2022年考博英语-南京艺术学院考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第88期

2022年考博英语-南京艺术学院考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题“Humans should not try to avoid stress any more than they would shun food, love or exercise,” said Dr. Hans Selye, the first physician to document the effects of stress on the body. While heres on question that continuous stress is harmful, several studies suggest that challenging situations in which youre able to rise to the occasion can be good for you.In a 2001 study of 158 hospital nurses, those who faced considerable work demands but coped with the challenge were more likely to say they were in good health than those who felt they couldnt get the job done.Stress that you can manage may also boost immune function. In a study at the Academic Center for Dentistry in Amsterdam, researchers put volunteers through two stressful experiences. In the first, a timed task that required memorizing a list followed by a short test, subjects believed they had control over the outcome. In the second, they werent in control: They had to sit through a gory(血淋淋的)video on surgical procedures. Those who did well on the memory test had an increase in levels of immunoglobulin A, an antibody thats the body first line of defense against germs. The video-watchers experienced a downturn in the antibody.Stress prompts the body to produce certain stress hormones. In short bursts these hormones have a positive effect, including improving memory function. “They can help nerve cells handle information and put it into storage,” says Dr. Bruce McEwen of Rockefeller University in New York. But in the long run these hormones can have a harmful effect on the body and brain.Sustained stress is not good for you,” says Richard Morimoto, a researcher at Northwestern University in Illinois studying the effects of stress on longevity. “Its the occasional burst of stress or brief exposure to stress that could be protective.”1.The passage is mainly about（ ）.2.The word “shun (Line I, Para. 1) most probably mean（ ）.3.We can conclude from the study of the 158 nurses in 2001 that（ ）.4.In the experiment described in Paragraph 3，the video-watchers experienced a downturn in the antibody because（ ）.5.Dr. Bruce McEwen of Rockefeller University believes that（ ）.问题1选项A.the benefits of management stressB.how to avoid stressful situationsC.how to cope with stress effectivelyD.the effects of stress hormones on memory问题2选项A.cut down onB.stay away fromC.run out ofD.put up with问题3选项A.people under stress tend to have a poor memoryB.people who cant get their job done experience more stressC.doing challenging work may be good for ones healthD.stress will weaken the bodys defense against germs问题4选项A.the video was not enjoyable at allB.the outcome was beyond their controlC.they knew little about surgical proceduresD.they feel no pressure while watching the video问题5选项A.a persons memory is determined by the level of hormones in his bodyB.stress hormones have lasting positive effects on the brainC.short bursts of stress hormones enhance memory functionD.a persons memory improves with continued experience of stress.【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。题目问的是“这篇文章主要讲述了”。文章的中心句是第一段第二句话“虽然持续的压力是有害的，但有几项研究表明，你能够应付的具有挑战性的情况对人是有好处的”（While heres on question that continuous stress is harmful, several studies suggest that challenging situations in which youre able to rise to the occasion can be good for you），接下来围绕这个中心句阐述，因此选项A“压力管理的好处”符合题意。2.词义题。题目问的是“单词shun的意思是”。文章第一段第一句提到“人类不应该像躲避食物，爱情或锻炼那样去逃避压力”（Humans should not try to avoid stress any more than they would shun food, love or exercise），根据any more than 可知shun与avoid是同义词，因此选项B符合题意。3.细节事实题。题目问的是“从2001年对158 护士的研究中，我们可以得出”。文章第二段提到相比那些感觉自己不能应付大量工作额护士，能应付大量工作的护士更有可能说自己身体健康，由此可知选项C“做具有挑战性工作可能对身体健康有益”符合题意。4.细节事实题。题目问的是“在第三段描述的试验中，视频观看者经历抗体下降的原因是”。文章第三段提到在第二个试验中，他们无法控制结果（In the second, they werent in control），选项B“结果超过控制”符合题意。5.细节事实题。题目问的是“Rockefeller大学的布鲁斯认为”。文章第四段第二句话提到“这些荷尔蒙在短时间内有正面效应，包括提高记忆力”（In short bursts these hormones have a positive effect, including improving memory function），所以选项C“短时间内的压力荷尔蒙能对身体或人的大脑带来伤害”符合题意。2. 翻译题Put the following two passages into English.南京拥有两千四百多年建城史，是全国首批公布的历史文化名城之一。全市有国家级文物保护单位27处，其中，明孝陵己被列为世界文化遗产。600多年前建成的明城墙，现存25.091公里，是目前世界上保存最长的古城墙。南京现有12个项目被列入国家级非物质文化遗产保护名录，南京云锦、金陵刻经被列入世界非物质文化遗产名录。农历八月十五是我国传统的中秋节。八月十五恰在秋季的中间，故谓之中秋节。 中秋之夜，月色皎洁，古人把圆月视为团圆的象征。相传我国古代帝王就有春天祭日、秋天祭月的礼制，在民间，每逢八月中秋，也有拜月或祭月的风俗。月饼最初是用来祭奉月祌的祭品，后来人们逐渐把中秋赏月与品尝月饼，作为家人团圆的象征。月饼的制作从唐代以后越来越考究，精美的饼面图案不但烘托了中秋佳节的祥和气氛，而且也增加了节日的诗情画意。【答案】Nanjing, with a history of more than 2,400 years, is one of the first released batch of the historical and cultural cities in China. There are 27 state-level cultural relics protection units, among which, Ming Tomb has been listed as a world cultural heritage. Built more than 600 years ago, the wall of the Ming Tomb, with an existing length of 25.091 kilometers, is the longest preserved ancient wall in the world. Nanjing currently has 12 projects enlisted in the national intangible cultural heritage protection list, among of which both Nanjing Brocade and Jinling Carving are selected into world intangible cultural heritage list.The Lunar August 15th is the traditional Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival. It is called Mid-autumn Festival because lunar August 15th is just in the middle of the autumn. On the night of the Mid-Autumn festival, the moon is bright. The ancient people regarded the full moon as a symbol of reunion. According to the legend, ancient Chinese emperors had the rite of offering sacrifices to the sun in spring and to the moon in autumn. And even the ordinary people also had rituals of worshiping the sun or moon every Mid-Autumn day. Moon cakes were originally offered as sacrifices to worship the moon. Later, people made admiring the moon and tasting the moon cakes as a symbol of family reunion. Since the Tang Dynasty, the production of moon cakes has become more and more exquisite. The beautiful pictures on it not only foil the peaceful atmosphere of Mid-Autumn festival, but also add the poetic meaning to the festival.3. 单选题There are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force; the first method is that of men, the second of beasts; but as the first method is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second. It is, therefore, necessary for a prince to know well how to use both the beast and the man. This was covertly taught to rulers by ancient writers, who related how Achilles and many others of those ancient princes were given to Chiron the centaur to be brought up and educated under his discipline. The parable of this semi-animal, semi-human teacher is meant to indicate that a prince must know how to use both natures, and that the one without the other is not durable. A prince, being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast, must imitate the fox, and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps; and the fox cannot defend himself from wolves. Those that wish to be only lions do not understand this. Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by doing so it would be against his interest, and when the reasons which made him bind himself no longer exist, if men were all good, this precept would not be good; but as they are bad; and would not observe their faith with you, so you are not bound to keep faith with them. Nor have legitimate grounds ever failed a prince who wished to show colorable excuse for the nonfulfillment of his promise. Of this one could furnish an infinite number of examples, and show how many times peace has been broken, and how many promises rendered worthless, by the faithlessness of princes, and those that have best been able to imitate the fox have succeeded best. But it is necessary to be able to disguise this character well, and to be a great feigner and dissembler, and men are so simple and so ready to obey present necessities, that the one who deceives will always find those who allow themselves to be deceived.1.The author of the passage does not believe that（ ）.2.The lion represents those who are（ ）.3.The fox, in this passage, is（ ）.4.The writer suggests that a successful leader must（ ）.5.The writer would approve an unsuccessful political candidate（ ）.问题1选项A.people can protect themselvesB.the truth makes men freeC.leaders have to be consistentD.princes ate human问题2选项A.toil trustingB.strong and carefulC.reliant on forceD.lacking in intelligence问题3选项A.admired for his trickeryB.no match for the lionC.pitied for his trickD.considered worthless问题4选项A.be prudent and faithfulB.cheat and lieC.have principle to guide his actionsD.tell the people the truth about his opponent问题5选项A.gave up all his opportunitiesB.promised to try again next timeC.overthrew the government by forceD.told the people the truth about his opponent【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“作者不认为”。文章提到有两种方式来战斗，一是法律，即文斗，一是暴力，即武斗。并且用狐狸来比喻文斗，狮子比喻武斗，而一个成功的王子必须在这两种方法中自由切换，但是并没有提及到“吃人”，因此选项D“王子吃人”的说法是错误的，符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是“狮子代表的是哪类人”。文章提到“王子应该学会像野兽一样管理国家，要模仿狐狸和狮子，因为狮子无法避免陷阱，而狐狸无法从狼群中脱身”（A prince, being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast, must imitate the fox, and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps; and the fox cannot defend himself from wolves），狮子代表的是力量，即武斗，因此选项C“依赖武力”符合题意。3.细节事实题。题目问的是“文章中狐狸是”。文章提到管理者必须要学会文斗与武斗，狐狸代表的是文斗，可知作者对狐狸是赞赏的，因此选项A“因它的计谋而受到赞赏”符合题意。4.细节事实题。题目问的是“作者暗示一个成功的统治者应该”。文章提到“当守诚信会让自己的利益受损时，精明的统治者可以不讲诚信”（Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by doing so it would be against his interest），因此选项B“欺骗与撒谎”符合题意。5.判断推理题。题目问的是“作者会赞成一个失败的政治候选人”。文章提到“当文斗行不通的时候，人们会选择第二种方式，即武斗”（but as the first method is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second），选项C“用武力推翻政府”符合题意。4. 单选题Given the lack of fit between gifted students and their schools, it is not surprising that such students often have little good to say about their school experience. In one study of 400 adults who had achieved distinction in all areas of life, researchers found that three-fifths of these individuals either did badly in school or were unhappy in school. Few MacArthur Prize fellows, winners of the MacArthur Award for creative accomplishment, had good things to say about their pre-collegiate schooling if they had not been placed in advanced programs. Anecdotal reports support this Pablo Picasso, Charles Darwin , Mark Twain, Oliver Goldsmith, and William Butler Yeats all disliked school. So did Winston Churchill, who almost failed out of Harrow, an elite British school. About Oliver Goldsmith, one of his teachers remarked, “Never was so dull a boy.” Often these children realize that they know more than their teachers, and their teachers often feel that these children are arrogant, inattentive, or unmotivated.Some of these gifted people may have done poorly in school because their gifts were not scholastic. Maybe we can account for Picasso in this way. But most fared poorly in school not because they lacked ability but because they found school unchallenging and consequently lost interest. Yeats described the lack of fit between his mind and school: “Because I had found it difficult to attend to anything less interesting than my own thoughts, I was difficult to teach,” As noted earlier, gifted children of all kinds tend to be strong-willed nonconformists. Nonconforinity and stubbornness are likely to lead to Conflicts with teachers.When highly gifted students in any domain talk about what was important to the development of their abilities, they are far more likely to mention their families than their schools or teachers. A writing prodigy studied by David Feldman and Lyun Goldsmith was taught far more about writing by his journalist father than his English teacher. High -IQ children, in Australia studied by Miraca Gross bad much more positive feelings about their families than their schools. About half of the mathematicians studied by Benjamin Bloom had little good to say about school. They all did well in school and took honors classes when available, and some skipped grades.1.The main point the author is making about schools is that（ ）.2.The author quotes the remarks of one of Oliver Goldsmiths teachers（ ）.3.Pablo Picasso is listed among the many gifted children who（ ）.4.Many gifted people attributed their success（ ）.5.The root cause of many gifted students having bad memories of their school years is that （ ）.问题1选项A.they should satisfy the needs of students from different family backgroundsB.they are often incapable of catering to the needs of talented studentsC.they should organize their classes according to the students abilityD.they should enroll as many gifted students as possible问题2选项A.to provide support for his argumentB.to illustrate the strong will of some gifted childrenC.to explain how dull students can also be successfulD.to show how poor Olivers performance was at school问题3选项A.paid no attention to their teachers in classB.contradicted their teachers much too oftenC.could not cope with their studies at school successfullyD.behaved arrogantly and stubbornly in the presence of their teachers问题4选项A.mainly to parental help and their education at homeB.both to school instruction and to their parents coachingC.more to their parents encouragement than to school trainingD.Less to their systematic education than to their talent问题5选项A.their nonconformity brought lliem a lot of troubleB.they were seldom praised by their teachersC.school courses failed to inspire or motivate themD.teacher were usually far stricter than their parents【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段第一句提到“如果有天赋的学生与学校互相不适应，也就不奇怪他们对读书经历没什么好感”（Given the lack of fit between gifted students and their schools, it is not surprising that such students often have little good to say about their school experience），选项B“它们经常满足不了有天赋的学生的要求”符合题意。2.判断推理题。文章第一段提到如Oliver Goldsmith这类有天赋的学生不喜欢学校，接下来列举了他们的学校经历来作证，因此作者引用Oliver老师中的一位的话是为了给自己的论证提供事实支持，选项A符合题意。3.细节事实题。文章第二段第一句提到“这些具有天赋的学生中的一些人在学校可能因为天赋不在学业方面，因此表现很差，比如毕加索”（Some of these gifted people may have done poorly in school because their gifts were not scholastic. Maybe we can account for Picasso in this way），因此选项C“无法应对学校里的学习”符合题意。4.细节事实题。文章最后一段第一句提到“当谈到能力培养的重要影响因素时，这些天赋极高的人谈论得更多的是他们的家庭而不是学校或者老师”（When highly gifted students in any domain talk about what was important to the development of their abilities, they are far more likely to mention their families than their schools or teachers），选项A“主要是父母在家里的教育”符合题意。5.细节事实题。文章第二段第三句提到“但是大多数人在学校表现不好，并不是因为他们缺乏能力，而是因为他们觉得学校没有挑战性，因此失去了兴趣”（But most fared poorly in school not because they lacked ability but because they found school unchallenging and consequently lost interest），选项C“学校课程不能鼓励和激发他们的兴趣”符合题意。5. 翻译题Put the following two passages into Chinese.The most significant change thus far in the earth environment began with the industrial revolution for human civilization. Industry meant coals, and later oil, and we now burn a lot of it, which has polluted our environment, so human civilization is now the dominant cause of the change in the global environment. Yet we resist the truth and find it hard to believe that our effect on the earth must now be measured by the same yardstick used to calculate the force of the moons gravity on the oceans or the force of the wind against the mountains. And if we are now capable of changing something such as the relationship between the earth and the sun, surely we must acknowledge a new responsibility to use that power wisely and with appropriate restraint. So far, however, we seem to be unaware of the fragility of the earths natural system.In fact, I think everyone has a small garden and that is our inner world. Peoples intelligence needs to be developed, so does the inner world. The difference between people and animals, in addition to the many well-known, is also in the inner world. The heart is an important organ; however, the inner world is a landscape. It gradually took shape under the constant influence of the outside world on the heart. Everyone is so concerned about the health of the hearts of their beloved ones as well as his that a slight disease would cause great anxiety. But not everyone is concerned about the inner world of themselves and their beloved ones.【答案】迄今为止，地球环境最重大的变化始于人类文明的工业革命。工业意味着煤，随后是石油，这两者的燃烧污染了环境，因此人类文明是目前造成全球环境变化的主要原因。然而，我们却拒绝承认这个事实，也很难相信我们对地球的影响现在必须用计算月球对海洋的引力或风对山脉的力量的同一标准来衡量。如果我们有能力改变像地球与太阳之间的关系这样重要事物的话，我们必须承认自己有责任合理谨慎使用这些权利。然而，到目前为止，我们似乎没有意识到地球自然系统的脆弱性。实际上，我认为每个人都有一个花园，那就是我们的内心世界。人的才智需要开发，内心世界也一样。人与动物之间的区别，除了众所周知的一些特征，还包括内心世界。心脏是一个重要的器官，然而，内心世界却是一道风景。它是由外部世界不断地作用于内心渐渐形成的。每个人都非常关心他们所爱的人以及他自己的心脏健康，以至于一场轻微的疾病都会引起巨大的焦虑。但并不是每个人都关心自己和爱人的内心世界。6. 翻译题Put the following two passages into Chinese.Psychologically there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age. One of these is undue absorptions in the past. It does not do to live in memories, in regrets for the good old days, or in sadness about friends who are dead. Ones thoughts must be directed to the future, and to things about which there is something to be done. This is not always easy; ones own past is a gradually increasing weight. It is easy to think to oneself that ones emotions used to be more vivid than they are, and ones mind more keen. If this is true it should be forgotten, and if it is forgotten it will probably not be true.My favorite quotation is the sentence above, written by Disraeli. It has helped me through many a painful experience. Often we allow ourselves to be upset small things we should despise and forget. Perhaps some man we helped has proved ungrateful .some woman we believed to be a friend has spoken ill of us.some reward we thought we deserved has been denied us. We feel such earth disappointment so strongly that we can no longer work or sleep. But, isnt that absurd? Here we are on this earth, with only a few more decades to live, and we lose many irreplaceable hours brooding over grievances that, in a years time, will be forgotten by us and by everybody. No, let us devote our life to worthwhile actions and feelings, to great thoughts, real affections and enduring undertakings. For life is too short to be little.【答案】从心理上讲，人到老年有两种危险需要防范。一种是对过去的过度吸收。不能活在回忆中，活在对过去美好时光的悔恨中，活在对死去的朋友的悲伤中。人的思想必须指向未来，指向未来需要完成的事情。这并不总是容易的。一个人的过去是一份不断加重的负担，人们容易认为自己过去的情感比现在强烈，过去的头脑比现在敏锐。如果这是真的，就应该忘记它；如果它能被忘掉，那么它将不是事实。我最喜欢的引语就是上面这句由迪斯雷利写的话。它帮助我度过了许多痛苦的经历。我们通常让自己为一些我们本应不屑一顾，抛诸脑后的小事苦恼。可能是我们帮助过的某人忘恩负义那些我们以为是朋友的某女士在背后诋毁我们没能得到我们自认为应得的奖赏。我们对这些事情感到极度失望，以至于难以工作和睡觉。但是，这不是很荒唐吗？我们在这个地球上，只有几十年生命，可是却浪费了许多一去不复返的时间去沉思那些在一年之内自己与别人都会忘怀的冤屈。不！让我们把生命奉献给有价值的行为和感情，奉献给伟大的思想、真正的情感和不朽的事业。因为生命太短，不能被琐事耽误。7. 单选题Our heritage and our culture have caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving goodbye is the way to summon a Filipino to ones side, or that in Italy curling the finger in a beckoning motion is a gesture of farewell.Those Private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after W.W. II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that GIFT means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arms length away from others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.Our linguistic and cultural nearsightedness and the casualness with which we take noticewhen we do-of the developed tastes, manneri