环境工程专业英语第一章unit

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,环境工程专业英语,Professional English for environmental engineering,遵守上课纪律，不要迟到、早退,授课方式：朗读专业单词、翻译、以小组形式讨论,制作,PPT,，上台讲解,(,占,15,）的成绩）,考试方式：开卷，,90 min,考试内容：书本上、课外降解的单词；句子的中英文翻译,成绩评定：平时成绩,30%,；考试成绩,70%,相互沟通,PART 1 INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING,Unit 1 Text:Environmental Engineering,环境工程,The objective of this book is to introduce,engineering,and,science,students to the,interdisciplinary,study of environmental problems:their causes,why they are of concern,and how we can control them,本书的目的是使工科和理科学生对环境问题的,跨学科,的研究有所了解：环境问题的起因，环境问题受关注的原因，如何控制环境问题。,Information on,the,basis causes of,environmental disturbances,造成,环境破坏,的基本原因,Basis scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems and to be able to quantify them,了解环境问题的性质并且量化环境问题所必需的基本科学知识,Current state of the technology environmental control in its application to water,air and pollution problems,环境控制技术在水、大气和固废污染问题方面应用的现状,Considerable gaps,in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling many of the complex interactions between,human activities,and,nature,在理解和控制在人类活动和自然界复杂的相互作用上所需的科学知识的巨大差异,Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by,the application of current technology,but which are not dealt with because of societys lack of will to do so,or in many instances because of a lack of resources to do so.,很多环境问题利用现有的技术是能够得到消除或降低的，但为什么却没有实施，原因就在于社会不愿意去做，或者缺乏必需的资源。,Environment,is the physical and,biotic habitat,which surrounds us;that which we can see,hear,touch,smell,and taste.,环境：是指我们周围的物理和生物生境，我们可以看到，听到，触到，闻到和感受到这些事物。,System,.according to Wehster s dictionary,is defined as“a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or,organic whole,;as,a,solar system,irrigation system,supply system,the world or universe”.,系统：根据韦氏字典的定义，就是“一系列有联系或有关系的事物形成的一个有机整体或一个单元”，像太阳系、灌溉系统、供应系统、世界或宇宙。,Pollution can,be defined as,an undesirable change in the physical,chemical,or biological characteristics of the air,water,or land that can harmfully affect the health,survival,or activities of humans or other,living organisms,.,污染可以定义为空气、水和陆地的物理、化学或生物性能受到了被迫性的改变，对人类的健康、生存和活动或其他生命机体造成了伤害,When the goal of improving,environmental quality,is taken to be improving human,well being,.the word“environment”broadens to include all kinds of social,economic,and cultural aspects.,当改善环境质量目标用来改善人体健康时，环境这个词的含义就拓宽到包括各种社会、经济和文化方面。,Such broadness is unworkable in many real situations and impractical in a textbook designed for a one-semester course.,事实上，这样的扩展对许多情况是不可行的，而且在教科书上设定为一个学期的课程也是不切实际的。,Our examination of environmental problems is therefore limited by our definition of“environment”.,因此，我们对环境问题的应对受我们的“环境”定义的限定,A number of different environmental problems are,associated with,water,air,or land systems.,许多不同的环境问题跟水、大气和土壤圈密切相关,Many of these problems will apply only within one of these systems,justifying the breakdown into these categories.,而许多问题只适用于其中一个系统，正因为此这也说明了上述分类的合理性,Moreover,it is sensible because,for managerial and administrative reasons,such subfields as air pollution,water supply,wastewater disposal,and,solid waste disposal,are often dealt with separately by governmental agencies.,并且,从行政管理方面看,也是合理的，空气污染、供水、废水处理和固体废物处置，这些单个环境问题都被政府部门分开单独处理,Unfortunately,many important environmental problems are,not confined to,an air,water,or land system,but involve interactions between systems.,事实上，许多重大的环境问题并不局限于大气、水或土壤圈中的某个单一系统，而是各系统之间相互作用。,Such a classification is also useful for easier comprehension of related problems within one system.,这种分类方法有助于我们更好的理解同一系统的相关问题。,A current example is,the acid rain,problem,stemming from,the emission of,sulfur dioxide,and,nitrogen oxide,gases into the atmosphere from the stacks of,generating stations,smelters,and automobile exhausts.,一个典型的例子是由于从许多发电站、冶炼厂和汽车尾气向大气释放的二氧化硫和氮氧化物造成的酸雨问题。,These gases are then transported by air currents over wide regions,Rainfall“washes them out”,creating acid rain which,is harmful to,aquatic life,forests,and,agricultural crops,.,这些气体被气流输送到更广的区域，然后经降雨的冲刷后形成了酸雨，这对水生生物、森林和农作物有危害。,Two examples of interaction between systems that cause,major environmental disturbances,are presented-the buildup of atmospheric carbon dioxide,a,global problem,.and the acid rain problem,normally of regional nature.,对各系统间的相互作用造成了较大的环境破坏这里给出了两个例子，一个是全球性问题即大气中二氧化碳的逐渐增加，另一个是酸雨问题，通常是区域性问题。,The production of more and better quality food,越来越丰富、越来越好吃的食品,The creation of housing as,protection from extremes from climates,and as living space,创造了可以保护我们免受极端气候并作为生活空间的房子,The building of,fast and reliable means of transportation,方便快捷的交通运输系统,The invention of various systems of communication,各类通讯系统的发明,The invention of machines to replace human or animal power,代替人力和动物的机器发明,The supply of safe water and the disposal of wastes,安全引用水的供应与废物的处置,The elimination of many,infectious diseases,许多传染病的消灭,The elimination of most,water-borne diseases,in the developed world through improved water technology,在发达国家通过改进水处理工艺消除了大多数水传染病,The availability of leisure time through,greater