2022-2023年考博英语-中南大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第41期

2022-2023年考博英语-中南大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题The teachers pride was distraught when he discovered that half his class had （ ）the exam.问题1选项A.reassessedB.disdainedC.flunkedD.redeemed【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。 reassessed 对 再评价；disdained 鄙视，蔑视； flunked 放弃，失败； redeemed 赎回，恢复。句意：当老师发现他班上有一半的学生放弃了考试的时候，他的自尊心受到严重打击。由前后语义可知空格处所填单词为贬义词，与考试搭配的最合适的选项是C项。2. 单选题But McConnell Moore has always drawn great strength from such cartoonish （ ）, which he collects and then displays on his Senate office wall.问题1选项A.applausesB.vituperationsC.condemnsD.appraisals【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。applause “欢呼；鼓掌欢迎”；vituperation “谩骂；坏话”；condemn “谴责；声讨”；appraisal “评价；估计”。句意：但McConnell Moore总是从此类的卡通谩骂中汲取巨大的力量，他将其收集后展示在他参议院办公室的墙壁上。由关键词but及cartoonish可知空格处应填贬义词，卡通谴责不能搭配，故 B项正确。3. 单选题If your goals are general, you should （ ）them （ ）into sub-goals, so that you have a schedule for each sub-goal too.问题1选项A.undertake.forB.minimize.withC.induct. withD.pare.down【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配undertake “承担，从事”；induct “引导；感应”；minimize “使减到最少；极度轻视”；pare down把 消减成 。句意：如果你的目标太笼统，那么你就应该将它们分为子目标，这样你对每个子目标也有相应的计划表。由句意可知D项正确。4. 单选题Not until the 1850s （ ）in New York seek to rescue historic buildings from devastation or alteration.问题1选项A.some concerned citizensB.did some concerned citizensC.some citizens concernedD.when some concerned citizens did【答案】B【解析】考查部分倒装。句意：直到19世纪50年代，在纽约，一些忧心忡忡的市民开始寻求使历史文物免遭毁坏或改变的方法。当not until位于句首时，句子要部分倒装，将助动词放到主语前。5. 单选题Take the time to （ ）with your child, to read with her, to play with her, to have good conversations with her, to take walks with her.问题1选项A.cuddleB.cumberC.rrodeD.canvass【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。cuddle搂抱，拥抱；cumber拖累，妨害；corrode侵蚀，损害；canvass 细究。句意：花时间拥抱你的孩子，读书给她听，和她玩耍，语重心长地和她交谈，和她一起散步。根据句意可知A项符合题意。6. 单选题Our biological uniqueness requires that the effects of a substance must be verified by （ ）experiments, even after thousands of tests of the effects of that substance on animals.问题1选项A.evolutionaryB.humanC.randomD.replicated【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。evolutionary进化的，发展的；human人类的；random任意的，胡乱的；replicated重复的。句意：我们生物的唯一性要求一种物质的效用必须被人类实验所证明，甚至是在经过对该物质在动物身上千万次的试验以后。根据句意可知B项符合题意。7. 单选题The scheme should be in operation by the end of the year, and companies will be disciplined, even disconnected, if they（ ）phoning any consumers whose names appear on the register.问题1选项A.stay onB.wait upC.indulge inD.persist in【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项stay on“继续停留”；B选项wait up“不睡而等候”；C选项indulge in“沉湎于”；D选项persist in“坚持；固执于”。句意：该计划将在今年年底前开始实施，如果企业 给登记在案的消费者打电话，它们将受到处罚，甚至被切断网络连接。“企业给消费者打电话”这一行为要受到惩罚的话，应是“执着于打电话”符合题意。因此D选项正确。8. 翻译题Read the following short paragraph carefully and then translate it into English.预言未来的经济是困难的事情。美国人逐渐意识到他们自己是在一种全球化经 济中竞争，而且他们将不断经历经济的好转和低迷。不过有一件事情可以确定的是，美国关于财富的传统观念已经对人民的生活水平和价值观产生了深远的影响。而因为美国 人对于财富持续增长的观念已经深深扎根于他们的信仰系统，所以财富的衰退的现状会 对他们产生严重的挫伤。不过即便是经济的衰退，很难说对他们所持的理念带来太多的 作用，相反也许会产生积极的竞争和促进作用。【答案】It is difficult to predict the future economy. Americans have come to realized that they are competing in a global economy and that they will continue to experience economic upturns and downturns. One thing is certain, however, that Americas traditional view of wealth have had a profound effect on its peoples living standards and values. Americans belief that wealth will continue to rise have deeply rooted in their belief system, hence the current decline in wealth can be a serious setback for them. But even a recession would hardly do much on their ideas; instead, it may produce positive competition and facilitation.9. 单选题The human intelligence that created industrial civilization now has the assignment of making that civilization （ ）mans basic prerequisites.问题1选项A.compatible withB.warrantable forC.assignable toD.reducible to【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。compatible with “与 兼容的；与 和谐相处的”；warrantable for “对 是可担保的”；assignable to “分配到”；reducible to “简化为；归于” 。句意：如今，创造工业文明的人类智慧的任务是让文明与人类的基本先决条件和谐相处。由“industrial civilization” 与“mans basic prerequisites”可知A项符合语境，故A项正确。10. 单选题One strategy is simply to persuade people to stay longer, which provides more time for employers to spot and （ ）the best performers.问题1选项A.extinguishB.siegeC.seduceD.estimate【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。extinguish“熄灭；偿清”；siege“围攻”；seduce “引诱”；estimate “估计；评价”。句意：一个简单的策略是尽量挽留员工待久点，为雇主提供更长的时间来发掘和评估最优秀的员工。由more time for employers to spot可知D项正确。11. 单选题When he was accused of being a （ ），he retorted he was not a quack.问题1选项A.traitorB.prodigyC.charlatanD.plagiarist【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项traitor“叛徒”；B选项prodigy“奇迹；奇才”；C选项charlatan“骗子”；D选项plagiarist“剽窃者；抄袭者”。句意：当他被指责为 时，他反驳说他不是庸医。后半句“他反驳自己不是庸医”对应前面，应该表示“被指责为骗子”才符合语境，因此C选项正确。12. 单选题Under certain circumstances, the human body must cope with gases at greater-than- nonnal atmospheric pressure. For example, gas pressures increase rapidly during a dive made with scuba gear because the breathing equipment allows divers to stay underwater longer and dive deeper. The pressure exerted on the human body increases by 1 atmosphere for every 10 meters of depth in seawater, so that at 30 meters in seawater a diver is exposed to a pressure of about 4 atmospheres. The pressure of the gases being breathed must equal the external pressure applied to the body; otherwise breathing is very difficult. Therefore all of the gases in the air breathed by a scuba diver at 40 meters are present at five times their usual pressure. Nitrogen, which composes 80 percent of the air we breathe, usually causes a balmy feeling of well-being at this pressure. At a depth of 5 atmospheres, nitrogen causes symptoms resembling alcohol intoxication, known as nitrogen narcosis. Nitrogen narcosis apparently results from a direct effect on the brain of the large amounts of nitrogen dissolved in the blood. Deep dives are less dangerous if helium is substituted for nitrogen, because under these pressures helium does not exert a similar narcotic effect.As a scuba diver descends, the pressure of nitrogen in the lungs increases. Nitrogen then diffuses from the lungs to the blood, and from the blood to body tissues. The reverse occurs when the diver surfaces; the nitrogen pressure in the lungs falls and the nitrogen diffuses from the tissues into the blood, and from the blood into the lungs. If the return to the surface is too rapid, nitrogen in the tissues and blood cannot diffuse out rapidly enough and nitrogen bubbles are formed. They can cause severe pains, particularly around the joints.Another complication may result if the breath is held during ascent. During ascent from a depth of 10 meters, the volume of air in the lungs will double because the air pressure at the surface is only half of what it was at 10 meters. This change in volume may cause the lungs to distend and even rupture. This condition is called air embolism. To avoid this event, a diver must ascend slowly, never at a rate exceeding the rise of the exhaled air bubbles, and must exhale during ascent.1.The words “exposed to” in line 5 are closest in meaning to （ ）.2.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following presents the greatest danger to a diver?3.What should a diver do when ascending?问题1选项A.leaving behindB.propelled byC.prepared forD.subjected to问题2选项A.Pressurized helium.B.Nitrogen bubbles.C.Nitrogen diffusion.D.An air embolism.问题3选项A.Rise slowly.B.Relax completely.C.Breathe faster.D.Breathe helium【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A【解析】1.词义题 A项 “留下”；B项 被 推动；C项“为 做准备”；D项“遭受，承受”。 定位到第一段中的“The pressure exerted on the human body increases by 1 atmosphere for every 10 meters of depth in seawater, so that at 30 meters in seawater a diver is exposed to a pressure of about 4 atmospheres. 人体在海水中所受的压力每增加10米，就增加1个大气压，因此潜水员在30米的海水中所受的压力约为4个大气压。由exerted on施加可推断exposed to为“遭受、暴露于 的环境中”的意思。2.判断推理题。A项“加压氦气”；B项“氮扩散”；C项“氮气泡”；D项“空气栓塞”。定位最后一段中 “This change in volume may cause the lungs to distend and even rupture. This condition is called air embolism. 这个体积的变化可能导致肺部扩张，甚至破裂。这种情况称为空气栓塞。”可知D项正确。3.细节事实题。由最后一段中“To avoid this event, a diver must ascend slowly, never at a rate exceeding the rise of the exhaled air bubbles, and must exhale during ascent.为了避免这种情况，潜水者必须缓慢上升，速度不能超过呼出的气泡的上升速度，并且在上升过程中必须呼气。”可知A项正确。13. 单选题Whenever I worried that our connection might be fading, I opened the drawer and felt his energy （ ）around me like a freed canary.问题1选项A.flutter upB.adhere toC.flash backD.queue up【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。flutter up “扑闪起来”；adhere to “坚持；粘附”；flash back“；反射”；queue up“排队等候”。句意：每当我担心我们之间的联系会逐渐淡去时，我就打开抽屉，感受他的活力就像一只放飞自由的金丝雀围绕着我。由 like a freed canary可知A项符合语境，答案A14. 单选题Paradoxically, Robinsons excessive denials of the worth of early works of science fiction suggest that she has become quite （ ）them.问题1选项A.reflective aboutB.skeptical ofC.enamored ofD.offended by【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。reflective反射的；沉思的；become skeptical of开始非常怀疑 ； enamored of迷恋；become offended by 感到被冒犯。句意：自相矛盾的是，罗宾逊对早期科幻作品价值的过度否认表明她已经开始非常怀疑它们。由Paradoxically和Robinsons excessive denials of the worth of early works of science fiction suggest that可知B符合语境。15. 单选题In most developed countries, men have higher salaries, on average, than women. Much of the salary differential results from the tendency of women to be in lower-paying occupations. The question of whether this occupational employment pattern can be attributed to sex discrimination is a complex one. In fact, wage differentials among occupations are the norm rather than the exception. Successful athletes commonly earn more than Noble Prize-winning academics; gifted artists often cannot earn enough to survive, while mediocre investment bankers prosper. Given such differences, the question naturally arises: talent and ability being equal, why does anyoneman or womanenter a low-paying occupation? One obvious answer is personal choice. An individual may prefer, for example, to teach math at a modest salary rather than to become a more highly paid electrical engineer.Some people argue that personal choice also explains sex-related wage differentials. According to this explanation, many women, because they place a high priority on parenting and performing household services, choose certain careers in which they are free to enter and leave the work force with minimum penalty. They may choose to acquire skills, such as typing and salesclerking, that do not depreciate rapidly with temporary absences from the work force. They may avoid occupational specialties that require extensive training periods, long and unpredictable hours, and willingness to relocate, all of which make specialization in domestic activities problematic. By choosing to invest less in developing their career potential and to expend less effort outside the home, women must, according to this explanation, pay a price in the form of lower salaries. But women cannot be considered the victims of discrimination because they prefer the lower-paying occupations to higher-paying ones.An alternative explanation for sex-related wage differentials is that women do not voluntarily choose lower-paying occupations but are forced into them by employers and social prejudices. According to proponents of this view, employers who discriminate may refuse to hire qualified women for relatively high-paying occupations. More generally, subtle society-wide prejudices may induce women to avoid certain occupations in favor of others that are considered more suitable. Indeed, the “choice” of women to specialize in parenting and performing household services may itself result from these subtle prejudices. Whether the discrimination is by employers in a particular occupation or by society as a whole is irrelevant; the effect will be the same. Further, if such discrimination does occur, women excluded from certain occupations will flood others, and this increase in supply will have a depressing effect on wages in occupations dominated by women.1.In stating that “successful athletes commonly earn more than Nobel Prize-winning academics”,the authors primary purpose is to （ ）.2.Which one of the following cases is least likely to involve sex discrimination, as it is described in the passage?3.Which one of the following statements is the best completion of the last paragraph of the passage?4.The authors attitude toward sex discrimination as an explanation for wage differentials can best be characterized as （ ）.5.Which one of the following is the best title for the passage?问题1选项A.Demonstrate that education has little to do with making moneyB.Suggest that people with talent and ability should not enter low-paying occupationsC.Show that highly paid occupations generally require long hours and extensive trainingD.Give an example of how certain occupations are better paid than others regardless of inherent worth or talent required问题2选项A.An employer hires a man rather than an equally qualified woman.B.A woman chooses to enter a high-paying occupation that uses her talent and ability.C.A woman chooses an occupation that is already dominated by women.D.A woman chooses a low-paying job that allows her to devote more time to her family.问题3选项A.Wage differentials will become more exaggerated and economic parity between men and women less and less possible.B.Unless society changes its views, women may never escape the confines of the few occupations designated “For Women Only”.C.The question is: how long will women allow themselves to be excluded from male- dominated occupations?D.In the last analysis, women may need to ask themselves if they can really afford to allow sex discrimination to continue.问题4选项A.skeptical that discrimination is a factorB.critical of societys acceptance of discriminationC.convinced that the problem will get worseD.neutral with respect to its validity问题5选项A.Wage Differentials Between Men and WomenB.Women in Low-Paying Occupations: Do They Have a Choice?C.Home vs. Office: How Does the Modem Women Choose?D.The Role of Social Prejudice in Womens Careers【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。“In fact, wage differentials among occupations are the norm rather than the exception.事实上，职业之间的工资差距是常态，而不是例外” 与D项“举例说明某些职业的薪水如何比其他职业高，而不考虑其内在价值或所需的才能。”相符。2.细节事实题。定位到最后一段开头“employers who discriminate may refuse to hire qualified women for relatively high-paying occupations. 歧视女性的雇主可能会拒绝为薪酬相对较高的女性安排工作”以及“By choosing to invest less in developing their career potential and to expend less effort outside the home, women must, according to this explanation, pay a price in the form of lower salaries. But women cannot be considered the victims of discrimination because they prefer the lower-paying occupations to higher-paying ones. 根据这一解释，妇女选择减少对发展其职业潜力的投资，减少在家庭以外的努力，就必须付出工资较低的代价。但是妇女不能被认为是歧视的受害者，因为她们更喜欢低收入的职业而不是高收入的职业。”可知D项“女人选择一份薪水低的工作，这样她就能有更多的时间来陪伴家人。”是自愿的行为。3.推理判断题。“if such discrimination does occur, women excluded from certain occupations will flood others, and this increase in supply will have a depressing effect on wages in occupations dominated by women.如果这种歧视真的发生了，那么女性之间的竞争会扩大，这样以女性为主的公司就会有工资方面的问题。”由全文可知性别差异导致工资差异不断扩大，女性和男女经济平等是越来越不可能的事情。A项“工资差距将变得越来越大，男女经济平等的可能性越来越小。”符合题意。4.观点态度题。纵观全文，都是不同的人对性别差异这个问题在进行探讨“some people argue” 或者 “an alternative explanation for sex-related wage”,作者对该问题的态度并没有清晰地表现出来。5.主旨大意题。由By choosing to invest less in developing their career potential and to expend less effort outside the home, women must, according to this explanation, pay a price in the form of lower salaries. But women cannot be considered the victims of discrimination because they prefer the lower-paying occupations to higher-paying ones. 根据这一解释，妇女选择减少对发展其职业潜力的投资，减少在家庭以外的努力，就必须付出工资较低的代价。但是妇女不能被认为是歧视的受害者，因为她们更喜欢低收入的职业而不是高收入的职业。”可知本文主要是围绕女性对于低收入的问题探讨，女性自愿选择低收入工作，是因为要教育小孩和做家务活。B项“从事低收入职业的女性：她们有选择的余地吗?”符合题意。16. 单选题In scientific studies, supporting evidence is much more satisfying to report than are discredited hypotheses, but, in fact, the （ ）of errors is more likely to be useful than is the establishment of probable truth.问题1选项A.formulationB.correctionC.detectionD.accumulation【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。formulation “规划；配方”；correction “改正”；detection“侦查；探测”；accumulation“积聚，堆积物”。句意：从科学研究上来说，虽然有证据支撑的报告比不可靠的假说更令人满意，但是事实上与发现错误相比确立可能的真理可能更有用。由discredited hypotheses“名誉扫地的假设”可推断应该是发现不可靠假说的错误，故C项 正确。17. 单选题During the 1960s and 1970s, the primary economic development strategy of local governments in the United States was to attract manufacturing industries. Unfortunately, this strategy was usually implemented at another communitys expense: many manufacturing facilities were lured away from their moorings elsewhere through tax incentives and slick promotional efforts. Through the transfer of jobs and related revenues that resulted from this practice, one towns triumph could become another towns tragedy.In the 1980s the strategy shifted from this zero-sum game to one called “high-technology development,” in which local governments competed to attract newly formed high-technology manufacturing firms. Although this approach was preferable to victimizing other geographical areas by taking their jobs, it also had its shortcomings: high-tech manufacturing firms employ only a specially trained fraction of the manufacturing workforce, and there simply are not enough high-tech firms to satisfy all geographic areas.Recently, local governments have increasingly come to recognize the advantages of yet a third strategy: the promotion of homegrown small businesses. Small indigenous businesses are created by a nearly ubiquitous resource, local entrepreneurs, with roots in their communities, these individuals are less likely to be enticed away by incentives offered by another community. Indigenous industry and talent are kept at home, creating an environment that both provides jobs and fosters further entrepreneurship.1. The passage suggests which of the following about the majority of United States manufacturing industries before the high-technology development era of the 1980s?2.The tone of the passage suggests that the author is most optimistic about the economic development potential of which of the following groups?3.The author of the passage mentions which of the following as an advantage of high-technology development?4.The primary purpose of the passage is to（ ）.问题1选项A.They lost many of their most innovative personnel to small entrepreneurial enterprises.B.They experienced a major decline in profits during the 1690s and 1970s.C.They could provide real economic benefits to the areas in which they were located.D.They employed workers who had no specialized skills.问题2选项A.Local governmentsB.High-technology promotersC.Local entrepreneursD.Manufacturing-industry managers问题3选项A.It encourages the modernization of existing manufacturing facilities.B.It does not advantage one local workforce at the expense of another.C.It encourages the growth of related industries.D.It takes full advantage of the existing workforce.问题4选项A.Advocate more effective strategies for encouraging the development of hightechnology enterprises in the United States.B.Contrast the incentives for economic development offered by local governments with those offered by the private sector.C.Acknowledge and counter adverse criticism of programs being used to stimulate local economic development.D.Review an