2022年考博英语-四川师范大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解41

2022年考博英语-四川师范大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 翻译题The lives of most men are determined by their environment. They accept the circumstances amid which fate has thrown them not only with resignation but even with good will. They are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails and they despise the motorcycle that dashes in and out of the traffic and speeds so jauntily across the open county. I respect them; they are good citizens, good husbands and good fathers and of course somebody has to pay the taxes; but I dont find them exciting. I am fascinated by the men few enough in all conscience who take life in their own hands and seem to mould it to their own liking. It may be that we have no such thing as free will but at all events we gave the illusion of it. At a cross-road, it does seem to us that we might go either to the right or to the left and the choice once made, it is difficult to see that whole course of the words history obliged us to take the turning we did.【答案】对于大多数人来说，生活是由环境决定的。他们在命运的拨弄面前，不仅逆来顺受，甚至还能随遇而安。这些人犹如街上的有轨电车，满足于在自己的轨道上运行；而对于那些不时出没于车水马龙间和欢快地奔驰在旷野上的廉价小汽车却不屑一顾。我尊重这些人；他们是守法的公民、尽职的丈夫、慈祥的父亲。当然，总得有人缴纳种种税款；可是，我并不觉得他们使人振奋。另有些人把生活掌握在自己手里，似乎在按照自己的意愿创造生活，尽管这样的人寥若晨星，他们却深深地吸引了我。自由意志这玩意儿对我们来说也许纯属子虚乌有；但不管怎么说，它确实存在于我们的幻想之中。每逢站在十字路口，我们好像能在左右两条道路中任选其一，可一旦选定之后，却又很难认识到那实际是世界历史的整个进程左右了我们的转折点。2. 单选题Accuracy is _ to the programming of computer.问题1选项A.elementalB.baseC.fundamentalD.inherent【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项elemental“基本的；主要的；自然力的；四大要素的（土、水、气、火）”（强调属于事物的基础或本质）；B选项based“基地在的；在居住（或工作）；（以某事）为基础，为根据”；C选项fundamental“基本的，根本的”（强调重要性，根基作用等，指重要程度即非常重要）；D选项inherent“固有的；内在的；与生俱来的，遗传的”。句意：准确性是计算机编程的基础。be fundamental to.“基础的；基本的”。因此C选项正确。3. 单选题Experiments in the photography of moving objects _ in both the United States and Europe well before 2000.问题1选项A.have been conductingB.was conductedC.had been conductedD.being conducted【答案】C【解析】考查语态和时态。本题主要考查过去完成时的被动语态。Experiments“实验”只能被人做，所以只能用被动语态，再根据时间线“before 2000”可知动作完成在过去的过去，故用过去完成时。句意：早在2000年之前，美国和欧洲就已经开展了运动物体摄影的实验。因此C选项正确。4. 翻译题With the adoption of the Multiculturalism, a series of non-discriminatory programmes was introduced to enable Australians from non-English speaking backgrounds to have greater equality of access to education, health and social services and pensions. In addition, “ethnic groups” were positioned to have greater access to government channels and to be accorded the rights to speak for their “minority groups”.【答案】随着多元文化主义的采用，以及一系列非歧视性方案的引入，非英语背景的澳大利亚人能够更平等地获得教育、保健和社会服务以及养老金。此外，“族裔群体”有更多的机会接触政府渠道，并被赋予为其“少数民族”发言的权利。5. 单选题The usual distinctions between “basic research”, “applied research”, and “development”, used for many years in the formal government statistics kept by the National Science Foundation are, unfortunately insufficient for discussions of policy for government investment in technical activities. Indeed, definitions are the source of much of the confusion over the appropriate role for government in the national scientific and technical enterprise. One cannot distinguish in any meaningful way “basic” from “applied research” by observing what a scientist is doing.“Applied research” should not be used to mean “purposeful and demonstrably useful basic research,” and one should be wary of the use of the term in government statistics. In corporate research laboratories, such as the TJ. Watson Research Laboratories of IBM, all of the work is referred to simply as “research.” There is no need to attempt a distinction between “basic” and “applied” research. All of the companys research investments are motivated by corporate interests. All of the research has a purpose. All of it is conducted under highly creative conditions. None of it is so “pure” that there are no expectations of value from the research investment.We should reserve the words “applied research” for those narrowly-defined tasks in which limited time and resources are devoted to a specific problem for an identified user who gets all the benefit and should pay all the costs. To make this view of applied research clear in this discussion, I use the words “problem-solving research” instead.Narrow problem-solving and development are activities initiated by someone who wishes to apply research methods purposefully to exploit an identified opportunity or solve a problem. They involve the application of technical resources to achieve an identified goal for a specified beneficiary, usually the investor in the work. It is a reasonable assumption that those who engage in such activities expect to benefit from them, and to benefit by a sufficient margin over the cost to accommodate the technical risk that is ever-present in research. The investor in problem-solving may be a government agency, but is more likely to be a private firm. In most cases that firm would be expected to be able to appropriate sufficient benefits to need no government subsidy to take those risks. Public investment in the creation of new technology (technological development, whether by research or as a product of problem-solving) is a critical link between id the scientific research that is pursued by virtue of societys commitment to those goals. Thus the desire for technology is an important-perhaps the most important-source of demand for science.1. According to the author, the distinction between Basic and applied researches in government documents is _.2. A disturbing result of the definitions of nature of research in government statistics is that _.3. It is implied in the second paragraph that basic research is characterized by _.4. The “applied research” as the author understands it is best defined in terms of _.5. The passage is mainly concerned with defining the role of _.问题1选项A.theoretically unjustifiableB.obscure and misleadingC.scientific but insufficientD.meaningful though confusing问题2选项A.the role of government in funding research activities is poorly definedB.scientists are not sure whether what they are doing is meaningfulC.the goals of both basic and applied researches are not rationally setD.research in corporate settings is not purposeful or demonstrably useful问题3选项A.less creativityB.higher motivationC.lack of immediate valueD.insufficient investment问题4选项A.the goal it serves and the problem it solvesB.the party that sponsors and benefits from itC.the cost and risks involved in such researchD.both A and B问题5选项A.applied research in the creation of new technologyB.basic research in the creation of new technologyC.private firms in refunding problem-solving researchD.government in the creation of new technology【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“The usual distinctions between basic research, applied research, and development, used for many years in the formal government statistics kept by the National Science Foundation are, unfortunately insufficient for discussions of policy for government investment in technical activities. Indeed, definitions are the source of much of the confusion over the appropriate role for government in the national scientific and technical enterprise.（对基础研究和应用研究与发展这些词语的基本区分，在国家科学基金会记录的正式的政府数据中已经沿用多年，不幸的是，在讨论政府对技术活动的投资政策时，这些区分显得很不足。的确，在讨论政府在国家科技事业中的合理角色时，对这些词语的界定引起很多混乱。）”，由此可知“基础研究”和“应用研究”的区别定义不够清楚，且会引起误导，所以B选项“模糊和误导性的”符合题意。A选项“理论上不合理的”；C选项“科学但不充分的”；D选项“有意义但令人困惑的”。因此B选项正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“Indeed, definitions are the source of much of the confusion over the appropriate role for government in the national scientific and technical enterprise. （的确，在讨论政府在国家科技事业中的合理角色时，对这些词语的界定引起很多混乱。）”，由此可知政府在资助研究活动中的角色定义不明确是导致不安结果的原因，所以A选项“政府在资助研究活动中的角色定义不明确”符合题意。B选项“科学家不确定他们正在做的事情是否有意义”；C选项“基础研究和应用研究的目标设置不合理”；D选项“在公司背景下的研究是没有目的的，也没有明显的用处”。因此A选项正确。3.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章二段“All of the research has a purpose. All of it is conducted under highly creative conditions. None of it is so pure that there are no expectations of value from the research investment.（所有的研究都有一个目的。所有这些都是在高度创造性的条件下进行的。哪项研究都不是那么纯粹，以至于研究的投资者不指望它有任何价值。）”，由此可推测，基础研究（即所谓的纯科学研究）不在于满足某些人的功利需求，也不在于满足一个短期的价值预期，所以C选项“缺乏直接价值”符合题意。A选项“更少的创造力”；B选项“更高的动机”；D选项“投资不足”。因此C选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“We should reserve the words applied research for those narrowly-defined tasks in which limited time and resources are devoted to a specific problem for an identified user who gets all the benefit and should pay all the costs. To make this view of applied research clear in this discussion, I use the words problem-solving research instead.（我们应该把应用研究这个词保留在那些狭义的定义上，即应用研究指在有限时间内利用有限资源为某个特定使用者完成某个特定任务，作为受益者的使用者获得全部利益，并支付所有研究成本。为了在这次讨论中明确应用研究的观点，我使用了以解决问题为目的的研究这个词。）”，作者称之为“以解决问题为目的的研究”这个定义，以及下一段对这个定义的进一步解释，强调了研究的目的性，当然也强调了解决问题，因此A选项“它服务的目标和它解决的问题”表达的意思是正确的。同时，这个定义也强调了受益者（=投资者），因此B选项“赞助并从中受益的一方”也是正确的。C选项“这种研究涉及的成本和风险”没有提及，所以D选项正确。5.主旨大意题。第一段前两句实际上表达了本文的主旨。分析“应用研究”的定义也是为了澄清概念，说明政府在研究中的作用。因此最后一段再次指出“Public investment in the creation of new technology (technological development, whether by research or as a product of problem-solving) is a critical link between id the scientific research that is pursued by virtue of societys commitment to those goals. Thus the desire for technology is an important-perhaps the most important-source of demand for science. 对新技术创新进行公共投资（区别于上面提到的私人和公司投资，所谓公共的根据上下文实际上指政府的）是一个关键环节，将社会目标和为追求这些社会目标所做的科学研究联系在一起。因此，对技术的追求是对科学的追求的一个重要也许是最重要的源泉。”最后一句实际上又强调了应用研究和基础研究的关系。可见，本文的主要意图是如何解决政府在“应用研究”和“基础研究”中的作用，所以D选项“政府在创造新技术上的支持”符合题意。A选项“新技术创造中的应用研究”；B选项“创造新技术的基础研究”；C选项“私营企业资助问题解决研究”。因此D选项正确。6. 翻译题Early men were also greatly interested in the stars they saw twinkling in the sky at night. What they did not realize was that the stars were also present during the daytime, but their light was not visible because of the brilliance of the sun. How did they discover this?There is one event which does enable us to see the stars in the daytime. It is the total eclipse of the sun(日全食),when the moon passes in front of the sun and hides it from view. When this happens, the sky becomes dark enough for the stars to be seen. Total eclipses of this kind do not occur very often and are not likely to be seen from the same area more than once every fifty-four years. One can imagine what an awe-inspiring sight it must have been for an early man, who would remember the event for the rest of his life.So man watched the movements of the sun, the moon and the stars and wondered about them. It was practicing the oldest branch of scienceastronomy.【答案】古人也对夜晚所见天空中闪烁的群星怀有浓厚的兴趣。他们还知道白天星星也在那里，只是看不见它们闪光，因为太阳光太强了。人们怎么会发现这一点的呢？只有一种情况让我们在白天看见星星，那就是日全食。月亮走到太阳前面，把它遮住。这时天空变暗，便可看见星星了。这种日全食并不常见，同一个地区也许每隔五十四年只会碰上一次。我们可以想象，对于古人来说，这该是一种多么令人心惊胆颤的景象啊，他们一生永远也不会忘记。人类就是这样观察太阳，月亮和星体的运动，并产生疑问的，人们在思考它们是什么，以及它们在干什么的时候，其实就是在从事对科学的最古老的学科天文学的研究。7. 翻译题A similar movement is going on before our own eyes. Modern bourgeois society, with its relations of production, of exchange and of property, a society that has conjured up such gigantic means of production and of exchange, is like the sorcerer who is no longer able to control the powers of the nether world whom he has called up by his spells. For many a decade past, the history of industry and commerce is but the history of the revolt of modern productive forces against modern conditions of production, against the property relations that are the conditions for the existence of the bourgeois and of its rule. It is enough to mention the commercial crises that, by their periodical return, put the existence of the entire bourgeois society on its trial, each time more threateningly. In these crises, a great part not only of the existing products, but also of the previously created productive forces, are periodically destroyed. In these crises, there breaks out an epidemic that, in all earlier epochs, would have seemed an absurditythe epidemic of over-production. Society suddenly finds itself put back into a state of momentary barbarism; it appears as if a famine, a universal war of devastation, had cutoff the supply of every means of subsistence; industry and commerce seem to be destroyed. And why?Because there is too much civilization, too much means of subsistence, too much industry, too much commerce. The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property; on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring disorder into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property. The conditions of bourgeois society are too narrow to comprise the wealth created by them. And how does the bourgeoisie get over these crises? On the one hand, by enforced destruction of a mass of productive forces; on the other, by the conquest of new markets, and by the more thorough exploitation of the old ones. That is to say, by paving the way for more extensive and more destructive crises, and by diminishing the means whereby crises are prevented.【答案】现在，我们眼前又进行着类似的运动。资产阶级的生产关系和交换关系，资产阶级的所有制关系，这个曾经仿佛用法术创造了如此庞大的生产资料和交换手段的现代资产阶级社会，现在像一个魔法师一样不能再支配自己用法术呼唤出来的魔鬼了。几十年来的工业和商业的历史，只不过是现代生产力反抗现代生产关系、反抗作为资产阶级及其统治的存在条件的所有制关系的历史。只要指出在周期性的重复中越来越危及整个资产阶级社会生存的商业危机就够了。在商业危机期间，总是不仅有很大一部分制成的产品被毁灭掉，而且有很大一部分已经造成的生产力被毁灭掉。在危机期间，发生一种在过去一切时代看来都好像是荒唐现象的社会瘟疫，即生产过剩的瘟疫。社会突然发现自己回到了一时的野蛮状态：仿佛是一次饥荒、一场普遍的毁灭性战争，使社会失去了全部生活资料；仿佛是工业和商业全被毁灭了，这是什么缘故呢？因为社会上文明过度，生活资料太多，工业和商业太发达。社会所拥有的生产力已经不能再促进资产阶级文明和资产阶级所有制关系的发展；相反，生产力已经强大到这种关系所不能适应的地步，它已经受到这种关系的阻碍；而它一着手克服这种障碍，就使整个资产阶级社会陷入混乱，就使资产阶级所有制的存在受到威胁。资产阶级的关系已经太狭窄了，再容纳不了它本身所造成的财富了。资产阶级用什么办法来克服这种危机呢？一方面不得不消灭大量生产力，另一方面夺取新的市场，更加彻底地利用旧的市场。这究竟是怎样的一种办法呢？这不过是资产阶级准备更全面更猛烈的危机的办法，不过是使防止危机的手段越来越少的办法。8. 单选题I admit I have made a mistake, _ I deny the serious consequence it may have.问题1选项A.soB.so willC.nor willD.how can【答案】C【解析】考查admit和deny互为反义词，admit=not deny，且nor；hardly；in no way；little；scarcely；seldom；never；no more；no longer；not；not only；no sooner；Not only . but also；not until.等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首，句子用部分倒装。即是把 I nor will deny 倒装为 nor will I deny。句意：我承认我犯了错误，也不否认它可能造成的严重后果。因此C选项正确。9. 单选题I am sure that with your remarkable ability and rich experience, the current session you _ over will be a success.问题1选项A.presumeB.propelC.presideD.prick【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项presume“假定；推测；擅自；意味着”；B选项propel“推进；驱使；激励；驱策”；C选项preside“负责；主持”；D选项“戳；扎破；（使）感到刺痛”。根据固定搭配preside over“主持；执掌；负责；管理”可知句意为：我相信，以你卓越的能力和丰富的经验，你主持的本届会议将取得成功。因此C选项正确。10. 单选题Beneath its myriad rules, the fundamental purpose of _ is to make the world a pleasanter place to live in, and you a more pleasant person to live with.问题1选项A.elitismB.eloquenceC.eminenceD.etiquette【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项elitism“精英主义；杰出人物统治论”；B选项eloquence“口才；雄辩；雄辩术；修辞”；C选项eminence“显赫；卓越；高处”；D选项etiquette“礼节，礼仪；规矩”。句意：在它无数的规则之下，礼仪的根本目的是让世界变得更宜居，让你成为一个更宜居的人。因此D选项正确。11. 单选题A healthy diet includes lots of _ natural food with plenty of proteins and vitamins.问题1选项A.indigestibleB.wholesomeC.leftoverD.heavy【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项indigestible“难消化的；难理解的”；B选项wholesome“健全的；有益健康的；合乎卫生的；审慎的”；C选项leftover“剩下的；多余的”；D选项heavy“沉重的；繁重的，巨大的；拥挤的；阴沉的”。句意：健康的饮食包括许多健康的天然食物，含有大量的蛋白质和维生素。因此B选项正确。12. 单选题The accountant _ thousands of dollars from the charity while appearing to be its best fundraiser.问题1选项A.donatedB.validatedC.embezzledD.certify【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项donate“捐赠，捐献”；B选项validate“证实，验证；确认；使生效”；C选项embezzle“盗用；挪用；贪污”；D选项certify“证明；保证”。句意：那个会计盗用善款几千美元，却表现出自己是最佳的捐助者。根据句中的while可知，前后两句关系为转折，后半句提到“最佳捐赠者”，那么前半句句意应该与之相反。因此C选项正确。13. 单选题Nowadays, we hear a lot about the growing threat of globalization, accompanied by those warnings that the rich pattern of local life is being undermined, and many dialects and traditions are becoming extinct. But stop and think for a moment about the many positive aspects that globalization is bringing. Read on and you are bound to feel comforted, ready to face the global future, which is surely inevitable now.Consider the Internet, that prime example of our shrinking world. Leaving aside the all-to-familiar worries about pornography and political extremism, even the most narrow-minded must admit that the net offers immeasurable benefits, not just in terms of education, the sector for which it was originally designed, but more importantly on a global level, the spread of news and comment. It will be increasingly difficult for politicians to maintain their regimes of misinformation, as the oppressed will not only find support and comfort, but also be able to organize themselves more effectively.MTV is another global provider that is often criticized for imposing popular culture on the unsuspecting millions around the world. Yet the viewers judgment on MTV is undoubtedly positive; it is regarded as indispensable by most of the global teenage generation who watch it, a vital part of growing up. And in the final analysis, what harm can a few songs and videos cause?Is the world dominance of brands like Nike and Coca-Cola so bad for us when all is said and done? Sportswear and soft drinks are harmless products when compared to the many other things that have been globally available for a longer period of timeheroin and cocaine, for example. In any case, just because Nike shoes and Coke cans are for sale, it doesnt mean you have to buy themeven globalization cannot deprive the individual of his or her free will.Critics of globalization can stop issuing their doom and gloom statements. Life goes on, and has more to offer for many citizens of the world than it did for their parents generation.1. Some people feel sad about globalization because they believe it will _.2. Internet was originally designed _.3. What is the writers attitude towards globalization?4. It is implied in the passage that Nike and Coca-Cola _.5. Which of the following could be the best title of the passage?问题1选项A.bring threat to the world peaceB.impact the diversified local lifeC.disrupt their present easy lifestyleD.increase the size of people speaking dialects问题2选项A.to promote educationB.to distribute news and commentC.to relieve people of worriesD.to publicize political beliefs问题3选项A.SuspiciousB.PositiveC.IndifferentD.Contemptuous问题4选项A.should not become dominant brandsB.have been ignored by many peopleC.cannot be compared with drugsD.shouldnt have caused so much concern问题5选项A.Globalization Is StandardizationB.Globalization: Like It or Lump ItC.Globalization: Dont Worry, Be HappyD.Globalization Brings Equality【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“Nowadays, we hear a lot about the growing threat of globalization, accompanied by those warnings that the rich pattern of local life is being undermined, and many dialects and traditions are becoming extinct.（如今，我们听到了不少有关全球化的威胁在不断增长的说法，还听到了这样的警告：丰富多彩的地方生活方式正在遭到破坏，许多方言和传统正在消亡。）”，由此可知有些人认为全球化破坏了当地多样化的生活，所以B选项“影响当地多样化的生活”符合题意。A选项“给世界和平带来威胁”和C选项“扰乱他们目前安逸的生活方式”文章没有提及；D选项“增加说方言的人的数量”说法错误，文章提到“many dialects and traditions are becoming extinct（许多方言和传统正在消亡）”。因此B选项正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“.the net offers immeasurable benefits, not just in terms of education, the sector for which it was originally designed, but more importantly on a global level, the spread of news and comment.（因特网给我们带来了不可估量的利益，不只是在教育方面因特网最初就是为教育设计的，更重要的是全球范围内信息和观念的传播。）”，由此可知A选项“促进教育”符合题意。B选项“发布新闻和评论”；C选项“解除人们的忧虑”；D选项“宣传政治信仰”都不符合题意，因此A选项正确。3.观点态度题。文章第一段就提到了作者的写作目的“But stop and think for a moment about the many positive aspects that globalization is bringing.（但是，请停下来想一想全球化带来的许多积极的方面。）”，且下文都是在描写全球化带来的