2022-2023年考博英语-浙江大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第27期

2022-2023年考博英语-浙江大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题In calculating the daily calorie requirements for an individual, variations in body size, physical activity and age should be （ ） .问题1选项A.brought into practiceB.taken into accountC.thrown light onD.looked down upon【答案】B【解析】bring into practice实行；take into account考虑；throw light on照亮，阐明，使显得清楚；look down upon看不起。句意：在计算个人每日所需热量时，应考虑到体型、体力活动和年龄的变化。选项B符合句意。2. 单选题During the races there were two accidents to motor-cyclists including one（ ）accident.问题1选项A.fatalB.killingC.deadlyD.deathly【答案】A【解析】近义词辨析。fatal致命的，一般指不可避免的；killing杀害的；deadly指能致命或实际已致命的事物，也可指企图使他人致死的人；deathly死一般的。句意：在比赛中摩托车手发生了两起事故，包括一起致命事故。选项A正确。3. 单选题A survey earlier this year found that about 50 percent of South Africans think that “most” or “almost all” governmental officials are involved in（ ）.问题1选项A.robberyB.violationC.corruptionD.stealing【答案】C【解析】robbery抢劫，盗窃；violation侵害； corruption贪污，腐败；stealing偷窃。句意：今年早些时候的一项调查发现，大约50%的南非人认为“大多数”或“几乎所有”政府官员都与腐败 有关。选项C符合句意。4. 单选题Many societies today interpret the natural world and form beliefs based on science and logic. Societies which many people do not practice any religion , such as the United States, may be known as ( ) societies.问题1选项A.vulgarB.secularC.particularD.unique【答案】B【解析】句意：当今许多社会都在诠释自然世界，并在科学和逻辑的基础上形成信仰。许多人不信仰任何宗教的社会，比如美国，可称为世俗社会。vulgar粗俗的，通俗的；secular世俗的。选项B符合句意。5. 单选题Among picture books for 4-8 years old, several outstanding works appeared that combined original stories with（ ） illustrations.问题1选项A.imaginableB.imaginativeC.imagingD.imageless【答案】B【解析】imaginable可能的，可想象的；imaginative想象的，虚构的；imaging成像；imageless无意象的。句意为“把故事原形与充分的想象相结合”。选项B符合句意。6. 单选题Women want the same pay if they hold the same jobs as men. At home, however, they do not expect their husbands to ( ) in the housework.问题1选项A.doB.haveC.shareD.divide【答案】C【解析】句意：如果妇女从事与男子相同的工作，她们希望得到相同的报酬。然而，在家里，她们不指望丈夫分担家务。Share in为常用搭配，表示分享，分担。选项C符合句意。7. 单选题According to Scott Adams, creator of the comic strip （系列漫画）Dilbert, the annual performance review is “one of the most frightening and weakening experiences” in every employees life. Adams stories and comic figures poke fun at the workplace, but his characterization of peoples feelings about the annual performance review has its serious side. Although a recent study of 437 companies indicates that effective annual performance reviews can help raise profits, most employees of those companies hate them.In theory, annual performance reviews are constructive and positive interactions between managers and employees working together to attain maximum performance and strengthen the organization. In reality, they often create division, undermine morale, and spark anger and jealousy. Thus although the object of the annual performance review is to improve performance, it often has the opposite result. A programmer at an IT firm was stunned to learn at her annual performance review that she was denied a promotion because she wasnt a “term player”. What were the data used to make this judgment? She didnt smile in the company photo.Although this story might sound as if it came straight out of Dilbert, it is a true account of one womans experience. By following a few ideas and guidelines from industry analysis, this kind of ordeal can be avoided:To end the year with a positive and useful performance review, managers and employees must start the year by working together to establish clear goals and expectations.It may be helpful to allow employees to propose a list of people associated with the company who will be in a good position to assess their performance at the end of the year; these people may be coworkers, suppliers, or even customers.Goals should be measurable but flexible, and everyone should sign off on the plan.By checking employees progress at about nine months, managers can give them a chance to correct mistakes and provide guidance to those who need it before the year is out.When conducting the review, managers should highlight strengths and weaknesses during the past year and discuss future responsibilities, avoiding punishment or blame.In short, when employees leave their performance reviews, they should be focusing on what they can do better in the year ahead, not worrying about what went into their files about the past.1.In his comic strip Dilbert, Scott Adams（ ）.2.All the following are mentioned as the drawbacks of annual performance reviews EXCEPT（）3.The word ordeal in Paragraph 3 probably refers to（）.4.The annual performance reviews, to be effective must focus on（ ）.5.The general attitude of the author toward Adams comic strip Dilbert is（）.问题1选项A.makes fun of working peopleB.tells a story about as woman employeeC.promotes team spirit among co-workersD.mocks annual performance reviews问题2选项A.reducing efficiencyB.creating tensionC.undermining moraleD.inducing anger问题3选项A.likelihood of promotionB.depressive experienceC.poor performanceD.unrealistic expectation问题4选项A.making employees aware of their companys future goalsB.involving employees in assessing their own performanceC.encouraging employees to achieve better future performanceD.highlighting what responsibilities employees have failed in问题5选项A.negativeB.positiveC.neutralD.unclear【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.细节推理题。根据关键词“Scott Adams”定位到第一段的第二句。“Adams stories and comic figures . the annual performance review has its serious side.”Adams的故事和喜剧形象嘲讽了工作场合，但对员工关于年度绩效评估感受的描绘也有其严肃的一面。选项D符合原文。2.细节判断题。根据第二段第二句“In reality, they often create division, undermine morale, and spark anger and jealousy.”只有选项A没有提及，所以本题选A。3.结合上下文句意可知，“ordeal”指上文提到的IT公司一位女程序员的痛苦经历。选项B正确。4.根据最后一段“when employees leave their performance reviews, they should be focusing on what they can do better in the year ahead.”当员工把绩效评估放在一旁时，他们应该关注来年能够更好的完成什么。选项C符合原文。5.根据第一段可知，Adams的漫画嘲讽了工作场合，但对员工关于年度绩效评估感受的描绘也有其严肃的一面。再根据第二段可知，作者认为年度绩效评估会带来反作用，所以作者对Adams漫画的态度是积极的，支持的。8. 单选题Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious（1） to how they can best（2） such changes. Growing bodies need movement and（3）, but not just in ways that emphasize competition. （4）they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the（5）that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are（6）by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be（7）to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, （8）, publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, （9）student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide （10）opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful（11）dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the（12）of some kind of organization with a supportive adult（13）visible in the background.In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have（14）attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized（15）participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to（16）else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants（17）. This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. （18）they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by（19）for roles that are within thei（20）and their attention spans and by shaving clearly stated rules.问题1选项A.thoughtB.ideaC.opinionD.advice问题2选项A.strengthenB.accommodateC.stimulateD.enhance问题3选项A.careB.nutritionC.exerciseD.leisure问题4选项A.IfB.AlthoughC.WhereasD.Because问题5选项A.assistanceB.guidanceC.confidenceD.tolerance问题6选项A.claimedB.admiredC.ignoredD.surpassed问题7选项A.improperB.riskyC.fairD.wise问题8选项A.in effectB.as a resultC.for exampleD.in a sense问题9选项A.displayingB.describingC.creatingD.exchanging问题10选项A.durableB.excessiveC.surplusD.multiple问题11选项A.groupB.individualC.personnelD.corporation问题12选项A.consentB.insuranceC.admissionD.security问题13选项A.particularlyB.barelyC.definitelyD.rarely问题14选项A.similarB.longC.differentD.short问题15选项A.if onlyB.now thatC.so thatD.even if问题16选项A.everythingB.anythingC.nothingD.something问题17选项A.offB.downC.outD.alone问题18选项A.On the contraryB.On the averageC.On the wholeD.On the other hand问题19选项A.makingB.standingC.planningD.taking问题20选项A.capabilitiesB.responsibilitiesC.proficiencyD.efficiency【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:C第6题:B第7题:D第8题:C第9题:A第10题:D第11题:A第12题:D第13题:B第14题:D第15题:C第16题:D第17题:B第18题:A第19题:C第20题:A【解析】（1）give serious thought to为常用搭配，意为认真考虑。（2）根据原文句意，教师应该关注的是如何能够使他们（青少年）很好地适应这些变化。选项B符合句意。（3）and连接并列句，前后意思相近。所以选项C更符合原文。句意：成长中的身体需要运动和锻炼。（4）根据句意，青少年正在适应新的身体状况，面临着心智和情感方面的诸多挑战，他们的自我意识很强。显然这之间不是条件或转折关系，而是一个因果关系。because表示原因，引导原因状语从句。（5）根据原文，获得成功之后，我们常常得到的是信心，所以选项C正确。（6）claimed索取，主张；admired羡慕，赞美；ignored忽视；surpassed超过。句意：青少年需要自信，自信来自成功，也来自知道他们的成绩受到别人的赞美。选项B符合句意。（7）根据原文：然而，青少年的生活本身就已经充满了这么多的竞争，那么，安排胜者多败者少的活动将会是明智的，因为这能提高他们的自信心。所以选项D符合原文。（8）根据下文可以推断是对胜者多败者少这个活动进行具体的例证，所以选项C正确。in a sense在某种意义上，不符合原文。（9）考查动宾搭配。展览学生的作品。选项A正确。（10）durable耐用的，持久的；excessive过分的，过度的；surplus过剩的；multiple多种多样的。根据原文，各种各样的小型俱乐部可以提供多种多样的机会。选项D符合句意。（11）根据前面的club可知，这里应该为团体活动。选项A符合原文。（12）根据原文句意：交朋友对青少年非常重要，许多腼腆的学生都需要某种团体所提供的安全感。选项D符合原文。（13）来自于背后的支持，那么就是几乎看不见的。用barely修饰，表示几乎不。选项B符合句意。（14）根据下文的“participants can remain active as long as they want.”使参与者能保持活跃的心态，由此推断，青少年的注意力很短。选项D符合原文。（15）根据原文：应该组织各种各样的活动，以便让参与者能尽可能长时间地保持活跃。So that表目的，符合原文。（16）anything用于疑问句和否定句中；something else别的事情。根据原文：应该组织各种各样的活动，以便让参与者保持活跃，然后转而参与其他活动。选项D正确。（17）let off放下，宽恕；let sb. down为固定搭配，意为使沮丧；let out泄露；let alone听任，不打扰。句意：既不会让他们感到内疚，又不会让别的参与者失望。B选项符合原文。（18）On the contrary相反；On the average平均来说，一般地；On the whole总的来说，大体上；On the other hand另一方面。根据上下文：这并不意味着成年人不负责任，（ ），他们可以帮助学生获得一种责任感。两句形成对比，选项A正确。（19）根据原文：他们可以通过角色帮助学生获得一种责任感。 make for 向方向走；stand for 代表，表示；plan for 为做计划，在这里指策划创造一些（合适的）角色；take for 误以为，把看作选项C符合原文。（20）roles that are within their capabilities指“他们力所能及的任务”。9. 单选题Both civilization and culture are fairly modern words, having come into prominent use during the 19th century by anthropologists, historians, and literary figures. There has been a strong tendency to use them interchangeably as though they mean the same thing, but they are not the same.Although modern in their usage, the two words derived from ancient Latin. The word civilization is based on the Latin civis, of a city. Thus civilization, in its most essential meaning, is the ability of people to live together harmoniously in cities, in social groupings. From this definition it would seem that certain insects, such as ants or bees, are also civilized. They live and work together in social groups. So do some microorganisms. But there is more to civilization, and that is what culture brings to it. So, civilization is inseparable from culture.The word culture is derived from the Latin verb colere, “to till the soil”. But colere also has a wider range of meanings. It may, like civis, mean inhabiting a town or village. But most of its definitions suggest a process of starting and promoting growth and development. One may cultivate a garden; one may also cultivate ones interests, mind, and abilities. In its modern use the word culture refers to all the positive aspects and achievements of humanity that make mankind different from the rest of the animal world. Culture has grown out of creativity, a characteristic that seems to be unique to human beings.One of the basic and best-known features of civilization and culture is the presence of tools. But more important than their simple existence is that the tools are always being improved and enlarged upon, a result of creativity. It took thousands of years to get from the first wheel to the latest, most advanced model of automobile.It is the concept of humans as toolmakers and improvers that differentiates them from other animals. A monkey may use a stick to knock a banana from a tree, but that stick will never, through a monkeys cleverness, be modified into a hook or a ladder. Monkeys have never devised a spoken language, written a book, composed a melody, built a house, or painted a portrait. To say that birds build nests and beavers their dens is to miss the point. People once lived in caves, but their cleverness, imagination and creativity led them to progress beyond caves to buildings.1.What does the author think of the words “civilization” and “culture”？2.According to the author the word “civilization” originally refers to（）.3.The Latin verb colere originally means “（ ） ”.4.The author believes that creativity（ ） .5.The author mentions monkeys in the last paragraph to show that（ ） .问题1选项A.They are identical.B.They are different concepts.C.They can often be used interchangeably.D.They are denied differently by different people.问题2选项A.peoples way of life in cities.B.peoples ability to live together in cities.C.a type of social organizations.D.an advanced level of social life.问题3选项A.live in a city.B.develop oneself.C.promote growthD.cultivate the land问题4选项A.is a unique feature of civilized beings.B.brings forth the improvement of tools.C.is the result of human development.D.helps the advance of culture.问题5选项A.monkeys are the same as birds.B.people once lived in caves like monkeys.C.monkeys can never develop into human beings.D.man is different from other animals such as monkeys.【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.根据第一段的最后一句“There has been a strong tendency to use them interchangeably as though they mean the same thing, but they are not the same.”人们经常把它们互换使用，就好像它们的意思是一样的，但其实它们是不一样的。选项B正确。2.根据第二段的第三句“Thus civilization, in its most essential meaning, is the ability of people to live together harmoniously in cities, in social groupings. ”文明从最基本的意义上说，是人们在城市或社会团体中和谐地生活在一起的能力。选项B符合原文。3.根据第三段的第一句可知colere最初的意思是“to till the soil”，也就是耕耘土地。选项D正确。4.根据第四段的第二句“But more important than their simple existence is that the tools are always being improved and enlarged upon, a result of creativity. ”工具总是在不断改进和扩大，这是创造性的结果。选项B符合原文。5.根据最后一段的第一句“It is the concept of humans as toolmakers and improvers that differentiates them from other animals.”。选项D正确。10. 单选题His birthday was（ ）in a big hotel and attended by about 200 people.问题1选项A.inspectedB.installedC.celebratedD.interfered【答案】C【解析】动词词义辨析。根据句意可知句中是指庆祝生日，所以选项C正确。inspect调查，检查；install安装；interfere干涉，妨碍。11. 单选题From childhood to old age, we all use language as a means of broadening our knowledge of ourselves and the world about us. When humans first （1 ）, they were like newborn children, unable to use this （2 ）tool. Yet once language developed, the possibilities for human kinds future （3 ） and cultural growth increased.Many linguists believe that evolution is （4 ） for our ability to produce and use language. They（5 ） that our highly evolved brain provides us with a(n) （6 ） language ability not found in lower organisms. Supporters of this innateness theory say that our （7 ） for language is inborn, but that language itself develops gradually, as a function of the growth of the brain during childhood. Therefore there are critical （8 ） times for language development.Current （9 ）of innateness theory are mixed; however, evidence（10 ） the existence of some innate abilities is undeniable. Indeed, more and more schools are discovering that foreign languages are best taught in （11 ） grades. Young children often can learn several languages by being （12 ） to them, while adults have a much （13 ） time learning another language once the rules of their first language have become firmly fixed.（14 ） some aspects of language are undeniably innate, language does not develop automatically in a vacuum. Children who have been（15 ） from other human beings do not possess language. This demonstrates that （16 ） with other human beings is necessary for proper language development. Some linguists believe that this is even more basic to human language（17 ） than any innate capacities.These theorists view language （18 ） imitative, learned behavior. （19 ）, children learn language from their parents by imitating them. Parents gradually shape their childs language skills by（20 ） reinforcing precise imitations and negatively reinforcing imprecise ones.问题1选项A.generatedB.evolvedC.bornD.originated问题2选项A.valuableB.appropriateC.convenientD.favorite问题3选项A.attainmentsB.feasibilityC.entertainmentsD.evolution问题4选项A.essentialB.availableC.reliableD.responsible问题5选项A.confirmB.informC.claimD.convince问题6选项A.innateB.basicC.inspiringD.outgoing问题7选项A.potentialB.performanceC.preferenceD.passion问题8选项A.ideologicalB.biologicalC.socialD.psychological问题9选项A.reviewsB.referenceC.reactionD.recommendation问题10选项A.opposingB.supportingC.encouragingD.discouraging问题11选项A.variousB.differentC.the higherD.the lower问题12选项A.revealedB.exposedC.engagedD.involved问题13选项A.hardB.easyC.harderD.easier问题14选项A.AlthoughB.WhetherC.SinceD.When问题15选项A.distinguishedB.differentC.protectedD.isolated问题16选项A.expositionB.comparisonC.contrastD.interaction问题17选项A.acquisitionB.appreciationC.requirementD.alternative问题18选项A.to beB.intoC.asD.of问题19选项A.As a resultB.After allC.In other wordsD.Above all问题20选项A.negativelyB.positivelyC.negativeD.positive【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C第6题:A第7题:A第8题:B第9题:A第10题:B第11题:D第12题:B第13题:C第14题:A第15题:D第16题:D第17题:A第18题:C第19题:C第20题:B【解析】（1）动词词义辨析。generated生殖，发展；evolved逐渐发展，进化；born出世（bear的过去分词）；originated起源。根据原文句意：当人类刚刚开始 ，他们跟新生儿一样不会运用这种工具。选项B更符合原文语境。（2）形容词词义辨析。根据下文可知，填空处的词是用来修饰语言的。valuable珍贵的；appropriate合适的，适当的；convenient方便的，便利的；favorite最喜欢的。这里指语言工具，所以选项A更符合语境。（3）名词词义辨析。attainments成就；feasibility可行性；entertainments娱乐；evolution进化。句意：语言一旦发展起来，人类未来取得成就和文化发展的可能性就增加了。选项A符合原文。（4）be responsible for对负责，是的原因。根据下文的内容可以推断，这里是指：进化是我们有能力发明和使用语言的原因，而不是说进化对我们有能力发明和使用语言很重要，所以选D而不选A。（5）根据原文可知that后面的从句是生物学家们提出的观点，所以用claim（声称）符合原文语境。（6）上下文语义。根据下文“ innateness theory”可知，此处也应填入innate。（7）名词词义辨析。根据句意：人类的语言潜能是与生俱来的，但语言本身也在逐渐发展。选项A符合原文。（8）形近词辨析。ideological思想上的；biological生物的；social社会的；psychological心理的。根据上文“as a function of the growth of the brain during childhood”可以推断，语言的发展有一个关键的生物变化的时期，选项B符合原文。（9）名词词义辨析。reviews评论；reference参考；reaction反应；recommendation推荐。根据原文可知，这里指人们对天赋论的评论不一。选项A符合原文。（10）上下文语义。根据evidence可知，只有supporting符合逻辑关系。句意：支持某些先天能力的证据却是毋庸置疑的。所以本题选B。（11）上下文语义。根据下文“ Young children often can learn se