2022年考博英语-辽宁大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解38

2022年考博英语-辽宁大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题She had spent several days（ ）her lecture, so it was quite successful.问题1选项A.shiningB.pleadingC.pavingD.polishing【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项shining“闪烁，发亮，发光，擦亮，擦光”；B选项pleading“恳求，辩护，引证，承认”；C选项paving“铺设，铺（路）”；D选项polishing“打磨，擦亮，磨光”。句意：她花了几天时间润色自己的演讲稿，因此演讲相当成功。D选项polish还有“（使）优美；润饰（通过修改，作小的变动或增加新的内容）”的意思，如：polish an article/a speech润饰一篇文章/一篇演讲稿。因此D选项正确。2. 翻译题For many Chinese people, the beginning of 2011 holds the promise of a fresh round of education reforms, which are expected to boost the countrys education quality through increasing government investment, narrowing gaps between urban and rural schools, achieving internationally acknowledged higher education and reducing academic corruption and bureaucracy.According to the landmark reform plan, government investment will increase steadily to support the education sector, with education expenditure amounting to 4% of GDP by 2012.China first pledged to increase its education spending to 4 percent of the GDP in 1993, but has, so far, failed to achieve the target. The plan, which took one year and nine months to draw up and invited public submission on two separate occasions, was seen as setting the tone for the development of education sector, which has long suffered from funding shortage and unbalanced development between rural and urban areas.The development of education, ranging from preschool education to vocational education in rural areas, will be a priority of the countrys overall development programs.The 22-chapter plan says preschool education should basically be universal by 2020, and nine-year compulsory education policy should be consolidated. The enrolment rate for senior middle school should be 90 percent of school age children, while the enrolment rate for higher education should be 40 percent of high school graduates.The key for China to build world-level universities lies in authorizing the educators, students and society to assess the quality of education, allowing professors to conduct academic research with full freedom and empowering students to participate in university administration.【答案】【参考译文】对许多中国人而言，2011年初有望进行新一轮教育改革，通过增加政府投资、缩小城乡差距、取得国际承认的高等教育、减少学术腐败和官僚主义，来实现中国的教育质量的提高。根据这个具有里程碑意义的改革计划，政府支持教育部门的投资将会稳步增加，到2012年，教育经费将总计达到国内生产总值的百分之四。中国在1993年首次承诺将教育经费增加至国内成产总值的百分之四，但到目前为止还没有达到该目标。这个耗费了一年又九个月时间来起草并在两个单独场合邀请公众提供意见的计划，被视为为长期遭受资金短缺的城乡发展不平衡的教育部门的发展奠定了基础。农村地区从学前教育到职业教育的教育发展将是我国整体发展规划中的一个重点。这个有二十二个章节的计划称，学前教育到2020年时应该基本普及且九年义务教育政策应该被巩固。高中的升学率应该是儿童的90%，而高等教育的升学率应该是高中毕业生的40%。中国建设世界级大学的关键在于授权教育工作者、学生和社会去评估教学质量，允许教授自由进行学术研究，允许学生参加大学的管理。3. 翻译题6. Instead of being approached by human personnel, the bank foyer is staffed by a robot, which serves as the bank lobby manager, and is able to communicate with customers to meet their needs and solve their problems. The difference between a traditional self-service bank and the unmanned bank is the intelligent self-service equipment which is able to access various banking services within the branch.【答案】【参考译文】6.在银行大厅迎客的不是人类员工，而是作为银行大堂经理配备的一个机器人，它能与客户交流互动以满足其需要并解决其问题。传统的自助银行和无人银行之间的区别在于智能自助服务设备，它能够访问分支机构内的各种银行服务。4. 单选题The officer murmured his consent.问题1选项A.stutteredB.noddedC.mumbledD.uttered【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。murmur意为“低语，喃喃细语”；stutter意为“口吃，结结巴巴地说”；nod意为“点头”；mumble意为“嘟哝，低声说”；utter意为“说，出声”。句意：警官低声表示同意。5. 单选题A number of loopholes still remain in the campaign contribution law.问题1选项A.unprofitable sectionsB.illogical contradictionsC.descriptions for cheatingD.ways of evading rules【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。loophole意为“(法律、合同等的) 漏洞，空子”；unprofitable sections意为“无利可图的部分”；illogical contradictions意为“不合逻辑的矛盾”；descriptions for cheating意为“欺骗描述”；ways of evading rules意为“规避规则的方式”。句意：竞选捐款法仍然存在一些漏洞。6. 翻译题Peer tutoring is an effective way to improve learning for both the tutee and the tutor, and no one doubts the value of this strategy for meeting individual needs within a classroom. However, it takes more than simply pairing off students to make peer tutoring result in improved learning.Although you are likely to use informal tutoring practices in your classroom every day (e.g. asking one student to help another student with a problem), establishing a formalized tutoring program requires more involved planning. The following strategies can help you create and sustain an effective program within your classroom. As with most initiatives, if you can work with your building administrator and other teachers to establish a school-wide tutoring program, you will be able to serve the needs of all students more successfully. Typically, training will be minimal and will include basic instruction in modeling, prompting responses from tutees, using corrective feedback and praise/reinforcement, alternating teaching methods and materials (i.e., using multisensory methods), and recording and reporting progress. If this is a school-wide initiative, classroom teachers or even parents or paraprofessionals can train students who will tutor as part of an extracurricular service activity.【答案】【参考译文】同伴教学是一种对受教者和施教者的学习都有改进的有效方法，没有人怀疑这种策略在课堂里满足个人需求的价值。然而，要想让同伴辅导提高学习效果，仅仅把学生配对是不够的。虽然你可能每天在你的课堂里使用非正式的辅导实践（例如，要一位学生去帮助另一位学生解决问题），但是建立一个正式的辅导课程却需要更复杂的设计。下面的策略可以帮助您在课堂里创建并维持一个有效的辅导课程。与大多数的倡议一样，如果您能与大楼管理员和其他教师共同去建立一个全校性的辅导课程，那么您将能够更成功地满足所有学生的需求。通常，培训是小规模的，并且包括建模的基本指令，提示来自受教者的回应，使用矫正反馈和称赞/强化，交替教学方法和材料（如使用多感官的方式），记录和报告进展。如果这是一次全校性的倡议，那么将辅导作为部分课外服务活动的课堂老师，甚至家长或辅导专职人员都可以训练学生。7. 单选题Both parties promised to（ ）the contract to be signed the following day.问题1选项A.keep withB.tangle withC.adhere toD.devote to【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。keep with意为“陪伴”；tangle with意为“与吵架，与争论”；adhere to意为“遵循，依附，坚持”；devote to意为“专用于做，专心于做”。句意：双方都承诺遵守次日将要签署的合约。8. 单选题The（ ）of the word is unknown, but it is certainly not from Greek.问题1选项A.originB.generationC.descentD.cause【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项origin“起源、来源”，往往与过去的活动、风俗、事件等有关；B选项generation“产生、发生”，通常经过生产、操作等过程；C选项descent“遗传，派生，世系”；D选项cause“原因，因由”，一般指某事件、后果等的起因。句意：那个词的起源虽不为人所知，但肯定不是来自希腊语。因此A选项正确。9. 翻译题当前，国际形势正在发生深刻而复杂的变化。和平、发展、合作是当今时代的主旋律。世界多极化和经济全球化的趋势深入发展，科技进步日新月异，区域合作方兴未艾，各国相互依存不断加深，这些都为世界各国带来了难得的发展机遇。同时，全球发展不均衡，南北差距拉大，传统安全威胁和非传统安全威胁相互交织，影响世界和平与发展的不稳定不确定因素增多，广大发展中国家实现可持续发展面临着严峻挑战。中国是最大的发展中国家，非洲是发展中国家最集中的大陆，中国和非洲的人口占世界人口三分之一以上。没有中国和非洲的和平与发展，就没有世界的和平与发展。【答案】【参考译文】At present, the international situation is undergoing profound and complex changes. Peace, development and cooperation are the themes of the present era. The trend of world multi-polarization and economic globalization is developing further, the progress in science and technology is changing with each passing day, the regional cooperation is making robust progress, and the interdependence between each nation goes further. All these have created rare development opportunities for the international community. At the same time, imbalance in global development, widening gap between North and South, the combination of traditional and non-traditional security threats as well as increasing factors of instability and uncertainty standing in the way of peace and development all pose a daunting challenge to developing countries in their pursuit of sustainable development.China is the largest developing country in the world, and Africa is home to the largest number of developing countries in the world. Our combined population accounts for over a third of the world total population. Without peace and development in China and Africa, there will be no global peace and development.10. 单选题It soon becomes clear that the interior designers most important basic concern is the function of the particular（ ）.问题1选项A.circumstancesB.environmentC.surroundingsD.space【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。circumstance意为“环境，境遇”，往往指人力无法控制、驾驭的事件和事态的总和；environment意为“环境，外界”,指对人的成长、情感、观念、伦理、道德、品行等产生影响的环境;surrounding意为“环境，周围的事物”，偏重于生活、居住的周围环境；space意为“(可利用的) 空地，空间”。句意：很快就清楚了，室内设计师最重要的基本关注点是某一特定空间的功能。11. 单选题Comets are still regarded with awe by some people.问题1选项A.wonderB.concernC.resentmentD.detachment【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。awe意为“敬畏，惊叹”；wonder意为“惊异，惊叹”；concern意为“涉及，关系到”；resentment意为“愤恨，不满”；detachment意为“超然，公正，独立”。句意：一些人仍然敬畏彗星。12. 翻译题Do you see the glass as half full rather than half empty? Do you keep your eye upon the doughnut, not upon the hollow? Suddenly these clichs are scientific questions, as researchers scrutinize the power of positive thinking.A fast-growing body of research is proving that optimism can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful; pessimism leads, by contrast, to hopelessness, sickness and failure, and is linked to depression, loneliness and painful shyness. “If you could teach people to think more positively,” says psychologist Craig, “it would be like inoculating them against these mental ills.”Your abilities count, but the belief that you can succeed affects whether or not you will. In part, thats because optimists and pessimists deal with the same challenges and disappointments in very different ways.Take, for example, your job. In a major study, psychologist Seligman and his colleague surveyed sales representatives at a Life Insurance Company. They found that the positive thinkers among longtime representatives sold 37 percent more insurance than did the negative thinkers. Of newly hired representatives, optimists sold 20 percent more. How did they do it? The secret to an optimists success is in his “explanatory style.” When things go wrong, the pessimist tends to blame himself, while the optimist looks for loopholes. When things go right, the optimist takes credit while the pessimist sees success as a fluke.Negative or positive, it was a self-fulfilling prophecy. “If people feel hopeless, they dont bother to acquire the skills they need to succeed,” says Craig.A sense of control is the litmus test for success. The optimist feels in control of his own life. The pessimist feels like fates plaything and moves slowly. He doesnt see advice, since he assumes nothing can be done. Optimists may think they are better than the facts would justify and sometimes thats what keeps them alive. Dr. Sandra Levey of Pittsburg Cancer Institute studied women with advanced breast cancer. For the women who were generally optimistic, there was a longer disease-free interval, the best predictor of survival. In a pilot study of women in the early stages of breast cancer, Dr. Levey found the disease recurred sooner among the pessimists.【答案】【参考译文】你看到的玻璃杯是半满的还是半空的？你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈还是中间的那个洞？当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的力量时，这些陈词滥调突然间都成了科学问题。迅速增多的大量研究工作证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。与此相反，悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败，它与沮丧、孤独、令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。心理学家克雷格说：“如果你能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。”你的能力固然重要，但你能成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功。在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。以你的工作为例。心理学家塞利格曼和他的同事对一家人寿保险公司的推销员进行了广泛调查。他们发现，在工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考者比消极思考者要多推销37%的保险额。在新雇佣的推销员中，乐观主义者则多销了20%。他们是如何做的呢？乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“归因方式”。出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责，乐观主义者则寻找漏洞。当一切顺利时，乐观主义者看成是自己的功劳，而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸。无论是消极还是积极，都是一种本身会成为事实的预言。克雷格说：“如果人们感到没有希望，他们就不会费事去获得成功所需的技能。”控制感是成功的试金石。乐观者能够掌握自己的命运。悲观者则感到自己只能任由命运摆布，行动拖拉。既然认为毫无办法，他便不去寻求指点。乐观主义者也许认为自己比事实能够证明的要强有时正是这一点使他们充满生机。匹兹堡肿瘤研究所的桑德拉利维博士对患晚期乳腺癌的妇女进行了研究。对那些通常持乐观态度的妇女来说，两次发病间隔的时间较长，而这是生存下去的最好预兆。在一次对早期乳腺癌妇女的小规模试验性研究中，利维博士发现这一疾病在悲观主义者身上复发更早。13. 单选题She tried to get a copy of the （ ）, so that she could cook the dish herself.问题1选项A.menuB.prescriptionC.recipeD.instruction【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。menu意为“菜单”；prescription意为“处方，药方”；recipe意为“食谱”；instruction意为“操作指南，指示，命令”。由后半句she could cook the dish herself（她可以自己做饭）可知选C。句意：她试着要一份食谱，这样她就可以自己做饭了。14. 翻译题任何形式的脑力锻炼都比窝在沙发上看电视要好。但最能产生积极影响的锻炼活动绝不是简单和轻松的活动：永无休止地玩游戏，或者看历史频道的最新记录长片可能是不够的。就像肌肉越用越强健一样，脑力训练可以使你的心智技能和记忆力保持张力。不要过得太舒服。走出舒适区，时不时挑战一下你的心智技能，比如到你从来没有去过的城市旅游，这会使你在陌生的环境里不断探索。【答案】【参考译文】Any form of mental exercise is better than watching TV on the sofa. But the exercise activities that can have the most positive impact are by no means simple and easy activities: it may not be enough to play games endlessly or watch the latest documentary feature films on the history channel. Just as muscles become stronger with use, mental training can keep your mental skills and memory under tension. Dont be too comfortable. Step out of your comfort zone and occasionally challenge your mental skills, such as traveling to a city you have never been to, which will make you constantly explore in a strange environment.15. 单选题The Civil War provided an impetus to Michigans growth.问题1选项A.an incentive toB.an obstacle toC.a reason forD.a delay in【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。an impetus to意为“推动，促进”；an incentive to意为“刺激，激励”；an obstacle to意为“障碍”；a reason for意为“理由，原因”；a delay in意为“延迟”。句意：南北战争推动了密歇根州的发展。16. 单选题Most economists in the United States seem captivated by the spell of the free market. Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market. A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter, established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers seems pernicious. Accordingly, it requires a major act of will to think of price-fixing (the determination of prices by the seller) as both “normal” and having a valuable economic function. In fact, price-fixing is normal in all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides, as an effortless consequence of its own development, the price-fixing that it requires. Modern industrial planning requires and rewards great size. Hence, a comparatively small number of large firms will be competing for the same group of consumers. That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free-market economic theories. But each large firm will also act with full consideration of the needs that it has in common with the other large firms competing for the same customers. Each large firm will thus avoid significant price-cutting, because price-cutting would be prejudicial to the common interest in a stable demand for products. Most economists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect it to be brought about by a number of explicit agreements among large firms; it is not.Moreover, those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not considered the economies of non-socialist countries other than the United States. These economics employ intentional price-fixing, usually in an overt fashion. Formal price-fixing by cartel and informal price-fixing by agreements covering the members of an industry are commonplace. Were there something peculiarly efficient about the free market and inefficient about price-fixing, the countries that have avoided the first and used the second would have suffered drastically in their economic development. There is no indication that they have.Socialist industry also works within a framework of controlled prices. In the early 1970s, the Soviet Union began to give firms and industries some of the flexibility in adjusting prices that a more informal evolution has accorded the capitalist system. Economists in the United States have hailed the change as a return to the free market. But Soviet firms are no more subject to prices established by a free market over which they exercise less influence than are capital firms; rather, Soviet firms have been given the power to fix prices.1.The primary purpose of the passage is to（ ）.2.The authors attitude toward Most economists in the United States” (Para, 1) can best be described as（ ）.3.It can be inferred from the authors argument that a price fixed by the seller “seems pernicious” (Para, 1) because（ ）.4.The suggestion in the passage that price-fixing in industrialized societies is normal arises from the authors statement that price-fixing is（ ）.问题1选项A.refute the theory that the free market plays a useful role in the development of industrialized societiesB.suggest methods by which economists and members of the government of the Unite States can recognize and combat price-fixing by large firmsC.show that in industrialized societies price-fixing and the operation of the free market are not only compatible but also mutually beneficialD.argue that price-fixing, in one form or another, is an inevitable part of and benefit to the economy of any industrialized society问题2选项A.spiteful and enviousB.scornful and denunciatoryC.critical and condescendingD.ambivalent but deferential问题3选项A.people do not have confidence in large firmsB.people do not expect the government to regulate pricesC.most economists believe that consumers as a group should determine pricesD.most economists associate fixed prices with communist and socialist economies问题4选项A.a profitable result of economic developmentB.an inevitable result of the industrial systemC.the result of a number of carefully organized decisionsD.a phenomenon common to industrialized and non-industrialized societies【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:C第4题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段指出美国的大多数经济学家都被自由市场的魅力所迷惑，事实上，在所有工业化社会中，价格固定都是正常的，因为工业体系本身提供了它所需要的价格固定，这是它自身发展的毫不费力的结果。随后文章对定价进行了详细的分析，因此D选项“认为以某种形式的价格固定是任何工业化社会经济的必然组成部分，并对其有益”符合题意。2.观点态度题。由文章第二段中的Moreover, those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not considered the economies of non-socialist countries other than the United States.（此外，那些认为让自由市场在不受干扰的情况下运行是确定价格的最有效方法的经济学家，没有考虑到美国以外的非社会主义国家的经济）可知作者对美国大多数经济学家的观点是不赞成的，但其后并没有明确指出是自由市场好还是定价市场好，因此作者的态度是批评与谦虚的，选C。3.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market. A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter, established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers seems pernicious.（因此，没有不符合自由市场要求的东西是好的或正常的。一个由卖方决定的价格，或者就此而言，由除消费者总数以外的任何人确定的价格，似乎是有害的）可知C选项“大多数经济学家认为消费者群体应该决定价格”符合题意。4.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的In fact, price-fixing is normal in all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides, as an effortless consequence of its own development, the price-fixing that it requires.（事实上，在所有工业化社会中，价格固定都是正常的，因为工业体系本身提供了它所需要的价格固定，这是它自身发展的毫不费力的结果）B选项“工业体系的必然结果”符合题意。17. 单选题The mass media is a big part of our culture, yet it can also be a helper, adviser and teacher to our young generation. The mass media affects the lives of our young by acting as a/an（21）for a number of institutions and social contacts. In this way, it fulfils a variety of functions in human life.The time spent in front of the television screen is usually at the（22）of leisure: there is less time for games, amusement and rest.（23）by what is happening on the screen, children not only imitate what they see but directly identify themselves with different characters. Americans have been concerned about the prevalence of violence in the media and its（24）harm to children and adolescents for at least forty years. During this period, new media（25）, such as video games, cable television, music videos, and the Internet. As they continue to gain popularity, these media, along with television,（26）public concern and research attention.Another large societal concern on our young generation（27）by the media, is body image.（28）forces can influence body image positively or negatively. For one, societal and cultural norms and mass media marketing impact our concepts of beauty. In the mass media, the images of（29）beauty fill magazines and newspapers, beam from our televisions and entertain us at the movies. Even in