2015年高考英语写作 第16课时 写作如何谋篇布局

2015年高考英语写作 第16课时 写作如何谋篇布局 写作结构种类千千万，那么，我们到底要选用何种结构才不混乱呢？英语写作一般包括一个开头段、一至两个扩展段和一个结尾段。开头段和结尾段一般比扩展段短。一、开头段1. 开头段的作用：概括陈述主题，提出观点或论点，表明写作意图。开头段一定要语言精练，并且直接切入主题。开头段一般不对主题进行深入的探讨，具体的论证或叙述应该在扩展段进行。2. 开头段的方法：1.主题句法：开篇点明主题，用主题句，然后围绕主题内容进行发展。例如：I insist that teenagers secrets, if not at all, should be shared by their parents.2.提问法：提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论。例如：What do you want from your work? Money? Promotions? Interesting challenges? Continual learning? Work based friendships? The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provides more than material things.3.引语法：使用引语(use a quotation)：使用一段名人名言，或人们常用的谚语、习语，以确定文章的写作范围和方向。例如：“Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.” Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success.4.数据法：使用具体详实的数字或数据，然后作出概括性分析，指明问题的症结所在。例如：The survey does draw my attention to the rapidly increasing prices in my daily lifeTake food as an exampleThe prices of pork，beef, fish，chicken，as well as various vegetables，have risen by at least 20It seems that money is flowing out of our pockets more quickly, but silently5.背景法：给出背景，描述具体事件的时间、地点和发生背景等，例如：Once in a newspaper I read of a crowd of people who remained appallingly indifferent to the plea of a mother. As she failed to offer the required amount of cash as a price to save her drowning son, the woman at last watched her son sink to death. The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV, and the casualness and detachment our people now have developed has aroused nationwide concern.6.定义法：针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深入探讨。例如：In my opinion, mercy is a kind attitude towards others. When you understand that somebody who has hurt you or has done something wrong to you is sorry, you accept his apology, and forgive him thats mercy.二、中间段1. 中间段是文章的正文，其作用是从不同的层面对文章主题进行具体和详实的解释和论证。中间段的篇幅一般比开头段和结尾段长，每段有相应的主题句，说明主题思想的扩展句可以采用实例、数据或个人经历等写作手段。不同种类的段落采用不同的扩展手段。2.段落展开的基本方法很多，这里简要介绍三种中间段中常用的展开方法：列举法、因果法、例证法。1.列举法：用来列举一系列的原因、方法等等，使文章层次分明，眉清目秀，阅卷老师在疲惫不堪的状态下，看到这样的文章,手一抬，分就高。下面这篇例文写的是“健身的几种方法”，脉络一目了然。例文如下：There are a number of ways for us to keep fit. First, no matter how busy we are, we should have exercise every day to strengthen our muscles. Second, it is important to keep good hours. For example, if we are in the habit of going to bed early and getting up early, we can avoid overworking ourselves and get enough sleep. Finally, entertainment is also necessary so that we may have some moments of relaxation. If we follow those instructions, we will certainly be in good health.2.因果法：说明原因，论述事理。下面这篇作文讲的是“汉堡受欢迎的原因”，第一段提出问题“为什么受欢迎呢？”接下来在说原因时，用到了上面的列举法，只不过不是“first, second, finally”而是“first, then, besides that”，让人感觉不落俗套。例文如下：The hamburger is the most popular food item in the United States. Every year Americans consume billions of them. They are sold in expensive restaurants and in humble diners. They are cooked at home on the kitchen stove or over a barbecue grill in the backyard. Why are they so popular?First, a hamburger is extremely easy to prepare. It is nothing more than a piece of ground beef, cooked for a few minutes. Then it is placed in a sliced bun. Nothing could be simpler. Even an unskilled cook can turn out hundreds of them in an hour. Besides that, the simple hamburger can be varied in many ways. You can melt some cheese on top of the beef to create a cheeseburger.3.例证法：举具体的事例来证明观点，这是议论文最常用的方法，尽量找最能体现观点的例子，具体点，微观点，给人说服力。请看下面作者论证“不劳无获”的观点，用的是拳击运动的例子。例文如下：The saying “No pains, no gains” is universally accepted because of the plain yet philosophical moral teaches: if one wants to achieve something, he has to work and tolerate more than others. The saying is true of any pursuit man seeks. A case in point is boxing. While we heap cheers on the winner, few happen to imagine that his gold belt is won at the cost of his sweat, tears, blood, even life over years before the arrival of that exciting moment.二、结尾段1. 结尾段的特点：干脆利落，深化主题。2. 结尾段的方法：1.总结归纳：简要总结归纳文章要点，以便深化主题印象。2.重申主题：再次强调和确定文章开头阐述的中心思想。All in all，saving money is a great Chinese virtue and it is especially needed in this period3.预测展望：立足当前，放眼未来。例如：It is time that the government should speak out against corruption and take strong action to punish whoever takes bribes or embezzles fund. For present official corruption, if permitted to continue, will not only tarnish the governments popularity, but lead to its ultimate downfall.4.提出建议：提出解决问题的途径、方法或呼吁人们采取相应的行动。四、概括要点广东高考写作比较特殊，第二题是“读写任务”。题目中给出一篇文章，要先用30个左右的词概括要点，再根据要求进行写作，下面就来讲讲如何概括要点。1. 阅读所给材料，找出文章的要点记叙文的要点：when, where, who, what, how五要素议论文的要点：论点、论据、结论2. 概括、转述要点记叙文摘要-用自己的话将记叙文的五 要素串联起来议论文摘要-用自己的话表达论点，论据和结论句转述法-找出主题句和结论句,然后用自己的话来表达.移花接木法-在阅读材料中找一些可以利用的论点,论据等,再用自己的话语进行阐释,用以充实文章内容,达到移花接木的效果 阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150左右的英语短文。Honesty is one of the most treasured traditional values in China. The children are taught to be honest when they are very young. At schools the students are also instructed to be honest.However, with the development of society, we often hear complaints about dishonesty. Reports with the theme of dishonesty often appear in the media. For example, some people try to get rich and live a comfortable life. But they do not work hard honestly, instead they cheat others. They sell something quite ordinary at a very high price. Some peoples delaying paying back the loan can serve as another example. Some people, including some college students, get loan from the bank, and promise to pay within, say, 3 years. However, they dont do that.The dishonest people sometimes can get benefit from their behaviors. So some people assert that dishonesty can bring people benefit, while honesty only makes people suffer. Is that so? Definitely not. It is always true that honesty is the best policy. It pays to be honest. The cheater selling the treasure mentioned above will surely be disclosed and punished some day.On the contrary, if he had been honest, neither the buyer nor he himself would have suffered. The people who do not return money in time will sooner or later become infamous, and will not get the money from others again. If he had acted differently, he would have earned respect and trust, meanwhile, the bank would not have suffered from loss.写作内容1. 以约30个词概括短文的要点。2. 然后以约120个词就“诚实”的主题发表看法，并包括以下要点： （1）你对不诚实现象的看法； （2）诚实的重要性是什么； （3）作为中学生，该如何做一个诚实的人。_The passage mainly tells us that nowadays many people are dishonest for their own benefit. Because not only they neglect our traditional values, but also they want to escape being punished.Dishonesty does great harm to our society. It can destroy our good relationship with others, bringing lots of unstable factors to the society. Sometimes, it may even affect peoples health.Why should we be honest? Firstly, being honest is one of Chinese traditional virtues which we should carry forward. Secondly, friendship is based on honesty. Seeing that the honest person is reliable, most of people are willing to make friends with them. Thirdly, honesty is very important for us to build a harmonious society and realize our spiritual civilization.As students, we should act honestly every day and never cheat others, including cheat in exams. Besides, we should help those who are dishonest correct their mistakes. Only in this way can we win respect from others.回顾一下，我们今天学习了如何对文章构思布局。阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。Dear Editor, I am a student in Grade Three now. Im full of pain every day. I have too much to learn and too much homework to do every day. In Grade One and Grade Two, I didnt study hard and spent a lot of time playing computer games. At that time, I played computer games all day and night without going to school. My parents scolded me and even beat me many times. I didnt listen to them but quarreled with them. Sometimes I didnt to even go back home to sleep. Later I became addicted to playing basketball and watching NBA games. I forced my parents to buy me basketballs and expensive basketball shoes. The most expensive basketball shoes they bought me cost about one thousand and five hundred yuan. I wonder whether I can make progress and succeed in the coming National College Entrance Examination and whether theres a short cut. Sometimes I stay alone, silent and dreaming of nothing. Im looking forward to your reply!Best wishes!Yours truly,Li Hua【写作内容】假设你就是信中的editor名叫Qiu Ye，你准备给这位学生写一封回信。以下是信的内容（信的开头和结尾已经为你写好）：1. 以约30个词概括Li Hua在学习上存在的问题；2. 以约120个词针对Li Hua的问题发表你的看法，并包括如下要点：（1） 指出成功要靠勤奋，没有捷径可走；（2） 珍惜时间，要做到 “今日事，今日毕”；（3） 树立信心，永不放弃。【写作要求】1. 信中可使用自己的亲身经历或虚构的故事，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接用用原文中的句子；2. 信中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。Dear Li Hua,_Best wishes!Your friend,Qiu Ye9