2022年考博英语-华中科技大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解13

2022年考博英语-华中科技大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities as well as new and significant risks. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $ 500, 000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $ 77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980s is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade.Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small companys efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures ; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts a person, group, or thing used to mask the identity or true character or activity of the actual controlling agent” with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming and remaining dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.21.The primary purpose of the passage is to （ ）.22.According to the passage, civil rights activists maintain that one disadvantage under which minority-owned businesses have traditionally had to labor is that they have（ ）.23.The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to（ ）.24.The author implies that a minority-owned concern that does the greater part of its business with one large corporate customer should （ ）.25.The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporate response to working with minority subcontractors?问题1选项A.present a commonplace idea and its inaccuraciesB.describe a situation and its potential drawbacksC.propose a temporary solution to a problemD.analyze a frequent source of disagreement问题2选项A.been especially vulnerable to government mismanagement of the economyB.been denied bank loans at rates comparable to those afforded larger competitorsC.not had sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporationsD.not been able to advertise in those media that reach large numbers of potential customers问题3选项A.experience frustration but not serious financial harmB.face potentially crippling fixed expensesC.have to record its efforts on forms filed with the governmentD.increase its spending with minority subcontractors问题4选项A.avoid competition with larger, more established concerns by not expandingB.concentrate on securing even more business from that corporationC.try to expand its customer bases to avoid becoming dependent on the corporationD.pass on some of the work to be done for the corporation to other minority-owned concerns问题5选项A.Annoyed by the proliferation of “front” organizations, corporations are likely to reduce theirefforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future.B.Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses in the 1970s, their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts.C.The significant response of corporations in the 1970s is likely to be sustained and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980s.D.Although corporations are eager to cooperate with minority-owned businesses, a shortage ofcapital in the 1970s made substantial response impossible.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C【解析】21.文章意图题。本文主题句定位为第一段第一句， Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities as well as new and significant risks.（近年来，少数人拥有的企业在美国带来了前所未有的机遇，同时也带来了新的重大风险。）从而得出本题答案。22.细节事实题。根据题干中的关键词civil rights activists、one disadvantage将信息点定位为第一段第二句。Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.（长期以来，民权活动人士一直认为，黑人、拉美裔和其他少数族裔难以在商界立足的主要原因之一是，他们无法获得大公司下达的大额订单和分包合同。）即可得出本题答案。23.逻辑推理题。根据题干关键词subcontracts，将信息点定位为原文第三段第三句。“If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses.（如果由于某种原因小企业的合同量减少，它们将会遇到潜在的财政危机）。”接着第三段最后一句提到了Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small companys efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.（一个小企业的投资要马上在订货中反映出效果，否则其士气和财政前景都将深受影响。）原文并没有直接给出大的企业所面临的处境，需要我们根据小企业的状况来进行推理。从而得出本题答案。24.细节事实题。根据题干关键词the greater part of its business，将信息点定位为最后一段第一句。Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming and remaining dependent.（第三，保护一个大企业客户业务的少数企业经常面临变得依赖并保持依赖的危险。）从而得出本题答案。25.细节事实题。根据题干关键词corporate response，将信息点定位为第二段第一句。Corporate response appears to have been substantial.（企业的反应似乎相当积极）选项C中的时间1970s与第二段的时间1972、1977对应，选项C中的sustained与第二段中的rose from $ 77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977对应；with no letup anticipated.与选项C中的conceivably be increased对应，时间1980s为重现。从而得出本题答案。2. 翻译题1.科学家认为，出生在夏天将赋予你开朗的性情，而出生在冬天则可能给你的快乐蒙上永久的阴影。实验表明，出生的季节会极大地影响人体生物钟运转的速度。冬天出生的人体内的生物钟运转得太慢，从而可能对健康和性格产生影响。这一离奇有趣的理论来自一项对老鼠的研究，该研究把刚出生的老鼠暴露在不等量的光线下长达数月。2. 有些老鼠被放置在夏天的光照条件下，每天有16小时的“白天”和8个小时的“黑夜”。其他老鼠则只有8个小时的“白天”，和冬天昼短夜长的光照条件类似。在这些老鼠断奶后，它们被放置在相同的光照周期中长达数周，或转换到相反的光照环境。最后，科学家把它们都放置到黑暗中，观察它们的反应。3.根据自然神经科学杂志的报道，那些在夏天的光照条件下成长起来的老鼠像往常一样作息，而那些在缺少光线的环境中成长起来的老鼠在应对这一变化时却显得吃力。研究者道格拉斯麦克马洪教授说：“在冬天的光照周期中成长起来的老鼠对于季节的变化表现出夸大的反应，这和得了季节性情感抑郁症的人类病患的反应极其相似。”【答案】1. Being born in the summer could give you a sunny disposition for life. And a winter birthday might cast a permanent shadow over your happiness, scientists believe.2.Some rats were given summer conditions of 16 hours of light and eight hours of darkness per day. Others had only eight hours of daily light, to mimic the short days of winter.3. Those reared in summer conditions kept to a daily routine, but those brought up in little light struggled to cope with the change, the journal Nature Neuroscience reports.3. 单选题In the eighteenth century, Japans feudal overlords, from the shogun to the humblest samurai, found themselves under financial stress. In part, this stress can be attributed to the overlords failure to adjust to a rapidly expanding economy, but the stress was also due to factors beyond the overlords control. Concentration of the samurai in castle-towns had acted as a stimulus to trade. Commercial efficiency, in turn, had put temptations in the way of buyers. Since most samurai had been reduced to idleness by years of peace, encouraged to engage in scholarship and martial exercises or to perform administrative tasks that took little time, it is not surprising that their tastes and habits grew expensive. Overlords income, despite the increase in rice production among their tenant farmers, failed to keep pace with their expenses. Although shortfalls in overlords income resulted almost as much from laxity among their tax collectors (the nearly inevitable outcome of hereditary office-holding) as from their higher standards of living, a misfortune like a fire or flood, bringing an increase in expenses or a drop in revenue, could put a domain in debt to the city rice-brokers who handled its finances. Once in debt, neither the individual samurai nor the shogun himself found it easy to recover.It was difficult for individual samurai over lords to increase their income because the amount of rice that farmers could be made to pay in taxes was not unlimited, and since the income of Japans central government consisted in part of taxes collected by the shogun from his huge domain, the government too was constrained. Therefore, the Tokugawa shoguns began to look to other sources for revenue. Cash profits from government-owned mines were already on the decline because the most easily worked deposits of silver and gold had been exhausted, although debasement of the coinage had compensated for the loss. Opening up new farmland was a possibility, but most of what was suitable had already been exploited and further reclamation was technically unfeasible. Direct taxation of the samurai themselves would be politically dangerous. This left the shoguns only commerce as a potential source of government income.Most of the countrys wealth, or so it seemed, was finding its way into the hands of city merchants. It appeared reasonable that they should contribute part of that revenue to ease the shoguns burden of financing the state. A means of obtaining such revenue was soon found by levying forced loans, known as goyo-kin; although these were not taxes in the strict sense, since they were irregular in timing and arbitrary in amount, they were high in yield. Unfortunately, they pushed up prices. Thus, regrettably, the Tokugawa shoguns，search for solvency for the government made it increasingly difficult for individual Japanese who lived on fixed stipends to make ends meet.31.The passage is most probably an excerpt from（ ）.32.Which of the following financial situations is most analogous to the financial situation in which Japans Tokugawa shoguns found themselves in the eighteenth century?33.Which of the following best describes the attitude of the author toward the samurai discussed in Sentence 5, Paragraph 1?34.The passage suggests that, in eighteenth-century Japan, the office of tax collector（ ）.35.The passage implies that which of the following was the primary reason why the Tokugawa shoguns turned to city merchants for help in financing the state?问题1选项A.an economic history of JapanB.the memoirs of a samurai warriorC.a modern novel about eighteenth-century JapanD.an essay contrasting Japanese feudalism with its Western counterpart问题2选项A.A small business borrows heavily to invest in new equipment, but is able to pay off its debt early when it is awarded a lucrative government contract.B.Fire destroys a small business, but insurance covers the cost of rebuilding.C.A small business is turned down for a loan at a local bank because the owners have no credit history.D.A small business has to struggle to meet operating expenses when its profits decrease.问题3选项A.Warmly approving.B.Mildly sympathetic.C.Bitterly disappointed.D.Harshly disdainful.问题4选项A.was a source of personal profit to the officeholderB.was regarded with derision by many JapaneseC.remained within familiesD.existed only in castle-towns问题5选项A.A series of costly wars had depleted the national treasury.B.Most of the countrys wealth appeared to be in city merchants hands.C.Japan had suffered a series of economic reversals due to natural disasters such as floods.D.The merchants were already heavily indebted to the shoguns.【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:B【解析】31.推理题。题干中的excerpt一词的意思为“摘录”。浏览全文后发现本文主题句为第一段第一句。In the eighteenth century, Japans feudal overlords, from the shogun to the humblest samurai, found themselves under financial stress.（在18世纪，日本的封建领主，从幕府将军到最卑微的武士，都发现自己处于财政压力之下。）从而得出本题答案。32.细节类比题。文章第一段第5-7句。Since most samurai had been reduced to idleness by years of peace, encouraged to engage in scholarship and martial exercises or to perform administrative tasks that took little time, it is not surprising that their tastes and habits grew expensive. Overlords income, despite the increase in rice production among their tenant farmers, failed to keep pace with their expenses. Although shortfalls in overlords income resulted almost as much from laxity among their tax collectors (the nearly inevitable outcome of hereditary office-holding) as from their higher standards of living, a misfortune like a fire or flood, bringing an increase in expenses or a drop in revenue, could put a domain in debt to the city rice-brokers who handled its finances.给出了18世纪的financial situations有三方面的原因：samurai（武士）问题，收入增加跟不上支出的增加和灾难。根据题干中关键词Tokugawa定位到文章第二、第三段。从而得出本题答案。33.观点态度题。根据题干，将信息点定位到第一段第五句。Since most samurai had been reduced to idleness by years of peace, encouraged to engage in scholarship and martial exercises or to perform administrative tasks that took little time, it is not surprising that their tastes and habits grew expensive.（由于多年的和平生活使大多数武士变得懒惰，他们被鼓励从事学术和军事训练，或从事不需要多少时间的行政工作，因此他们的品味和习惯变得昂贵也就不足为奇了。）根据第五句句子后半部分的“it is not surprising. ”表明作者的态度是略带同情的正向评价。从而得出本题答案。34.细节事实题。根据题干关键词tax collector，将信息点定位到文章第一段第七句。“Although shortfalls in overlords income resulted almost as much from laxity among their tax collectors (the nearly inevitable outcome of hereditary office-holding) as from their higher standards of living, a misfortune like a fire or flood, bringing an increase in expenses or a drop in revenue, could put a domain in debt to the city rice-brokers who handled its finances.（尽管领主收入的减少几乎和他们生活水平的提高一样多的是由于他们的税务人员的疏忽（世袭官职的几乎不可避免的结果），但一场火灾或洪水这样的灾难，带来的开支的增加或收入的下降，可能会使处理财政的城市大米经纪人欠下一笔债务）”从而得出本题答案。35.事实推理题。根据题干中的关键词city merchants，将信息点定位到文章最后一段第一句。Most of the countrys wealth, or so it seemed, was finding its way into the hands of city merchants.（这个国家的大部分财富，或者说看起来，正在流入城市商人的手中。）从而得出本题答案。4. 单选题To facilitate entry into fine art thinking and avoid being misled in fundamental ways, archaeologists must understand the principles that define and govern each art category, whether utilitarian, fine or decorative. The traditional intent of a craft like ceramics is to serve a utilitarian function and its ability to act in this capacity is essentially dependent upon the skill of properly shaping a vessel to correspond to its task, so neither its exact manner of construction (by hand or wheel, coil or slab) nor the significance of imagery glazed on its surface changes its primary role “to contain”, though it may add to its value. While ceramicists must think and construct art according to certain patterns of utilitarian form, following a prototypal model that relates to the artworks purpose, fine art has no such requirement.Fine artists often work in mixed or new media, evidenced by the example of vases created during the Greek Archaic period, which were an anomaly to the paradigm of earlier vases because the later ones not only served “to contain”, but also to communicate ideas. An examination of this apparent inconsistency reveals both the Greeks high regard for aesthetics and the explanation that fine artists usually created the paintings on the vases made by potters. Though Greek vase painting differs greatly from the work of modern artist Pablo Picasso, he too painted on ceramic objects made by others. Contrasting ancient fine art forms such as paintings and stone or metal sculptures with contemporary fine art forms such as computer art, video imagery, and holograms, it is possible to see that as the cultures technology transforms, its changes are visible in the structural forms of fine art.At the same time, changes in fine art indicate its mandate to both reflect and create new perceptions of the culture, but form alone is insufficient to classify objects into art categories. Frequently, art that serves a decorative function is confused with both utilitarian and fine art because of its similar appearance, but the function of decorative art is the form itself, it is not compelled to fulfill either a utilitarian task or address concepts that exemplify its historic period. Communication would appear redundant if fine artists, like utilitarian and decorative artists, were to produce unlimited numbers of the same object. Once an idea is assimilated into the culture there is no longer a need to discuss it unless artists are more clearly defining or redefining it. Therefore, archaeologists should be aware that an artifact produced in any way by formula is not fine art. The fine artists process is continuous from the moment of conception until a piece is complete, and thus everything is thought of in terms of context, so that, as a general guide, archaeologists should consider no mark within a work unimportant and only define its meaning in relation to the whole piece.36.In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with （ ）.37.According to the passage, the earlier vases mentioned in the second paragraph constitute which of the following?38.According to the passage, the form which fine art takes at any given historical moment is often dictated by （ ）.39.Which of the following best states the authors view of the argument that fine art may be distinguished as a category by its physical form?40.Which of the following statements about fine arts production is best supported by the information presented in the passage?问题1选项A.distinguishing mutually exclusive categoriesB.clarifying an apparent contradictionC.supporting new ideasD.analyzing a problem问题2选项A.The product of mixed media art, involving hybrid forms.B.A case of primarily utilitarian art being put to decorative purposes.C.Utilitarian art whose makers were solely concerned with functionality.D.Fine art, whose primary purpose is to convey aesthetic meaning.问题3选项A.the level of continuity in the artists thinking processB.the concepts which exemplify the historical period of its creationC.the technology available to the artist at the time the art piece is createdD.the level of skill which the artist brings to the art work问题4选项A.Outright approval.B.Skepticism.C.Neutrality.D.Indignation.问题5选项A.The best fine art is in some cases produc