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命题分析从近年来的高考试题看,高考完形填空试题具有如下特点: 1. 完整性 尽管文章有意挖去了一些词或短语,使信息链中断,造成间隔性的语义空白,但仍不失为一篇表达完整的文章。完形填空题一般为记叙文、说明文和夹叙夹议的文章。记叙文具有很强的故事性,故事情节涉及时间、地点、人物、过程、结局等基本要素。说明文一般开篇点题,段落之间承上启下,过渡自然连贯。无论哪种体裁,都提供完整的语篇信息。2实词性 完形填空题的设置以意义完整为主,惯用搭配和语法正确为辅。所给选项以实词为主,虚词为辅。而对实词的考查又以考查情景意义为主。如动词、名词、形容词等占很大比重,而介词的考查多以习语、惯用法等形式出现。 3. 同类性 同类性是指所给的四个选项基本上都属于同一种词性或词形,要么都是名词,要么都是动词。如果是动词,要么都是现在分词,要么都是过去式等。这种题型要求考生要从所给词语本身的意义和用法入手进行分析,逐一排除错误的或不太妥当的选项,最终确定最佳答案。4. 语境性 “词不离句,句不离文”是完形填空题最突出的一个特点。很多时候,所给的四个选项从语法角度来看都正确,或者没有明显的语法错误,单独从此空所在的句子很难做出判断。题目的设置绝大多数是就近暗示,如关键词、短语、甚至是标点符号,都有可能是答题的突破口。如 and, or, however, but 等前后连接成分的同义或反义关系; that is, in other words 等起解释说明作用;还有的以句子形式出现,通过上下句的对照可找到答案。5. 推理性 近年来,完形填空题越来越侧重考查学生根据上下文所提供的信息进行语言逻辑推理判断的能力。因此,题目的设置有朝深层结构或语境化方向发展的趋势。每个题目所提供的四个选项中只有一个是目标项,其他均为干扰项。这要求学生不仅要捕捉上下文乃至全文的信息,而且要按照事物的发展规律、前因后果等进行综合分析判断,从而选出正确的答案。6. 常识性 有些题目的设置无论从词汇、语法、惯用法还是语境方面都可行,这种情况下,就需要学生借助于常识或某些背景知识来解决问题。我们不仅要熟练掌握所学知识,具有一定的边缘学科知识,还要了解英语语言文化和风俗习惯等,养成跨文化思维意识。题型探究 完形填空题的命题思想是将词汇用法作为重点,以篇章理解为基础,考查学生对语法知识的掌握和对词汇的运用能力。根据这一命题思想,我们可以将题型大致细化为以下几种。探究点一语境词汇型 词汇是完形填空试题的最大考点,主要凸显实词词义辨析的考查,如名词、形容词、动词、副词等,而且设置的四个选项常常是同一词性。如果说单项填空题中的词汇辨析题是仅仅立足于独立的“语句”的考查,那么完形填空题中的词汇辨析题则是完全依托于丰富的“语篇”的考查。从这个角度上讲,完形填空题的设置其实是单项填空试题的拓展和升华,因此其难度也可想而知。解题时要注意在特定的语境中区分各种实词的语义差别。 例1 2011重庆卷节选 When we were in the middle of the lake, a _1_ wind came all of a sudden.The boat was hit _2_. Dad was always at his best in any _3_,but at this moment he _4_. “John! _5_ !” he shouted in a trembling voice,with the tiller still in his hands. In my memory he could fix any _6_.He was the one I always _7_ for strength and security.Before I could respond,a _8_ of water got into the boat. I rushed to the tiller _9_ it was too late.Another huge wall of water _10_ the boat in a minute. We werethrown into the water,and Dad was struggling aimlessly.At that moment,I felt fiercely _11_ of him.I swam to Dad _12_ and assisted him in climbing onto the hull(船壳) of the boat.Upon sitting on the hull,Dad was a little awkward about his flash of _13_. “Its all right,Dad.We are safe now,” I comforted him.()1.A.strongBgentle Ccold Dhot()2.A.repeatedly Blightly Chardly Dviolently()3.A.danger Bplace Csport Djob()4.A.suffered Bfell Cfroze Dwithdrew()5.A.Look BHelp CRun DJump()6.A.problem Brelationship Cmachine Dboat()7.A.turned to Blived with Cargued with Dobjected to()8.A.fountain Bstream Cshower Dwave()9.A.if Bfor Cafter Dbut()10.A.got through Bpoured into C. turned over Dlifted up()11.A.ashamed Bprotective Ctired Dafraid()12.A.hopelessly Bquickly Cslowly Dhelplessly()13.A.pain Banger Cfear Dshame【要点综述】 本文是记叙文。整理讲述了与父亲一起泛舟湖中游玩、救助落水的父亲的经历,表达了整理的感恩之情。整理与父亲一起驾船去湖中航行,到了湖心时突遇大风,船被巨浪打翻,父亲被吓呆了,颤声呼救。整理平安救起了父亲,并产生了照顾父亲的想法。 1A根据下文船猛然受到撞击,推知突然刮起了大风,A项切合语境。strong wind意为“大风,强风”。 2Drepeatedly重复地,反复地;lightly轻轻地,轻巧地;hardly几乎不;violently猛烈地,剧烈地。D项与前句语意匹配。 3A由前文“ a _ wind came all of a sudden”以及“The boat was hit _”可知,父亲所处的境况非常危险,故选择A项。at one's best 处于最佳状态。4C根据转折词but和下一段中的“he shouted in a trembling voice”可知C项符合文意。freeze(因害怕等)惊呆,吓呆;suffer受痛苦,受折磨;fall跌倒;withdraw撤退,撤离。 5B父亲不会游泳,而且用颤抖的嗓音呼喊,可见是在呼喊“救命!” 6Afix any problem意为“解决任何问题”,A项表示“在整理记忆中的父亲能解决任何问题”,顺接下句文意。 7Aturn to求助于;live with与一起居住,学会适应;argue with与争辩;object to反对。句意:他是我总能求得力量和安全感的人。 8Da fountain of的源泉;a stream of一连串,接二连三(的事情);a shower of一阵,一连串(辱骂等);a wave of汹涌的,蜂拥而来的。只有D项可与water搭配。 9D根据前后句意可知,为转折关系,故选择D项。 10C由下句“We were thrown into the water ”可知,船体已被巨浪打翻,C项符合文意。get through穿过,通过,完成;pour into涌入,大量流进;turn over打翻,翻转;lift up举起,提起。 11B由“I swam to Dad ”可知,B项可使上下文连贯。句意:此刻我感到要极力保护他。be protective of/toward对护卫的,保护的;be ashamed of以为羞耻;be tired of对厌倦、厌烦;be afraid of害怕 12B由前句中的fiercely“强烈地,极度地”可知,B项顺承上文文意。hopelessly无望地,绝望地;quickly迅速地;slowly缓慢地;helplessly无能为力地,无助地。 13CC项fear与前文中的“froze”和“trembling”含义匹配。探究点二语法结构型 近年来高考完形填空题中单纯考查语法知识的题很少,只是偶尔出现一两道。对语法结构的考查主要集中在定语从句(连接词、限制与非限制性定语从句的区别、定语从句与其他主从复合句的区别)、状语从句、非谓语动词(动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词)、动词的时态与语态以及一些特殊句型。此类题除了要求考生具有系统、准确的语法知识之外,还要求考生注意上下文的逻辑关系和语篇内容, 这样才能确保答题的准确率。例2 2011天津卷节选 I cannot thank you enough for _ you told me one autumn afternoon when I was nine. () A.what Bthat Cwhich Dwhere【解析】 A考查名词性从句。此处what引导一个名词性从句,作从句谓语动词told的直接宾语,构成tell sb. sth. 结构。 例3 2011浙江卷 节选 I _1_. Thanking him, I made a time with him to listen to all the songs and choose _2_ that I could sing. I have come full circle with his help.()1.A. had to cry Bought to cry Cshould have cried Dcould have cried()2.A.more Bthe ones Cfew Dthe rest【解析】 1.D考查情态动词。语境表达“我很受感动,可能我当时早已泪流满面”,故用could have cried表示“当时可能已经哭了”。 2B考查代词用法。从上文可知,我跟他约好,要挑选那些“我”会唱的歌曲,故这里用the ones表示“我会唱的那些歌曲”。探究点三习惯搭配型 英语语言中的很多词汇均以短语搭配的形式出现,完形填空题中的词汇也不例外。很多时候,在分析语境、理清空白处含义的基础上,利用对短语搭配的分析可以快速、准确地推断完形填空的未知信息。例4 2011江西卷 节选 She made a _ and wore diamonds and designer clothes.()A.decision Bfortune Cbusiness Dplan【解析】 B考查情景识别和固定短语。了解语境“她做梦挣很多钱”尤其是句子后半部分“她戴珠宝,穿著名设计师设计的品牌服装”可知,此处应用fortune表示“挣钱,发财”。make a fortune意为“挣大钱”,是固定短语。例5 2010四川卷 Well, that few minutes turned into about fourfive minutes, including a ride that would make a roller coaster(过山车) _ by comparison.()A.light B .pale C .easyD .quick【解析】 B考查习惯搭配。本文记述了整理一次因开会去拉斯维加斯时,飞机因沙尘暴而延时降落,在不断延长的等待中,成人焦急、害怕,唯独不知恐惧的婴儿在享受着过山车一样的颠簸。本空中makepale by comparison 意为“使相形见绌”,此处用以强调飞机在空中极不稳定。探究点四语篇逻辑型 完形填空题首先考查的就是考生对文章的理解能力。因此考生在做完形填空题时,应把它作为一个意思连贯、结构完整的语篇,而不是单项填空。做题时要善于利用段首句或首段最大限度地获取信息。完形填空题的首句或前几句话都是完整的,为考生提供足够的信息去挖掘文章的思路,而且,这里往往包含主题句,提供必要的理解文章大意和主要内容的线索。此外,还要注意把握文章发展的基本线索,弄清段落和句子之间的逻辑关系。完形填空题的文章具有完整内容且按照一定思路发展,各段各句之间都有逻辑上的必然了解。答题时,考生首先要树立起语篇概念,抓住文章主题思想,理清其结构布局, 明辨句子之间以及段落之间的关系,利用句与句、句群与句群之间的逻辑关系解题。句子之间的逻辑关系主要包括:并列关系(连接词有and等);转折关系(连接词有but, however, though, whereas, nevertheless等);因果关系 (连接词有so, therefore, thus, because, for, since, as等);让步关系(连接词有though, although, despite, in spite of等);条件关系(连接词有if, unless, once, provided that, in case of等);解释关系(连接词有that is to say, in other words等);顺序关系(连接词有before, after, and, first, second, then, next, finally等)。例5 2010北京卷 I met Mrs.Neidl in the ninth grade on a stagedesign team for a play and she was one of the directors.Almost instantly I loved her.She had an unpleasant voice and a direct way of speaking,_1_ she was encouraging and inspiring.For some reason,she was impressed with my work and me. Mrs.Neidl would ask me for my _2_.She wanted to know how I thought we should _3_ things.At first I had no idea how to answer because I knew _4_ about stage design!But I slowly began to respond to her _5_. It was cause and effect:She believed I had opinions,so I began to _6_ them.She trusted me to completethings,so I completed them perfectly.She loved how _7_ I was,so I began to show up to paint more and more.She believed in me,so I began to believe in myself. Mrs.Neidl's_8_ that year was,“Try it.We can always paint over it _9_!” I began to take _10_. I had been so afraid of failing but suddenly there was no failingonly things to be _11_ upon.I learned to dip my brush into the paint and _12_ create something.The shy,quiet freshman achieved success that year.I was _13_ in the program as “Student Art Assistant” because of the time and effort I'd put in.It was that year that I _14_ I wanted to spend the rest of my life doing stage design.Being on that stagedesign team _15_ Mrs.Neidl changed me completely.Not only was I stronger and more competent than I had thought,but I also _16_ a strong interest and a world I hadn't known existed.She taught me not to _17_ what people think I should do.She taught me to take chances and not be_18_.Mrs.Neidl was my comforter when I was upset.Her _19_ in me has inspired me to do things that I never imagined _20_.()1. A. and B. yet C. so D. for()2. A. opinion B. impression C. information D. intention()3. A. make B. keep C. handle D. change()4. A. anything B. something C. everything D. nothing()5. A. questions B. comments C. explanations D. remarks()6. A. hold B. follow C. evaluate D. form ()7. A. happy B. lively C. reliable D. punctual()8. A. message B. motto C. saying D. suggestion()9. A. again B. more C. instead D. later()10. A. steps B. control C. charge D. risks()11. A. improved B. acted C. looked D. reflected()12. A. easily B. carefully C. confidently D. proudly()13. A. introduced B. recognized C. identified D. considered()14. A. confirmed B. decided C. realized D. acknowledged()15. A. with B. below C. of D. by()16. A. developed B. discovered C. took D. fostered()17. A. accept B. care C. judge D. wonder()18. A. bored B. lazy C. sad D. afraid()19. A. trust B. patience C. curiosity D. interest()20. A. accessible B. enjoyable C. possible D. favorable【解析】 1.BMrs.Neidl的unpleasant voice及a direct way of speaking与she was encouraging and inspiring形成转折关系,只有yet 符合题意。 2A根据下文She wanted to know how I thought可以推知:Mrs.Neidl常常问“我”的观点/看法(opinion)。 3C根据文章的意思,Mrs.Neidl问“我”该怎样处理(handledeal with)事情。 4D“我”不知如何回答,是因为“我”对舞台设计一窍不通。 5A根据上文:Mrs. Neidl would ask me;I had no idea how to answer可以推断出,“我”逐渐地回答她的问题(questions)。6D根据上文:She believed I had opinions,因此“我”慢慢地形成(form)了自己的opinion。 7C根据上文:She trusted me to complete things,so I completed them perfectly. 说明了“我”是值得信赖的,可靠的(reliable)。punctual的意思是“准时的,守时的”。 8B根据下文:“Try it. We can always paint over it .!”可知Mrs. Neidl常常用这句话来激励“我”,这句话是她的座右铭/箴言。message信息,口信;saying 谚语,俗语。 9D根据上下文的提示,Mrs.Neidl鼓励“我”大胆地去做,过后他们还会paint,推知答案为later。10D根据上文:Neidl鼓励“我”大胆地去做及下文:I had been so afraid of failing but suddenly there was no failingonly things to be . upon,可以看出,“我”不再害怕,并开始敢于冒险(take risks)。 11A根据句子意思:“我”突然明白:没有失败,只有需要被改进的方面。improve改进,改善;reflect反射,映照。 12C根据上文,“我”不再害怕,并开始敢于冒险,可以推知,“我”学会了充满自信地进行创造。confidently充满自信地,有自信心地。13B根据上文:The shy,quiet freshman achieved success that year.由于“我”付出了时间和努力,“我”被公认为Student Art Assistant。 recognize指“识出,辨别出”,而consider则只表示“认为”或“看作”,体现不出“公认为”。 14C由于“我”的成功和周围人们的认可,“我”意识到(realize)“我” 未来生活中的真正目标。confirm确认,证明;acknowledge承认,告知,打招呼。 15A和 Mrs. Neidl 一起工作,用with。16B根据下文:a strong interest and a world I hadn't known existed可知“我”发现了以前就有但不曾注意的a strong interest and a world,此处要用discover,意思是:find something existing but not known before。foster培养,养育。 17BMrs.Neidl 教育“我” 不要在乎(care)别人的看法和说法。 18D根据第三段中I had been so afraid of failing可知Mrs.Neidl 教育“我”不要害怕(afraid)。 19A根据第二段句子: She believed in me,推断her trust 激励了“我”。 20C根据全文大意和故事的结局可知Mrs.Neidl 激励“我”去做从未想到成为可能的事情。 应试点睛完形填空题要求考生具备的能力之一就是“正确的阅读理解能力”,同时,还要具备扎实的语法、词汇和文化知识的综合积累,是一种全面考查考生语言运用能力的题型。做完形填空题应该从以下几个方面入手: 1. 树立语篇意识,化解局部难点。 每篇完形填空都围绕一个主题展开,其结构严谨,上下文互为映衬,前后照应,所以在解决局部问题时,考生要树立牢固的语篇意识,遵循从“整体局部整体”这个解决问题的规律,不要把注意力孤立地局限在句子层面上,而要从段落或整篇文章入手,整体把握文章的内容,结合上下文,寻找答案的线索。2. 借助逻辑连词,推敲前后文意。 英文中的逻辑连词是构成语篇的纽带,也是相关语句信息的结合点。命题人常在这些“关节”上设置题目,考查学生的语言运用能力。常用的逻辑连词主要有:(1)词(包括连词、副词和少数介词),如and, but, or, because, though, however, yet, therefore, otherwise, despite等;(2)短语,如in other words, or rather, in addition, as a result, so that, on the contrary, instead of等;(3)分句和独立结构,如that is to say, what is more, all things considered等。逻辑连词对准确理解语篇意义能够起到很强的提示作用。完形填空中很多题目都是围绕它们而设置的。考生在解题时要充分利用这些逻辑连词,找到与文中某些词、短语有密切关系的选项,如其同义词、近义词或反义词等,有时这些词、短语甚至复现在文中。 3. 通达文章语境,明辨词语差异。 高考完形填空选项的设置一般都属于同一词类,有的甚至在意义上也非常接近。为了顺利解答此类问题,考生在平时记忆单词时,要在例句中把握其用法并能在考试中结合语境,比较四个选项的细微差别,推敲哪一个是最佳答案。 4. 活用知识积累,甄别习惯搭配。 词汇的习惯用法或固定搭配,特别是动词、名词、形容词、介词等的搭配在完形填空题中出现的比例很大。如果考生在备考时对常用的习惯用法或固定搭配能牢固地掌握,并在解题时灵活运用,就能达到事半功倍的效果。5. 了解生活常识,再现相关情景。 完形填空题所选的文章多是具有一定故事情节和教育意义的记叙文或叙议结合、富有哲理的议论文,这些语篇都非常贴近学生生活。考生在解题时,可以根据生活常识或结合常识身临其境地想象当时的情景,从而做出正确的判断。例 2011全国卷 节选 A more embarrassing(尴尬) situation occurs when a student starts falling into sleep and the_1_ of the head pushes the arm off the _2_, and the movement carries the _3_ of the body along.()1.A.size BshapeCweight Dstrength()2.A.cushion BDesk Cshoulder Dbook()3.A.action BPositionCrest Dside【解析】 1.C 2B考查常识理解。根据常识判断,在听课的教室里同学们一般趴在课桌上面睡觉,故选B。 3C考查常识理解。结合后面这个学生在地上醒来可知,他不但胳膊滑下了课桌,而且整个身体都滑了下去。the rest表示“(身体的)其他部分”。6. 了解文化背景,克服母语干扰。 完形填空题的语篇信息常交织渗透着各类相关的文化背景知识。有些选项的设置与文化背景有关,这就要求考生有较宽的知识面,同时具备一定的文化意识,特别要有对英语国家文化的敏感性和鉴别力,只有这样才能既快又准确地解题。 总之,要提高完形填空的解题水平,考生除了必须掌握一定的语法、词汇知识外,还要提高阅读理解能力。因为只有看懂了短文才能确定正确答案。另外考生还要有计划地多做一些完形填空的练习,逐渐增加训练的强度,提高训练的难度,通过训练提高阅读理解能力,做到能根据短文所给线索和信息进行分析、推理、归纳、判断,进一步提高词语辨析和对语言灵活运用的能力。只有通过平时多读多练,不断拓宽知识面,才能准确完成完形填空。友情提示:部分文档来自网络整理,供您参考!文档可复制、编制,期待您的好评与关注!9 / 9
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