2022年考博英语-桂林理工大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第187期

2022年考博英语-桂林理工大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Like a tired marriage, the relationship between libraries and publishers has long been reassuringly dull. E-books, however, are causing heartache. Libraries know they need digital wares if they are to remain relevant, but many publishers are too wary of piracy and lost sales to co-operate. Among the big six, only Random House and HarperCollins license e-books with most libraries. The others have either denied requests or are reluctantly experimenting. In August, for example, Penguin will start a pilot with public libraries in New York.Publishers are wise to be nervous. Owners of e-readers are exactly the customers they need: book-lovers with money (neither the devices nor broadband connections come cheap). If these wonderful people switch to borrowing e-books instead of buying them, what then?Electronic borrowing is awfully convenient. Unlike printed books, which must be checked out and returned to a physical library miles from where you live, book files can be downloaded at home. Digital library catalogues are often browsed at night, from a comfy sofa. The files disappear from the device when they are due (which means no late fees, nor worry about lost or damaged books).Awkwardly for publishers, buying an e-book costs more than renting one but offers little extra value. You cannot resell it, lend it to a friend or burn it to stay warm. Owning a book is useful if you want to savor (品尝)it repeatedly, but who reads “Fifty Shades of Grey” twice?E-lending is not simple, however. There are lots of different and often incompatible e-book formats, devices and licenses. Most libraries use a company called OverDrive, a global distributor that secures rights from publishers and provides e-books and audio files in every format. Some 35m titles were checked out through OverDrive in 2011, and the company now sends useful data on borrowing behavior to participating publishers. Yet publishers and libraries are worried by OverDrives market dominance, as the company can increasingly dictate fees and conditions.Library boosters argue that book borrowers are also book buyers, and that libraries are vital spaces for readers to discover new work. Many were cheered by a recent Pew survey, which found that more than half of Americans with library cards say they prefer to buy their e-books. But the report also noted that few people know that e-books are available at most libraries, and that popular titles often involve long waiting lists, which may be what inspires people to buy.So publishers keep tweaking (对稍作调整)their lending arrangements in search of the right balance.Random House raised its licensing prices earlier this year, and HarperCollins limits libraries to lending its titles 26 times. Penguin plans to keep new releases out of libraries for at least six months, and each book will expire after a year. The story of the library e-book is a nail-biter.6. What can we learn about the big six publishers?7. What is the advantage of electronic borrowing?8. Why are publishers and libraries worried about OverDrives market dominance?9. What was shown in Pew survey?10. What does the author mean by saying “The story of the library e-book is a nail-biter.”?问题1选项A.They know they need to cooperate with libraries.B.They have recently sold e-books to most libraries.C.Most of them hesitate in cooperation with libraries.D.They stand out against selling e-books to libraries.问题2选项A.There is no need to worry about deadlines.B.It can pay for the late fees automatically.C.Readers can lend the book files to their friends.D.It is much cheaper than traditional printed books.问题3选项A.Publisher and libraries will lose their market shares of e-books.B.OverDrive provides various format of e-books and audio files.C.OverDrive will increasingly divide their profit of e-books. OverDriveD.E-readers will not lend e-books or audio files from libraries.问题4选项A.The desire to collect popular books inspires people to buy them.B.E-readers in America prefer to buy their e-books from libraries.C.More than half of Americans are book borrowers and book buyers.D.People with library cards usually have to wait for popular e-books.问题5选项A.Many problems about e-book lending need to be solved.B.It is wise for publishers to cooperate closely with libraries.C.Cooperation between publishers and libraries is a win-win strategy.D.Libraries will dominant the book market by lending e-books【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:A第5题:A【解析】6.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第一段四五句话Among the big six, only Random House and HarperCollins license e-books with most libraries. The others have either denied requests or are reluctantly experimenting“在六大出版社中，只有兰登书屋和哈珀柯林斯向大多数图书馆授权使用电子书。其他人要么拒绝了请求，要么不情愿地尝试”，由此可知答案选C选项“他们中的大多数人在与图书馆合作方面犹豫不决”。A选项“他们知道他们需要与图书馆合作”，定位到第一段第二句Libraries know they need digital wares if they are to remain relevant, but many publishers are too wary of piracy and lost sales to co-operate“图书馆知道，如果要保持相关性，他们需要数字产品，但许多出版商对盗版和销售损失过于谨慎，不愿合作”，这里可知他们是不愿意和图书馆合作的，这里属于反向干扰；B选项“他们最近向大多数图书馆出售了电子书”，见正确选项解析，是某些出版社向大部分图书馆销售电子书并不是全部的出版社，这里属于反向干扰；D选项“他们坚决反对向图书馆出售电子书”，见正确选项解析，因为已经有出版社向图书馆出售电子书了，这里属于反向干扰。7.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第三段倒数第二句The files disappear from the device when they are due (which means no late fees, nor worry about lost or damaged books)“当文件到期时，它们就会从设备上消失（这意味着没有滞纳费，也不用担心丢失或损坏书籍）”，从这里可知时间到了之后文件会自动消失，所以答案选A选项“没有必要担心最后期限”。B选项“它可以自动支付滞纳金”，见正确选项解析，因为文件自动消失所以不存在逾期费，这里属于反向干扰；C选项“读者可以把图书档案借给他们的朋友”，定位到第三段倒数第二句You cannot resell it, lend it to a friend or burn it to stay warm.“你不能转卖它，不能把它借给朋友，也不能把它烧掉取暖”，由此可知C选项错误，属于反向干扰；D选项“它比传统印刷书籍便宜得多”，定位到第三段倒数第三句Awkwardly for publishers, buying an e-book costs more than renting one but offers little extra value“让出版商尴尬的是，买一本电子书比租一本要贵，但几乎没有额外价值”，这里是对比电子书租借和电子书购买的，和纸质书没有关系，D选项全文没有提及，所以不能选，属于无中生有。8.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第五段倒数第一句Yet publishers and libraries are worried by OverDrives market dominance, as the company can increasingly dictate fees and conditions。“然而，出版商和图书馆对OverDrive的市场主导地位感到担忧，因为该公司可以越来越多地控制收费和环境”，从这里可知出版社是担心公司壮大后开始收费分走自己的利润所以答案选C选项“将越来越多地分享电子书的利润”。A选项“出版商和图书馆将失去他们的电子书市场份额”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，不选；B选项“OverDrive提供各种格式的电子书和音频文件”，定位到第五段第三句Most libraries use a company called OverDrive, a global distributor that secures rights from publishers and provides e-books and audio files in every format“大多数图书馆都使用一家名为OverDrive的全球分销商，这家公司从出版商那里获得版权，并提供各种格式的电子书和音频文件”，由这里可知B选项虽然是正确的，但是这并不是出版商担心的原因，这里属于出处错误，B选项排除；D选项“电子阅读器不会从图书馆借阅电子书或音频文件”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，不选。9.事实细节题。定位到第六段倒数一二句话Many were cheered by a recent Pew survey, which found that more than half of Americans with library cards say they prefer to buy their e-books. But the report also noted that few people know that e-books are available at most libraries, and that popular titles often involve long waiting lists, which may be what inspires people to buy. “皮尤研究中心最近的一项调查让许多支持电子书进入图书馆的人感到振奋，该调查发现，超过一半拥有图书卡的美国人表示，他们更喜欢购买电子书。但报告也指出，很少有人知道电子书在大多数图书馆都可以买到，而热门书目往往需要排很长的等候名单，这可能是促使人们购买电子书的原因”，由此可知答案选A选项“收集流行书籍的欲望激励人们去购买它们。”B选项“美国电子书阅读者更喜欢从图书馆购买电子书”，见正确选项解析，文章没有提到美国电子书阅读者喜欢在那里买电子书，但是文章有提到大部分人都不知道图书馆可以买电子书，所以这里属于无中生有；C选项“超过一半的美国人是借书人和购书人”，是超过半数拥有图书卡的美国人不是所有美国人，这里属于偷换概念；D选项“有借书证的人通常需要等待流行的电子书”，他们等待的是实体书，因为等不到所以才会转向电子书，这里属于张冠李戴。10.推理判断题。第一步，寻找上下文线索，文章围绕的是出版社和图书馆在电子书出借这个问题上的角力。出版社对电子书出借问题一直持谨慎态度，和图书馆合作做电子书出借项目会影响电子书销售业务，而且出借项目也还有些问题没解决，这些没解决的问题也有可能会导致自己的收益减少，虽然有调查显示电子书出借会推动电子书的销量但是参与电子书出借的三个出版社对图书出借还是设立各种限制。由此可知文章最后一句这样说的原因是A选项“关于电子书借阅还有很多问题需要解决”。B选项“出版商与图书馆密切合作是明智的”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；C选项“出版商与图书馆的合作是一种双赢的战略”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；D选项“图书馆将通过借阅电子书主导图书市场”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。2. 单选题One hundred years ago, “Colored” was the typical way of referring to Americans of African descent. Twenty years later, it was purposefully dropped to make way for “Negro.” By the late 1960s，that term was overtaken by “Black.” And then, at a press conference in Chicago in 1988, Jesse Jackson declared that “African American” was the term to embrace. This one was chosen because it echoed the labels of groups, such as “Italian Americans” and “Irish Americans,” that had already been freed of widespread discrimination.A centurys worth of calculated name changes point to the fact that naming any group is a politically freighted exercise. A 2001 study cataloged all the ways in which the term “Black” carried connotations (涵义)that were more negative than those of “African American.”But if it was known that “Black” people were viewed differently from “African Americans,” researchers, until now, hadnt identified what that gap in perception was derived from. A recent study, conducted by Emory Universitys Erika Hall, found that “Black” people are viewed more negatively than “African Americans” because of a perceived difference in socioeconomic status. As a result, “Black” people are thought of as less competent and as having colder personalities.The studys most striking findings shed light on the racial biases permeating the professional world. Even seemingly harmless details on a resume, it appears, can tap into recruiters biases. A job application might mention affiliations with groups such as the “Wisconsin Association of African-American Lawyers” or the “National Black Employees Association,” the names of which apparently have consequences, and are also beyond their members, control.In one of the studys experiments, subjects were given a brief description of a man from Chicago with the last name Williams. To one group, he was identified as “African-American,” and another was told he was “Black” With little else to go on, they were asked to estimate Mr. Williams salary, professional standing, and educational background.The “African-American” group estimated that he earned about $37,000 a year and bad a two-year college degree. The “Black” group, on the other hand, put his salary at about $29.000, and guessed that he had only “some” college experience. Nearly three-quarters of the first group guessed that Mr. Williams worked at a managerial level, while only 38.5 percent of the second group thought so.Halls findings suggest theres an argument to be made for electing to use “African American,” though one cant help but get the sense that its a decision that papers over the urgency of continued progress. Perhaps a new phrase is needed, one that can bring everyone one big step closer to realizing Du Bois original, idealistic hope: “Its not the nameits the thing that counts.”11. Why did Jesse Jackson embrace the term “African American” for people of African descent?12. What does the author say about the naming of an ethnic group?13. What do Erika Halls findings indicate?14. What does Erika Hall find in her experiment about a man with the last name Williams?15. What is Dr. Du Boiss ideal?问题1选项A.It is free from racial biases.B.It represents social progress.C.It is in the interest of common Americans.D.It follows the standard naming practice.问题2选项A.It advances with the times.B.It is based on racial roots.C.It merits intensive study.D.It is politically sensitive.问题3选项A.Racial biases are widespread in the professional world,B.Many applicants dont attend to details on their resumes.C.Job seekers should all be careful about their affiliations.D.Most recruiters are unable to control their racial biases.问题4选项A.African Americans fare better than many other ethnic groups.B.Black peoples socioeconomic status in America remains low.C.Peoples conception of a person has much to do with the way he or she is labeled.D.Ones professional standing and income are related to their educational background.问题5选项A.All Americans enjoy equal rights.B.A person is judged by their worth.C.A new term is created to address African Americans.D.All ethnic groups share the nations continued progress.【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】11.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到文章第一段倒数第一二句话Jesse Jackson declared that “African American” was the term to embrace. This one was chosen because it echoed the labels of groups, such as “Italian Americans” and “Irish Americans,” that had already been freed of widespread discrimination.“杰西杰克逊(Jesse Jackson)宣称，“非裔美国人”是一个值得拥抱的词。之所以选择这个词，是因为它呼应了一些群体的标签，比如“意大利裔美国人”和“爱尔兰裔美国人”，这些群体已经摆脱了广泛的歧视。”，从这里可以看出答案选A“它没有种族偏见”；B选项“它代表社会进步”，定位到第二段第一句话A centurys worth of calculated name changes point to the fact that naming any group is a politically freighted exercise.“一个世纪以来精心设计的名字变化表明，为任何组织命名都是一项充满政治意味的活动”，名称并没有展现社会进步而是具有政治意味，所以B选项不选，属于反向干扰；C选项“这符合普通美国人的利益”，文章没有提及属于无中生有；D选项“它遵循标准的命名惯例”，文章没有提及属于无中生有。12.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第二段第一句话A centurys worth of calculated name changes point to the fact that naming any group is a politically freighted exercise.“一个世纪以来精心设计的名字变化表明，为任何组织命名都是一项充满政治意味的活动”从这里可以知道答案选D选项“政治敏感”；A选项“它是与时俱进的”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；B选项“它基于种族根源”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；C选项“它值得深入研究”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。13.事实细节题，第一步，精准定位，根据关键人名Erika Hall定位到第四段第一句话The studys most striking findings shed light on the racial biases permeating the professional world.“这项研究最引人注目的发现揭示了职场中普遍存在的种族偏见。”，由此可知答案选A选项“在职业领域，种族偏见很普遍”；B选项“许多求职者不注意简历上的细节”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；C选项“求职者都应该小心他们的关系”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；D选项“大多数招聘人员无法控制他们的种族偏见”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。14.判断推理题，第一步，寻找上下文线索，根据实验内容，同样是威廉，一组被暗示是非裔美国人，一组直接被告知是黑人，实验结果显示两组对同一个人的猜测则完全不同的，所以C选项“人们对一个人的看法与他或她被贴上的标签有很大关系”符合题意；A选项“非裔美国人比许多其他种族的人过得更好”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有所以不选；B选项“黑人在美国的社会经济地位仍然很低”，见正确选项，两个对照组预测对象不是不同种族的威廉而是不同标签的黑人威廉，属于偷换概念，所以不选；D选项“一个人的职业地位和收入与他们的教育背景有关”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有所以不选。15.判断推理题。寻找句内线索，定位到最后一段最后一句Its not the nameits the thing that counts“重要的不是名字，而是所做的事情”，从这里可知杜波依斯的想法是用一个人所做的事情来评判一个人，而不是用他的名字，所以答案选B选项“一个人是由他的价值来判断的”；A选项“所有美国人都享有平等的权利”，文章探讨了非洲血统的美国人被称为“黑人”和“非裔美国人”时人们的不同态度，没有涉及种族压迫或者歧视，这里属于推理过度；C选项“一个新的术语被创造来称呼非裔美国人”，从这里可知怎么称呼黑人没有那么重要，这里属于反向干扰；D选项“各民族共同进步”，文章探讨了非洲血统的美国人被称为黑人和非裔美国人时人们的不同态度，没有提到其他民族，这里属于无中生有。3. 单选题International governments, inaction concerning sustainable development is clearly worrying but the proactive (主动出击的)approaches of some leading-edge companies are encouraging. Toyota, Wal-Mart, DuPont, M&S and General Electric have made tackling environmental wastes a key economic driver.DuPont committed itself to a 65% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in the 10 years prior to 2010. By 2007, DuPont was saving $2.2 billion a year through energy efficiency, the same as its total declared profits that year. General Electric aims to reduce the energy intensity of its operations by 50% by 2015. They have invested heavily in projects designed to change the way of using and conserving energy.Companies like Toyota and Wal-Mart are not committing to environmental goals out of the goodness of their hearts. The reason for their actions is a simple yet powerful realization that the environmental and economic footprints fit well together. When M&S launched its “Plan A” sustainability programmer in 2007, it was believed that it would cost over 200 million in the first five years. However, the initiative had generated 105 million by 2011/12.When we prevent physical waste, increase energy efficiency or improve resource productivity, we save money, improve profitability and enhance competitiveness. In fact, there are often huge “quick win” opportunities, thanks to years of neglect.However, there is a considerable gap between leading-edge companies and the rest of the pack. There are far too many companies still delaying creating a lean and green business system, arguing that it will cost money or require sizable capital investments. They remain stuck in the “environment is cost” mentality. Being environmentally friendly does not have to cost money. In fact, going beyond compliance saves cost at the same time that it generates cash, provided that management adopts the new lean and green model.Lean means doing more with less. Nonetheless, in most companies, economic and environmental continuous improvement is viewed as being in conflict with each other. This is one of the biggest opportunities missed across most industries. The size of the opportunity is enormous. The 3% Report recently published by World Wildlife Fund and CDP shows that the economic prize for curbing carbon emissions in the US economy is $780 billion between now and 2020. It suggests that one of the biggest levers for delivering this opportunity is “increased efficiency through management and behavioral change” in other words, lean and green management.Some 50 studies show that companies that commit to such aspirational goals as zero waste, zero harmful emissions, and zero use of non-renewable resources are financially outperforming their competitors. Conversely, it was found that climate disruption is already costing $1.2 trillion annually, cutting global GDP by 1.6%. Unaddressed, this will double by 2030.11. What does the author say about some leading-edge companies?12. What motivates Toyota and Wal-Mart to make commitments to environmental protection?13. Why are so many companies reluctant to create an environment-friendly business system?14. What is said about the lean and green model of business?15. What is the finding of the studies about companies committed to environmental goals?问题1选项A.They operate in accordance with government policies.B.They take initiatives in handling environmental wastes.C.They are key drivers in their nations economic growth.D.They are major contributors to environmental problems.问题2选项A.The goodness of their hearts.B.A strong sense of responsibility.C.The desire to generate profits.D.Pressure from environmentalists.问题3选项A.They are bent on making quick money.B.They do not have the capital for the investment.C.They believe building such a system is too costly.D.They lack the incentive to change business practices.问题4选项A.It helps businesses to save and gain at the same time.B.It is affordable only for a few leading-edge companies.C.It is likely to start a new round of intense competition.D.It will take a long time for all companies to embrace it.问题5选项A.They have greatly enhanced their sense of social responsibility.B.They do much better than their counterparts in terms of revenues.C.They have abandoned all the outdated equipment and technology.D.They make greater contributions to human progress than their rivals.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A第5题:B【解析】11.事实细节题，第一步，精准定位，定位到第一段最后一句Toyota, Wal-Mart, DuPont, M&S and General Electric have made tackling environmental wastes a key economic driver.（丰田（Toyota）、沃尔玛（Wal-Mart）、杜邦（DuPont）、玛莎百货（M&S）和通用电气（General Electric）都把处理环境垃圾作为一项关键的经济驱动力。），由此可知B选项“他们在处理环境废物方面采取行动”正确。A选项“他们按照政府政策运作”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；C选项“他们是国家经济增长的主要驱动力”，见正确选项，是把垃圾处理作为经济发展的推动因素，不是这些公司是该国经济发展的关键推动力，所以C选项错误，这里属于曲意理解；D选项“他们是环境问题的主要贡献者”，定位到第二段第二句By 2007, DuPont was saving $2.2 billion a year through energy efficiency, the same as its total declared profits that year.（到2007年，杜邦每年通过提高能源效率节省了22亿美元，与当年公布的利润总额相同），从这里可知这些公司对经济的贡献是对其自身来说的不是对其国家来说，这里属于张冠李戴，所以不选。12.事实细节题，第一步，精准定位，定位到第三段第一二句Companies like Toyota and Wal-Mart are not committing to environmental goals out of the goodness of their hearts. The reason for their actions is a simple yet powerful realization that the environmental and economic footprints fit well together.（丰田（Toyota）和沃尔玛（Wal-Mart）等公司并非出于好心而致力于环保目标。他们这样做的原因很简单，但也很有力地认识到，环境足迹和经济足迹是相辅相成的），由此可知C选项“对利益的渴望”正确。A选项“他们出于好心”，见正确选项解析，由这里可以看出A选项错误，属于无中生有；B选项“强烈的责任感”，文中没有提及，属于无中生有；D选项“来自环保主义者的压力”，文中没有提及，属于无中生有。13.推理判断题，第一步，寻找句内线索，定位到第五段第三句They remain stuck in the “environment is cost” mentality.（他们仍然停留在“环境就是成本”的心态中），从这里可以推断C选项正确“他们认为建立这样一个系统太昂贵了”。A选项“他们一心想赚快钱”，定位到第四段最后一句In fact, there are often huge “quick win” opportunities, thanks to years of neglect.这里的quick win是指多年来很多公司对环境有疏忽，就导致那些先采用环保计划的公司更能够快速的获得意想不到的收获，这里不是公司不愿意采取行动的原因，属于出处错误，不选；B选项“他们没有投资的资本