语，不用作定语；what, which, whose 则既可用作主语、宾语和表语，也可用作定语(from yygrammar)。7. 连接代词。包括who, whom, what,which,whose,whoever,whatever,whichever, whosever 等。在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语等（但who, whom, whoever 等不用于名词前作定语），主要用于引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句等。如：Ask him which he wants to choose. 问他要选择哪一个。The question is who can help us. 问题是谁能帮助我们。I dont know what you would like to eat. 我不知道你喜欢吃什么。8. 不定代词。包括some,any,both, either, neither，all, any, none, every，(a) few 与 (a) little。few和a few等。注意以下一些代词的用法比较：1.it,one/the one,ones/the ones及that,those表示替代。it，one，ones，that，those可以用来代替上文中提到的名词，以避免重复。现将其用法归纳如下：1) it (1) 代替上文提到的名词，指代同一事物(同名同物)，不能带修饰语： -Do you want the magazine? -Yes，I want it. I dont want to drink the teaIt is too hot (2) it用作人称代词时，可指已知的或暗含的事实或情况，或用作形式主语/宾语，也可替代性别不明的婴儿。Once the supermarket closes, it will mean that 200 workers will be laid off.一旦超市倒闭，那就意味着200工人要下岗。It would be a pity to miss it.错过了这件事是可惜的。She thought it a waste of time arguing with him.她认为跟他争辩是浪费时间。2) one (1)代替上文中出现过的单数可数名词，表泛指（同类但不是同一）前面可以有冠词或形容词，也可以有this或that或another，但前不能有物主代词：I have 1ost my penIm going to buy one. This pen doesnt work. I must buy another one.I prefer this one to that one.比较：Im looking for a flat. Id like a small one with a garden.Im looking for a flat. Id like one with a garden.（不能说：. a one with a garden.）(2)one作为不定人称代词, 可泛指“任何一个人”，有ones 和oneself形式。多用于正式文体，口语中也可用he/his代替第二个one/ones.One has to take care of oneself and ones family if he can. One shouldnt hesitate to correct his/ones mistakes.If one wants to see the ruins, he must find his own guide. (如果一个人想看那废墟, 他必须找自己的向导。)3)ones是one的复数形式，常用来代替复数可数名词，表泛指，前面不用物主代词修饰，也不用these或those来直接修饰，除非ones前面有形容词：I have a new coat and several old ones. These yellow waistcoats are so small. I want those green ones. 4)the one替代表特指的单数名词：Here are six rings. Pick out the one you like best. 这里有六个戒指，挑选你最喜欢的那个。5) the ones替代表特指的复数名词：Dont buy the expensive apples; get the cheaper ones. 不要买那些贵的苹果，买那些便宜的。6)that用来代替上下文中的名词，它表示与前面同类不同一的东西。(1)that既可代替不可数名词，又可代替单数可数名词，其后总有后置定语，一般不指人： Life in the countryside seems more exciting than that in town.Im moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than that in the city.(2) 指代可数名词时，that相当于the one My room is better than that/the one next door.(3) 若后置定语为 of 引起的介词短语，则通常用 that。The price of wheat is higher than that of rice. The population of China is larger than that of Japan. 7)those是that的复数形式，可用来替代可数名词的复数形式，表示特指;有时the ones和those可互换使用，常有后置定语： The students in our class work harder than those in their class. The book is more difficult than those we have read before. Students who do well in examinations are those the ones who like to ask questions in class. 1. all,both,either,neither, none, each,every, 用法比较all:三个或以上都. All of us laughed happily when the clown played tricks.当那个小丑在搞笑时，我们大家都高兴地笑了。both:两个都. There are trees on both sides of the street.街道的两边都有树。either:（两者中）任一的，两个中或A或B（无论哪个都）；强调个体 Either you or he is right because there is only an answer to the question.因为对此问题只有一个答案，要么你对，要么他对。neither:两个都不 Would you like rice or noodles? Neither. I am so full.你喜欢米饭还是面条？一样都不要，我已经饱了。none:（三个或三个以上）都不，.中没有一个=no one None of us likes him because he has a bad temper.我们大家没一个喜欢他；因为他脾气不好。each （两个或两个以上）每个，每一的（强调个体）；every指的是（三个或三个以上中的）每一的（强调全体）。Each of the boys has an apple.=Every one of the boyshas an apple.He can get up for about two hours each day. 他每天可以起床活动大约两个小时。 He gave each boy an apple. 他给每个孩子一个苹果。 Nearly everybody enters for The Nicest Garden petition each year, but Joe wins everytime. 几乎每年每人都报名参加“最佳花园赛”，但每次都是乔获胜。 From each according to his ability, to each according to his work. 各尽所能，按劳分配。 The sun shines every day. 每天都是阳光灿烂。 2.none(都不)，使用范围为三者以上；none 可指人也可指物，作主语时，如和 of 连用指不可数名词时，谓语动词要用单数形式；指可数名词时，谓语动词用单、复数均可。I like none of the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢。None of them has / have seen me before.他们之前都没有见过我。None of this money belongs to me. 这些钱都不属于我。 3.both(两者都)，使用范围为两个人或物，both与复数连用。Both the boys are clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。 4.neither(两者都不)，使用范围为两个人或物，neither与单数连用。neithernor表示两者之中都不.Neither of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都不聪明。Neither I nor he can swim .我和他都不会有游泳。3.no,none及no one用法比较 No（没有）是形容词。a. No常位于名词前，用来否定这个名词。有时no否定名词时，可理解为这个名词的反义词，意思是“并非”。 I have no ink我没有墨水。不可说：I have not ink There are no clouds in the sky天上没有云。 He is no foolHe is clever他很精明。比较：He is not a fool他不是傻子。 b.No用于形容词、副词的比较级前，意思是“并不，毫不”。 We went no farther than the bridge我们走到桥边就不再往前走了。 c. No用于加强语气。 I dont believe itNo，not I我不相信这事，不，我才不相信哩！ d.用于表示惊奇、怀疑或不信。 He left yesterdayNo他昨天走了，不会吧！ e.用于委婉说法，“并非”。 in no small measure在不小的程度上 f.有时no not at all，意思是“完全不是，决不是”。 （1）His father is no teacher他的父亲决不是教师。（比较：His father is not a teacher他的父亲不是教师。） （2）It is no easy task这根本不是轻而易举的工作。（比较：It is not an easy task这工作不容易。） （3）It is no joke这决不是开玩笑的事。（即：这是一件正经事。比较：It is not a joke这不是玩笑。） g.在“No动名词”的省略句中，表示“禁止，不准”的意思。这时，不能用“not any”代替“no”。 No smoking！禁止吸烟！? no one （没有一个）只能指人，做主语时，谓语为单数; 不接表范围的of-短语。none 指人，物 都可以，常接表范围的of-短语。 做主语时，谓语一般为单数，也有用复数的指人时， no one 所指宽泛， 而none 指某个三个（以上的）特定范围中一个也没有-Who is in the classroom? -No one. (无明确对象） -How many students are there in the room? -None (因有明确对象“学生” ， 所以这里只能是none)4.another，other，the other ,the others及others用法比较，another与other的区别。another表示“总数为三个以上中任意的另一个”，表示泛指。other表示“别的”，“另外的”，只能与复数名词连用。但other前有冠词the即可与单数名词连用。如： I have two pens. One is blue. The other (pen) is black. 我有两枝钢笔。一支是蓝色的，另一支是黑色的。 Some students like English and other students (others) like physics. 有些学生喜欢英语，有些学生喜欢物理。 the other ,the others及others比较The other表示“两个数量或部分中的另一个”，表示特指，总数为俩；another表示“总数为三个以上中，除一个或多个之外的，任意的另一个”，表示泛指。John did better than all the other players in the sport. 在那项运动中John比所有别的运动员都出色。This shirt is too large for me. Please show me another. 这件衬衫我穿太大。请另外拿一件我看看。（一般商店不会只有两件衬衫） The other加复数名词指的是一定范围内“所有其余的人或事物”，是特指；而other加复数名词却是没有明确范围的“另外的人或事物”。如： We must think more of other rades. 我们必须多想想别的同志。 Another, the other作代词的用法。The other表示“两个数量中的另一个”，表示特指，总数为俩；another表示“总数为三个以上中任意的另一个”，表示泛指。如： His parents both work in a hospital. One is a doctor and the other is a nurse. 他父母都在一家医院工作。一个是医生，一个是护士。（父母为两个人） others 和the othersothers指“其余的人或物”如：He is always ready to help others.the others表示(一个整体中除一个或一部分之外)其余所有的人或物；如:Some cleaned the windows, the others mopped the floor. 有的擦窗户, 其余的擦地板。 3. 关于all，both 和 every 的部分否定1）not all.(或allnot), 表示“并非都;；不是所有的都”。All that glitters is not gold. (= Not all gold glitters.) 发光的并不都是金子。All men cannot be masters. (= Not all men can be masters.) 并非人人都能成为大师。All hope was not lost. 不是所有的希望都破灭了。All is not lost. 并不是一切都没有希望了。2）not.both (或bothnot), 表示“并非两个都”。I dont want both books. 我不是两本书都要。Both (the) windows were not open. 两扇窗子并不都开着。3）not every, 表示“不是每都”。Not every book is interesting. (=Every book is not interesting.) 不是每本书都有趣。Not everyone likes this book. 并非人人都喜欢这本书。This flower is not seen everywhere. 这花并不是随处可见的。4）all和every的全否定用no,none of -；both的全否定用neither(of)-如：All of them can do it.他们都能做。 None of them can do it,他们中没有一个人能做。Both are good.他们都很好。 Neither is good.他们两个中没有一个好。Everybody likes it. 每人都喜欢它。 Nobody likes it.没有人喜欢它。注意：近几年高考命题侧重于不定代词、相互代词和指示代词等的考查。 即学即练1. Being a parent is not always easy, and being the parent of a child with special needs often carries with _extra stress. A. it B. them C. one D. him 2. I felt so bad all day yesterday that I decided this morning I couldnt face _ day like that. A. other B. another C. the other D. others3. Jane was asked a lot of questions, but she didnt answer of them. A. other B. any C. none D. some4.Wow! Youve got so many clothesBut _ of them are in fashion now .A. all B. both C. neither D. none5. I like this house with a beautiful garden in front, but I dont have enough money to buy_.A. one B. it C. this D. that6Ive read another book this week.Well, maybe _ is not how much you read but what you read that counts.A. thisB. that C. there D. it7. Charles was alone at home, with looking after him. A. someone B. anyone C. not one D. no one8.The CDs are on sale! Buy one and you get pletely free. A. other B. others C. one D. ones9. Over the past 20 years, the Internet helped change our world in way or another for the better.A. any B. one C. every D. either10. Nine in ten parents said there were significant differences in their approach to educating their children pared with _ of their parents. A. those B. one C. both D. that代词：即学即练1. A。考查代词的用法。该句话的意思是：作为一个父母并非总是一件容易的事，但是作为一个有特殊需求的父母来说就需要有更多的额外的压力。it特指being the parent of a child with special needs这件事。2.B。考查与other 相关的单词的区别，由题意知：我昨天一整天感到很糟糕，以至于我今天早晨决定我不会面对那样的一天。是指在未来的日子中的一天，故用another.3.B。考查不定代词。所填词与not构成全部否定，四个选项中只有any与not可以构成not any，等于none，表全部否定，故选B。4.D。因为据but是转折关系。据句意：-哇，你买了这么多衣服！-但是，所有的都过时了。是全否定的意思。故选D。5.B。 意思是：我喜欢这个前面有一个美丽花园的房子，但是我没有足够多的钱去把它买下来。第一句话中的this house表明在该语境中是特指的用法，所以答案为it，表示特指。该题容易误选one，要注意的是one表示泛指。6. D。这是强调句型中的it,it is notthat。7.D。据句意是否定意思，据句子结构是做with的宾语。8. C。句意：买一个就会得到一个免费的。强调数字的一个用one。9. B。one or another-一个或另一个。10. D。指代事物，有后置定语的常用that表示。