2022年考博英语-四川师范大学考试题库及模拟押密卷64（含答案解析）

2022年考博英语-四川师范大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题Resources can be said to be scarce in both an absolute and relative sense: The surface of the Earth is finite, imposing absolute scarcity; but the scarcity that concerns economists is the relative scarcity of resources in different uses. Materials used for one purpose cannot at the same time be used for other purposes; if the quantity of an input is limited, the increased use of it in one manufacturing process must cause it to become less available for other uses.The cost of a product in terms of money may not measure its true cost to society. The true cost of, say, the construction of a supersonic jet is the value of the schools and refrigerators that will never be built as a result. Every act of production uses up some of societys available resources; it means the foregoing of an opportunity to produce something else. In deciding how to use resources most effectively to satisfy the wants of the community, this opportunity cost must ultimately be taken into account.In a market economy, the price of a good and the quantity supplied depend on the cost of making it, and that cost, ultimately, is the cost of not making other goods. The market mechanism enforces this relationship. The cost of, say, a pair of shoes is the price of the leather, the labor, the fuel, and other elements used up in producing them. But the price of these inputs, in turn, depends on what they can produce elsewhereif the leather can be used to produce handbags that are valued highly by consumers, the prices of leather will be bid up correspondingly.1. What does this passage mainly discuss?2. According to the passage, what are the opportunity costs of an item?3. According to the passage, what is the relationship between production and resources?4. What determines the price of a good in a market economy?5. Which of the following examples BEST reflects a cost to society as defined in the passage?问题1选项A.The scarcity of manufactured goods.B.The value of scarce materials.C.The manufacturing of scarce goods.D.The cost of producing shoes.问题2选项A.The amount of time and money spent in producing it.B.The opportunities a person has to buy it.C.The value of what could have been produced instead.D.The value of the resources used in its production.问题3选项A.Available resources stimulate production.B.Resources are totally independent of production.C.Production increases as resources increase.D.Production lessens the amount of available resources.问题4选项A.The cost of all elements in production.B.The cost of not making other goods.C.The efficiency of the manufacturing process.D.The quantity of materials supplied.问题5选项A.A family buying a dog.B.Eating in a restaurant instead of at home.C.Using land for a house instead of a park.D.Staying at home instead of going to school.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。根据全文可知文章三段均围绕短缺原料的价值进行说明。文章第一段说明了什么叫原料相对短缺，第二段说明了什么叫机会成本，第三段说明了原料的价格是由什么决定的。A选项“制成品的缺乏”说法错误，文章更多的是描写原料的短缺，而非制成品；B选项“稀有材料的价值”符合题意；C选项“稀有商品的制造”文章没有提到；D选项“生产鞋子的成本”可定位到文章第三段“The cost of, say, a pair of shoes is the price of the leather, the labor, the fuel, and other elements used up in producing them. （比如说，一双鞋的成本就是皮革、劳动力、燃料和其他生产过程中所消耗的元素的价格。）”，由此可知D选项只是文章中列举的一个例子，并不能概括全文。因此B选项正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“Every act of production uses up some of societys available resources; it means the foregoing of an opportunity to produce something else.（每一种生产行为都会消耗一些社会可用资源；它意味着放弃一个生产其他东西的机会。）”，由此可知机会成本是用可生产的其他商品来衡量的，所以C选项“可生产的其他商品的价值”符合题意。A选项“生产它所花费的时间和金钱”只能说是生产成本，不是机会成本；B选项“人们必须购买它的机会”；D选项“在生产中使用的资源的价值”文中都没有提到。因此C选项正确。3.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“Materials used for one purpose cannot at the same time be used for other purposes; if the quantity of an input is limited, the increased use of it in one manufacturing process must cause it to become less available for other uses.（用于一个目的产品的材料不能同时用于其他产品；如果投入的材料数量是有限的，那么在另一个制造过程中增加投入材料的使用量必然会导致投入的其他用途的可用性降低。）”，由此可知社会总资源是有限的，用掉其中一些就会使总量减少并限制其他商品的生产，所以D选项“生产减少了可用资源的数量”符合题意。A选项“可用资源刺激生产”文中没有提到；B选项“资源完全独立于生产”说法错误，资源不可能独立于生产；C选项“产量随着资源的增加而增加”说法错误，产量的增加不止取决于资源。因此D选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“In a market economy, the price of a good and the quantity supplied depend on the cost of making it（市场经济条件下，商品的价格和产量取决于其成本）”，然后又提到“The cost of, say, a pair of shoes is the price of the leather, the labor, the fuel, and other elements used up in producing them.（比如说，一双鞋的成本就是皮革、劳动力、燃料和其他生产过程中所消耗的元素的价格。）”，由此可知商品的价格取决于生产过程中所有要素的成本，所以A选项“生产中所有要素的成本”符合题意。B选项“不生产其他商品的成本”和C选项“制造过程的效率”以及D选项“材料的数量”都包含在A选项中，因此A选项正确。5.判断推理题。文章主要阐述了经济学里面的一个重要概念“机会成本”，是讲商品生产和社会资源之间的关系。A选项“一户人家买了一只狗”；B选项“在餐馆吃饭而不是在家里”；C选项“用土地建房子而不是建公园”；D选项“待在家里而不是去上学”。A、B、D选项均未涉及到生产领域，因此C选项正确。2. 单选题Tom doesnt think that the _ situation here is as good as his hometowns.问题1选项A.economicsB.economicC.economyD.economical【答案】B【解析】考查形近词辨析。A选项economics“n. 经济学；国家的经济状况”；B选项economic“adj. 经济的，经济上的；经济学的”；C选项economy“n. 经济；节约；理财”；D选项economical“经济的；节约的；合算的”。economic用以指与贸易、工业或财富等有关的“经济上的”或“有关经济学方面”的意义，一般用作定语；economical则指与“节约”同义的“经济”，相当于not wasteful，既可指人也可指物，既可作表语也可作定语。句意：汤姆认为这里的经济状况不如家乡。因此B选项正确。3. 单选题Much _ I liked Mary, I hated the superior tone that she sometimes took with me.问题1选项A.whileB.asC.sinceD.for【答案】B【解析】考查让步状语从句。句意：我虽然很喜欢安东妮亚，但也很讨厌有时她对我的傲慢态度。由此可知空格处应填表让步的词，排除C选项和D选项。A选项while引导让步状语从句时，while相当于thoughalthough，则该句语序应为：While I like Mary very much.，不符合题意，故排除A选项。B选项as引导的让步状语从句，句子要求用倒装结构，此时的as相当于though，但比though引导的让步状语从句语意更强烈，表现力更强。句子结构为：副词或动词原形as主语，主句。因此B选项正确。4. 单选题A healthy diet includes lots of _ natural food with plenty of proteins and vitamins.问题1选项A.indigestibleB.wholesomeC.leftoverD.heavy【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项indigestible“难消化的；难理解的”；B选项wholesome“健全的；有益健康的；合乎卫生的；审慎的”；C选项leftover“剩下的；多余的”；D选项heavy“沉重的；繁重的，巨大的；拥挤的；阴沉的”。句意：健康的饮食包括许多健康的天然食物，含有大量的蛋白质和维生素。因此B选项正确。5. 单选题Improved consumer confidence is _ to an economic recovery.问题1选项A.crucialB.subordinateC.cumulativeD.satisfactory【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项crucial“重要的；决定性的；定局的；决断的”；B选项subordinate“从属的，隶属的；次要的”；C选项cumulative“累积的”；D选项satisfactory“满意的；符合要求的；赎罪的”。句意：消费者信心的改善对经济复苏至关重要。因此A选项正确。6. 单选题Undoubtedly the flood could have been _ if the local government had invested more money in greening the environment.问题1选项A.put offB.turned offC.kept offD.written off【答案】B【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项put off“推迟；扔掉；阻止”；B选项turn off“关掉，关闭；拐弯，使转变方向；使失去兴趣”；C选项keep off“让开；不接近”；D选项write off“注销；取消；勾销；报废”。句意：毫无疑问，如果当地政府在绿化环境方面投入更多的资金，洪水本可以被阻断。因此B选项正确。7. 翻译题1. 东风随春归，发我枝上花。2. 只要坚持，梦想总是可以实现的。3. 让几千万农村贫困人口生活好起来，是我心中的牵挂。4. 世界那么大，问题那么多，国际社会期待听到中国声音、看到中国方案，中国不能缺席。5. 经过全国各族人民共同努力，“十二五”规划圆满收官，广大人民群众有了更多获得感。【答案】1.【参考译文】The warm east wind follows the footsteps of spring blowing the earth, prompting the flowers on the branches.2.【参考译文】As long as we persevere, dreams will come true.3.【参考译文】It is my concern to make the lives of tens of millions of poor people in rural areas better.4.【参考译文】The world is so big and faces so many problems. The international community expects to hear Chinas voice and see Chinas solutions, so China cannot be absent.5.【参考译文】Thanks to the joint efforts of the people of all ethnic groups across the country, the 12th Five-Year Plan has been successfully concluded, and the general public has gained a greater sense of gain.8. 单选题Bob takes pride in doing a job and getting it done _ much time is required.问题1选项A.no matter howB.the matter soC.in a matter ofD.for the matter of【答案】A【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项no matter how“无论怎样；无论如何；不管如何；不管怎样”；C选项in a matter of“左右；大约只不过在之内”；B选项和D选项无实际意义。句意：无论工作需要多少时间，鲍勃都能把它完成，并以此为傲。因此A选项正确。9. 单选题Benjamin Franklin, tactless in his youth, became so diplomatic, so _ at handling people that he was made American Ambassador to France.问题1选项A.adroitB.shrewdC.considerateD.foxy【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项adroit“敏捷的，灵巧的；熟练的”；B选项shrewd“精明的；机灵的”；C选项considerate“体贴的；体谅的；考虑周到的”；D选项foxy“像狐狸的；狡猾的；（女性）狐媚的；赤褐色的；（葡萄酒）有麝香味的；（纸或其他材料）有斑点的，泛黄的”。句意：本杰明富兰克林年轻时很笨拙，但后来变得善于交际，善于与人打交道，被任命为美国驻法国大使。因此A选项正确。10. 单选题Mary has brown hair. In fact, its quite similar in shape_ yours.问题1选项A.withB.toC.likeD.as【答案】B【解析】考查介词辨析。similar后面要求跟to，表示“和差不多”。与with连用，可以是the same case with.，表示“的情况也如此”。like作介词，表示“像一样”。same后面跟as，组成the same.as，表示“和一样”。句意：玛丽有棕色的头发。事实上，和你的很相似。因此B选项正确。11. 翻译题A similar movement is going on before our own eyes. Modern bourgeois society, with its relations of production, of exchange and of property, a society that has conjured up such gigantic means of production and of exchange, is like the sorcerer who is no longer able to control the powers of the nether world whom he has called up by his spells. For many a decade past, the history of industry and commerce is but the history of the revolt of modern productive forces against modern conditions of production, against the property relations that are the conditions for the existence of the bourgeois and of its rule. It is enough to mention the commercial crises that, by their periodical return, put the existence of the entire bourgeois society on its trial, each time more threateningly. In these crises, a great part not only of the existing products, but also of the previously created productive forces, are periodically destroyed. In these crises, there breaks out an epidemic that, in all earlier epochs, would have seemed an absurditythe epidemic of over-production. Society suddenly finds itself put back into a state of momentary barbarism; it appears as if a famine, a universal war of devastation, had cutoff the supply of every means of subsistence; industry and commerce seem to be destroyed. And why?Because there is too much civilization, too much means of subsistence, too much industry, too much commerce. The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property; on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring disorder into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property. The conditions of bourgeois society are too narrow to comprise the wealth created by them. And how does the bourgeoisie get over these crises? On the one hand, by enforced destruction of a mass of productive forces; on the other, by the conquest of new markets, and by the more thorough exploitation of the old ones. That is to say, by paving the way for more extensive and more destructive crises, and by diminishing the means whereby crises are prevented.【答案】现在，我们眼前又进行着类似的运动。资产阶级的生产关系和交换关系，资产阶级的所有制关系，这个曾经仿佛用法术创造了如此庞大的生产资料和交换手段的现代资产阶级社会，现在像一个魔法师一样不能再支配自己用法术呼唤出来的魔鬼了。几十年来的工业和商业的历史，只不过是现代生产力反抗现代生产关系、反抗作为资产阶级及其统治的存在条件的所有制关系的历史。只要指出在周期性的重复中越来越危及整个资产阶级社会生存的商业危机就够了。在商业危机期间，总是不仅有很大一部分制成的产品被毁灭掉，而且有很大一部分已经造成的生产力被毁灭掉。在危机期间，发生一种在过去一切时代看来都好像是荒唐现象的社会瘟疫，即生产过剩的瘟疫。社会突然发现自己回到了一时的野蛮状态：仿佛是一次饥荒、一场普遍的毁灭性战争，使社会失去了全部生活资料；仿佛是工业和商业全被毁灭了，这是什么缘故呢？因为社会上文明过度，生活资料太多，工业和商业太发达。社会所拥有的生产力已经不能再促进资产阶级文明和资产阶级所有制关系的发展；相反，生产力已经强大到这种关系所不能适应的地步，它已经受到这种关系的阻碍；而它一着手克服这种障碍，就使整个资产阶级社会陷入混乱，就使资产阶级所有制的存在受到威胁。资产阶级的关系已经太狭窄了，再容纳不了它本身所造成的财富了。资产阶级用什么办法来克服这种危机呢？一方面不得不消灭大量生产力，另一方面夺取新的市场，更加彻底地利用旧的市场。这究竟是怎样的一种办法呢？这不过是资产阶级准备更全面更猛烈的危机的办法，不过是使防止危机的手段越来越少的办法。12. 单选题The benefits of a diverse workforce are only seen if the staff is well managed. Bosses need to understand that people with differing backgrounds will come up with ideas in different ways and give them the flexibility to be creative in their custom.That comes together with a couple steps; first, managers need to be sure they are actively pursuing new hires that not only add diversity but also offer a new perspective.The key is not just adding a Hispanic woman to the staff because you dont have one now. Its best to seek people whose backgrounds are different from your current staff as they will likely find solutions in different ways.Take the accounting firm Deloitte, an early adopter of diversity. The firm was training minorities to become top managers, but then it often lost them before they reached the executive levelas often happens in that profession. So Deloitte created a new executive training program that urged its accountants to stay on rather than jumping to another firm for advancement. This assured that the minorities the company was grooming for top management wouldnt leave the company before reaching higher ranks.But its not just about putting minorities in a few jobs and having them run things as usual. For instance, immigrants from countries where banks have failed or simply arent trusted may need to build a relationship with someone in a branch before depositing their money. A local branch manager who understands that relationship may be more likely to get that business.Having a diverse workforce is only an advantage if youre able to utilize that diversity. Its understanding the experience of people and what they can bring to your business.The floating market is a little microcosm of that. Every day, locals and tourists peruse the stands and counters that jut out from the boats. The customers are all shades and backgrounds, and thats just the way the islanders like it.The same can happen at offices. But its up to managers to show they value ideas as creative as the floating market.1. Which of the following statements best summarizes the passage?2. What is most valued about minority groups?3. What does the author intend to say in the fourth paragraph?4. What is the advantage of a minority bank worker according to the passage?5. What is a floating market probably like?问题1选项A.It is beneficial for companies to hire people from different backgrounds.B.A diverse workforce will do good to the company if managed properly.C.People from different backgrounds can contribute different ideas.D.The importance of minority people is getting more and more attention.问题2选项A.Their local culture.B.Their unique experience.C.Their different perspectives.D.Their executive ability.问题3选项A.Deloitte attached importance to having minorities in its top management.B.Talent loss at executive level is a common occurrence in accounting business.C.Proper training is necessary for minorities to make more contribution.D.Minorities are more likely to look for a new company for better opportunities.问题4选项A.He will spend more time and energy persuading clients to deposit money in his bank.B.He knows better how to keep the banks reputation and win the clients trust.C.It is easier for him to develop a relationship with immigrants from his home country.D.He understands better the importance of the relationship between bank and clients.问题5选项A.It sells goods from all over the world.B.It is a market on the water.C.It does not have a fixed location.D.It sells goods at rather low price.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章开头说到“The benefits of a diverse workforce are only seen if the staff is well managed.（只有管理好员工，才能看到多元化员工队伍的好处。）”，后文第六段又提到“Having a diverse workforce is only an advantage if youre able to utilize that diversity.（拥有多样化的劳动力是唯一的优势，如果你能够利用这种多样性。）”，由此可知本文主要阐述的是多元化的员工队伍对公司的作用，B选项“如果管理得当，多元化的员工队伍对公司有好处”符合文章大意。A选项“公司雇佣不同背景的人是有益的”说法太绝对，忽略了管理的作用；C选项“不同背景的人可以提出不同的想法”以及D选项“少数民族的重要性越来越受到重视”都包含在B选项中，因此B选项正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“Its best to seek people whose backgrounds are different from your current staff as they will likely find solutions in different ways.（最好是找那些背景和你现有员工不同的人，因为他们可能会以不同的方式找到解决方案。）”，由此可知少数民族群体最被看中的是他们不同的观点，C选项“他们的观点不同”说法正确。A选项“他们的当地文化”；B选项“他们独特的经历”以及D选项“他们的执行能力”均不符合题意，因此C选项正确。3.判断推理题。根据第四段的最后一句话“This assured that the minorities the company was grooming for top management wouldnt leave the company before reaching higher ranks.（这确保了公司为高层管理人员培养的少数族裔在晋升之前不会离开公司）”以及前文提到的少数民族群体会提供不同意见可知德勤会计师事务所重视在高层管理层中引入少数族裔，从而能够拥有更多的不同的意见，A选项“德勤重视在高层管理层中引入少数族裔”说法正确。B选项“高管层人才流失是会计行业的常见现象”文章没有提到；C选项“少数民族要做出更大的贡献，就必须进行适当的培训”文章也没有提及；D选项“少数族裔更倾向于寻找一家新公司来获得更好的机会”说法太绝对，文章只说了该事务所有这样的问题，并不能说明所有的少数族裔都倾向于寻找更好的机会。因此A选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第五段“For instance, immigrants from countries where banks have failed or simply arent trusted may need to build a relationship with someone in a branch before depositing their money. A local branch manager who understands that relationship may be more likely to get that business.（例如，来自银行倒闭或根本不受信任的国家的移民，在存款之前可能需要与分行的某个人建立关系。一个了解这种关系的当地分行经理更有可能得到这项业务。）”，由此可知少数民族银行职员更容易与来自他祖国的移民建立关系，因此C选项“他更容易与来自他祖国的移民建立关系”符合题意。A选项“他会花更多的时间和精力说服客户把钱存在他的银行里”；B选项“他更懂得如何维护银行的声誉，赢得客户的信任”以及D选项“他更了解银行和客户之间关系的重要性”文章都没有提到，因此C选项正确。5.细节事实题。根据最后两段“The floating market is a little microcosm of that. Every day, locals and tourists peruse the stands and counters that jut out from the boats. The customers are all shades and backgrounds, and thats just the way the islanders like it. The same can happen at offices. But its up to managers to show they value ideas as creative as the floating market.（浮动市场只是其中的一个小缩影。每天，当地人和游客都在详细考察从船上伸出的看台和柜台。顾客的肤色和背景各不相同，这正是岛民喜欢的方式。同样的情况也可能发生在办公室。但这取决于管理者如何表现出他们对创意的重视程度，就像浮动市场一样。）”，由此可知浮动市场的位置不是固定的，它可以发生在船上，也能在办公室里发生，因此C选项“它没有固定的位置”符合题意。A选项“它销售来自世界各地的商品”；B选项“这是一个水上市场”以及D选项“它以相当低的价格出售商品”文章都没有提到，因此C选项正确。13. 单选题When a country is under-populated, newcomers are not competitors, but assistants. If more come they may produce not only new quotas, but a （1） as well. In such a state of things land is （2） and cheap. The possession of it （3） no power or privilege. No one will work for another for wages （4） he can take up new land and be his own master. Hence it will pay no one to own more land than he can （5） by his own labor, or with such aid as his own family （6） . Hence, again, land （7） little or no rent; there will be no landlords living on rent and no laborers living on （8） , but only a middle class of yeoman farmers. All are （9） on an equality, and democracy becomes the political form, because this is the only state of society in which equality, on which democracy is （10） , is realized as a fact. The same effects are powerfully （11） by other facts. In a new and under-populated country the industries which are most profitable are the extractive industries. The （12） of these, with the exception of some kinds of mining, is that they call （13） only a low organization of labor and small amount of capital. Hence they allow the workman to become （14） his own master, and they educate him to freedom, independence, and self- （15） . At the same time, the social groups being only （16） marked off from each other, it is easy to （17） from one class of occupations, and consequently from one social grade, to another. Finally, under the same circumstances, education, skill, and superior training have but inferior value compared with what they have in （18） populated countries. The （19） lie in an under-populated country, with the （20） , unskilled, manual occupations, and not with the highest developments of science, literature, and art.问题1选项A.surplusB.plusC.remainsD.remainder问题2选项A.scarceB.sacredC.abundantD.extractive问题3选项A.infersB.defersC.confersD.refers问题4选项A.butB.whenC.whileD.so问题5选项A.cultivateB.culminateC.calculateD.conceive问题6选项A.requestsB.suppliesC.impliesD.deploys问题7选项A.fostersB.promotesC.bearsD.contributes问题8选项A.rewardsB.salariesC.wagesD.awards问题9选项A.intentionallyB.potentiallyC.substantiallyD.consistently问题10选项A.fertilizedB.basedC.drawnD.guaranteed问题11选项A.inf