2022年考博英语-首都经济贸易大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第14期

2022年考博英语-首都经济贸易大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题This was the（ ）when anti-globalization protesters took to the streets during the WorldEconomic Forum at Davos in January.问题1选项A.sceneB.sightC.viewD.vision【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项scene表示“场面，场景，事件”；B选项sight表示“视力，景象，眼界”；C选项view表示“观察，视野，意见”；D选项vision表示“视力，美景，幻想”。空缺处名词作when引导的定语从句的先行词，只有scene“情景，场景”合适，故本题正确答案为A。【句意】今年1月，反全球化抗议者在达沃斯世界经济论坛期间走上街头，这就是当时的情景。2. 单选题Someones future blurs and goes blank as anticipation（ ）nothingness.问题1选项A.smashes intoB.squeezes intoC.fades intoD.jams into【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项smash into表示“猛撞在”；B选项squeeze into表示“挤入；硬塞进”；C选项fade into表示“渐渐融入于，逐渐变成”；D选项jam into表示“挤进”。根据Someones future blurs and goes blank （个人的未来变得渺茫，成为空白）可知，期望应当是逐渐变成虚无，故C项fade into符合语境。句意：当期望逐渐变得虚无，个人的未来也会变得渺茫，成为空白。3. 单选题No one can function if they are（ ）of adequate sleep.问题1选项A.deprivedB.rippedC.strippedD.contrived【答案】A【解析】动词辨析题。A选项deprive“使丧失，剥夺”，常和介词of搭配；B选项rip“撕裂”；C选项strip “剥去”；D选项contrive“谋划，设法做到”。句意：如果剥夺了充足的睡眠，没有人能正常工作。deprive和strip都有剥夺的意思，但是strip较普遍，多指剥削金钱，土地等物质上的东西。而deprive除了前面的意思，还可以特指权利，势力等东西。所以选项A更符合语境。4. 单选题Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use. This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives.To start with, it is important to remember that the nature of agriculture lias changed markedly throughout history, and will continue to do so. Medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed, clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today. It had minimal effect on biodiversity, and any pollution it caused was typically localized. In terms of energy use and the nutrients（营养成分）captured in the product it was relatively inefficient.Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution. Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields. Throughout this period food became cheaper, safe and more reliable. However, these changes have also led to habitat（栖息地）Ioss and to diminishing biodiversity.Whats more, demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300 million tons of grain a year by 2050, yet the growth of cities and industry is reducing the amount of water available for agriculture in many regions.All this means that agriculture in the 21stcentury will have to be very different from how it was in the 20th. This will require radical thinking. For example, we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones. We also need to abandon the notion that agriculture can be zero impact”. The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static measures of sustainability, which centre on the need to maintain production without increasing damage.Instead we need a more dynamic interpretation, one that looks at the pros and cons(正反两方 而)of all the various way land is used. There are many different ways to measure agricultural performance besides food yield: energy use, environmental costs, water purity, carbon footprint and biodiversity. It is clear, for example, that the carbon of transporting tomatoes from Spain to the UK is less than that of producing them in the UK with additional heating and lighting. But we do not know whether lower carbon footprints will always be better for biodiversity.What is crucial is recognizing that sustainable agriculture is not just about sustainable food production.1.How do people often measure progress in agriculture?2.Specialization and the effort to increase yields have resulted in （ ）.3.What does the author think of traditional fanning practices?4.What will agriculture be like in the 21st century ?5.What is the authors purpose in writing this passage?问题1选项A.By its productivityB.By its sustainabilityC.By its impact on the environmentD.By its contribution to economic growth问题2选项A.Localized pollutionB.the shrinking of farmlandC.competition from overseasD.the decrease of biodiversity问题3选项A.They have remained the same over the centuries.B.They have not kept pace with population growth.C.They are not necessarily sustainable.D.They are environmentally friendly.问题4选项A.It will go through radical changesB.It will supply more animal productsC.It will abandon traditional fanning practicesD.It will cause zero damage to the environment问题5选项A.To remind people of the need of sustainable development.B.To suggest ways of ensuring sustainable food production.C.To advance new criteria for measuring farming progress.D.To urge people to rethink what sustainable agriculture is.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干关键词measure progress in agriculture定位至第一段: This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives (这一点在农业领域表现得尤为突出，在该领域中，人们常常在未从历史、文化的角度予以适当考虑的情况下，认为可持续发展史衡量农业进步的唯一方法),因此B项 “可持续性”正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干关键词Specialization和increase yields定位至第三段: Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields (来自海外的竞争压力使得农民们不得不进行专门的研究来增加作物的产量),该段还指出: However, these changes have also led to habitat loss and to diminishing biodiversity (但是，这些变化也导致栖息地的损失和生物多样性的不断减少),故选D“生物多样性的减少”。3.细节事实题。根据题干关键词traditional fanning practices定位至第五段: For example, we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones (比如，我们若要摒弃这样的想法:传统的做法必然会比新的做法更能够促进可持续发展)。因此C项 “这些做法不一定是可持续性的”正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干关键词in the 21st century 定位至第五段: All this means that agriculture in the 21stcentury will have to be very different from how it was in the 20th (所有这一切意味着，21世纪的农业生产将会与20世纪的农业生产截然不同)。故选A “将会经历巨变”。5.主旨大意题。最后一段点明主题: What is crucial is recognizing that sustainable agriculture is not just about sustainable food production (关键是我们需要认识到，可持续性农业并不只是粮食生产的可持续性)。因此D项“催促人们重新思考什么是可持续性农业”正确。5. 单选题Centuries ago, man discovered that removing moisture from food helps to preserve it, and that the easiest way to do this is to expose the food to sun and wind.In this way the North American Indians produce pemmican (dried meat ground into powder and made into cakes), the Scandinavians make stockfish and the Arabs dried dates and “apricot leather”.All foods including watercabbage and other leaf vegetables contains as much as 93% water, potatoes and other root vegetables 80%, lean meat 75% and fish, anything from 80% to 60%, depending on how fatty it is.If this water is removed, the activity of the bacteria which cause food to go bad is checked.Fruit is sun-dried in Asia Minor, Greece, Spain and other Mediterranean countries, and also in California, South Africa and Australia.The methods used vary, but in general, the fruit is spread out on trays in drying yards in the hot sun.In order to prevent darkening, pears, peaches and apricots are exposed to the fumes of burning sulfur before drying.Plums, for making prunes and certain varieties of grapes for making raisins and currants, are dipped in an alkaline solution in order to crack the skins of the fruit slightly and remove their wax coating, so as to Increase the rate of drying.Nowadays most foods are dried mechanically.The conventional method of such dehydration is to put food in chambers through which hot air is blown at temperatures of about 110C at entry to about 43 C at exit.This is the usual method for drying such things as vegetables, minced meat, and fish.Liquids such as milk, coffee, tea, soups and eggs may be dried by pouring them over a heated steel cylinder or by spraying them into a chamber through which a current of hot air passes.In the first case, the dried material is scraped off the roller as a thin film which is then broken up into small, though still relatively coarse flakes.In the second process it falls to the bottom of the chamber as a fine powder.Where recognizable places of meat and vegetables are required, as in soup, the ingredients are dried separately and then mixed.Dried foods take up less room and weigh less than the same food packed in cans or frozen, and they do not need to be stored in special conditions.For these reasons they are invaluable to the climbers, explorers and soldiers in battle, who have little storage space.They are also popular with housewives because it takes so little time to cook them.Usually it is just a case of replacing the dried-out moisture with boiling water.1.The open-air method of drying food（ ）.2.Bacteria which cause food to go bad（ ）.3.Nowadays vegetables are most commonly dried（ ）.4.Dried foods（ ）.5.Housewives like dried foods because they（ ）.问题1选项A.is the one most commonly used todayB.was invented by the American IndiansC.has been known for hundreds of yearsD.tends to be unhygienic问题2选项A.cannot live in sunlightB.are killed by dryingC.are in no way dependent on the water contentD.have their activity greatly reduced by drying问题3选项A.on horizontal cylindersB.in hot-air chambersC.in the sun and windD.using the open tray method问题4选项A.are often packed in cans or frozenB.are used by soldiers and climbersC.need more storage space than soldiers usually have availableD.are much cheaper than canned or frozen products问题5选项A.are quick to prepareB.taste betterC.can be preserved by boiling in waterD.look fresh and appetizing when cooked【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。根据文章第一句话 Centuries ago, man discovered that removing moisture from food helps to preserve it, and that the easiest way to do this is to expose the food to sun and wind. “几个世纪以前，人类发现去除食物中的水分有助于保存食物，最简单的方法就是将食物暴露在阳光和风下。由此可知将食物放在室外环境中风干的方法在几百年前就为人所知了。故C项符合题意。2.细节事实題。根据文章第二段中的 If this water is removed, the activity of the bacteria which cause food to go bad is checked. “如果这些水分被除去，导致食物变坏的细菌的活动就会被抑制。 故D项 “通过风干，细菌的活动被大大减少。”正确。3.细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第四段 Nowadays most foods are dried mechanically. The conventional method of such dehydration is to put food in chambers through which hot air is blown at temperatures of about 110C at entry to about 43 C at exit. This is the usual method for drying such things as vegetables, minced meat, and fish. “现在大多数食品是用机械干燥的。这种脱水的传统方法是把食物放在室内，热空气在大约110C入口被吹到大约43C出口。这是干燥蔬菜、肉末和鱼等食物的常用方法。”故可以推断出常用室内热空气来烘干蔬菜室，故B项 “热空气室”符合题意。4.细节事实题。由最后一段中的 For these reasons they are invaluable to the climbers, explorers and soldiers in battle, who have little storage space. “由于这些原因，它们对攀登者、探险者和战场上的士兵来说是无价的，因为他们没有多少储存空间。”可知与B项相符，故答案为B。5.细节事实题。由最后一段中的 They are also popular with housewives because it takes so little time to cook them. “它们也很受家庭主妇的欢迎，因为烹饪时间很短”可知选项A “很快就准备好”符合题意。答案A。6. 单选题Directions: There are 15 blanks in the following passage.For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Aesthetic thought of a distinctively modern art emerged during the 18th century.The western philosophers and critics of this time devoted much attention to such matters（1） natural beauty, the sublime, and representation a trend reflecting the central position they had given to the philosophy of nature.（2）that time, however, the philosophy of art has become ever more prominent and has begun to（3）the philosophy of nature.Various issues central to the philosophy of art have had a（4）impact（5）the orientation of 20th-century aesthetics.（6）among these are problems relating to the theory of art as form and（7）distinction between representation and expression.Still another far-reaching question has to do with the value of art.Two opposing theoretical positions（8）on this issue: one holds that art and its appreciation are a means to some recognized moral good,（9）the other maintains that art is intrinsically valuable and is an end in itself.Underlying this whole issue is the concept of taste, one of the basic concerns of aesthetics.In recent years there has also been an increasing preoccupation with art as the prime object of critical judgment.Corresponding to the trend in contemporary aesthetic thought,（10）have followed either of two approaches.In one, criticism is restricted to the analysis and interpretation of the work of art.（11）it is devoted to the articulating the response to the aesthetic object and to（12）a particular way of perceiving it.Over the years, aesthetics has developed into a broad field of knowledge and inquiry.The concerns of contemporary aesthetics include such（13）problems as the nature of style and its aesthetic significance; the relation of aesthetic judgment to culture; the viability of a history of art; the（14）of Freudian psychology and other forms of psychological study to criticism; and the place of aesthetic judgment in practical（15）in the conduct of everyday affairs.问题1选项A.forB.asC.toD.with问题2选项A.SinceB.ForC.AsD.In问题3选项A.plantB.supplantC.transplantD.replant问题4选项A.markingB.remarkingC.markedD.remarked问题5选项A.onB.forC.inD.to问题6选项A.ForebodingB.ForemostC.ForethoughtfulD.Foregone问题7选项A.atB.forC.toD.on问题8选项A.have broughtB.have been broughtC.have takenD.have been taken问题9选项A.whereasB.whereinC.whereonD.wherefore问题10选项A.artistsB.writersC.criticsD.analysts问题11选项A.In the other mannerB.In the other wayC.In anotherD.In the other问题12选项A.justifyB.justifiedC.justifyingD.having justified问题13选项A.diverseB.dividedC.divineD.dividual问题14选项A.relianceB.reliabilityC.reliefD.relevancy问题15选项A.reasonB.reasonablenessC.reasoningD.reasonability【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A第6题:B第7题:C第8题:D第9题:A第10题:C第11题:D第12题:C第13题:A第14题:D第15题:C【解析】1.考查固定搭配。根据原文句意：这一时期的西方哲学家和批评家们把大量的注意力放在了诸如自然美、崇高和表现等问题上。such as意为“诸如，比如”。选项B符合句意。2.考查介词辨析。根据句意：然而，从那时起，艺术哲学变得更加突出.。since意为“自.以后”符合语境，所以选项A正确。3.形近词辨析题。A选项plant“种植，栽培”；B选项supplant“代替，排挤掉”；C选项transplant “移植”；D选项replant“移居”。由关键词“and”前面的内容可知，后面应该是指4.艺术哲学取代自然哲学。选项B正确。5.形近词辨析题。A选项marking“标记的”；B选项remarking“评论”；C选项marked“显著的”；D选项remarked“评论，察觉”。句意：艺术哲学的各种核心问题对20世纪的美学方向产生了显著的影响。选项C符合原文句意。6.考查固定搭配。have an impact on sth.为固定介词搭配，所以选项A正确。7.形近词辨析题。A选项Foreboding“预感的，不祥之兆的”；B选项Foremost“最重要的，居于首位的”；C选项Forethoughtful“深谋远虑的，有先见之明的”；D选项Foregone“过去的，先前的”。根据下一句“Still another far-reaching question.”可知，填空处所填单词应和“far-reaching”相对应。句意：在这些问题中，最重要的是有关艺术作为形式的理论.。选项B更符合原文语境。8.考查句子结构。分析句子结构可知，这里是由and连接的两个并列句，and后面实际上省略了“relation”，所以后面的介词应该填入“to”，选项C正确。9.考查语法时态。根据下文“one holds that.”可推测，填空处应表示：在这个问题上，采取了两种对立的理论立场。由此可排除选A和B；再分析句子可知，这里的主语是“Two opposing theoretical positions”，所以应使用被动语态，选项D符合原文。10.考查逻辑连词。A选项whereas“然而”；B选项wherein“在其中，在何处”；C选项whereon“在那上面”；D选项wherefore“因此”。根据句意：一种立场认为，艺术以及对艺术的欣赏是实现某些公认的道德行为的一种手段， 另一种观点则认为，艺术本身就具有价值，这也是它自身的目的。这是两种相反的观念，所以选项A符合原文语境。11.上下文推断题。根据上文“In recent years there has also been an increasing preoccupation with art as the prime object of critical judgment. 近年来，人们也越来越专注于把艺术作为批判性判断的主要对象。”根据关键词“critical judgment”以及下文的关键词“criticism”可知，填空处应填入批评家。选项C符合原文。12.上下文推断题。根据上文的“In one”，可知填空处应填入“In the other”，都是省略了approach这个单词，所以选项D正确。考查并列结构。这里是由and连接的两个并列结构，前面句子的谓语动词是“articulating”，所以填空处也应该使用动词的-ing形式。选项C正确，选项D是完成时态，不符合语法结构和语境。13.形近词辨析题。A选项diverse“多种多样的”；B选项divided“分裂的，分开的”；C选项 divine“神圣的，天赐的”；D选项dividual“分开的，独特的”。句意：当代美学关注的问题包括风格的本质及其美学意义等多方面的问题。选项A符合原文句意。14.形近词辨析题。A选项reliance“信赖，信心”；B选项reliability“可靠性”；C选项relief“救济，减轻，解除”；D选项relevancy“关联，恰当”。句意：审美与文化的关系；艺术历史的可行性；弗洛伊德心理学和其他形式的心理学研究与批评的关联性.。选项D更符合语境。15.形近词辨析题。A选项reason“原因”；B选项reasonableness“合理，妥当”；C选项reasoning“推理，论证”；D选项reasonability“合理性”。根据句意：.以及审美判断在日常事务的实践推理中的地位。选项C符合原文语境。7. 单选题This（ ）to the study of diseases is technically referred to as epidemiological.问题1选项A.methodB.solutionC.meansD.approach【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。由句意可知，to the study of diseases修饰空缺处的名词，A、C、D三个选项都可以表示“方法，方式”，但是只有approach可以与to搭配表示“.的方法”，method和means后不接to。solution表示“解决方案”，与句意不符，可排除。因此，本题正确答案为D项。【句意】这种疾病研究方法在技术上称之为流行病学法。8. 单选题Professor Johnson is said（ ）some significant advance in his research in the past years.问题1选项A.makingB.having madeC.to makeD.to have made【答案】D【解析】考查非谓语动词的用法。Sb is said 后接动词不定式，表示“据说某人.”。用不定式的完成式表示已经发生的动作。此句相当于It is said that Professor Johnson has made some significant advance in his research in the past year句意：据说约翰逊教授去年在他的研究中取得了重大进展。故本题正确答案为D项。9. 单选题Generally, prompt cooling and proper refrigeration of foods can hold （ ）bacteria in foods to a safe level.问题1选项A.a number ofB.the number ofC.an amount ofD.a quantity of【答案】B【解析】句意:一般来说，迅速冷却并经过适当的冷藏，食物中的细菌量会被控制在安全范围内。考查短语辨析。a number of若干，许多; the number of 的数量; an amount of 总量”通常与不可数、无生命的名词连用；a quantity of 一些。故B符合句意。10. 单选题We are at a serious disadvantage in （ ） we have nobody properly qualified for the work问题1选项A.thisB.thatC.whichD.whom【答案】B【解析】考察固定搭配。in that 为固定搭配，意思是“由于，因为”。句意：我们现在处于非常不利的局面，因为我们没有胜任这份工作的人选。选项B符合题意。11. 单选题The president made a（ ）speech at the opening ceremony of the sports meeting, which encouraged the sportsmen greatly.问题1选项A.vigorousB.tediousC.flatD.harsh【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。vigorous “充满活力的，精力充沛的”; tedious “冗长的，单调乏味的”；flat “平淡的，平坦的”；harsh “严酷的，恶劣的”。句意：校长在运动会的开幕式上做了慷慨激昂的演讲，这极大地鼓舞了运动员们。根据下文which从句的内容可知这个演讲是慷慨激昂的，故A项符合题意，答案选A。12. 单选题It is well known that teenage boys tend to do better （1 ）math than girls, that male high school students are more likely than their female counterparts（ 2 ）advanced math courses like calculus, that virtually all the great mathematicians（ 3 ）men. Are women born with（4）mathematical ability? Or does societys sexism slow their progress? In 1980, two Johns Hopkins University researchers tried（ 5 ）the eternal nature/nurture debate. Julian Stanley and Camilla Benbow（ 6 ）10,000 talented seventh and eighth graders between 1972 and 1979. Using the Scholastic Aptitude Test, in which math questions are meant to measure ability rather than knowledge, they discovered（ 7 ）sex differences.（8 ） the verbal abilities of the males and females（ 9 ）differed, twice as many boys as girls scored over 500 (on a scale of 200 to 800) on mathematical ability; at the 700 level, the ratio was 14 to 1. The conclusion: males have（10 ）superior mathematical reasoning ability.Benbow and Stanleys findings,（11）were published in “Science”，disturbed some men and（12）women. Now there is comfort for those people in a new study from the University of Chicago that suggests math（13 ）not, after all, a natural male domain. Prof. Zalman Usiskin studied 1,366 tenth graders. They were selected from geometry classes and tested on their ability to solve geometry proofs, a subject requiring（14） abstract reasoning and spatial ability. The conclusion（15）by Usiskin: there are no sex differences in math ability.问题1选项A.atB.topC.ofD.about问题2选项A.in tacklingB.tacklingC.to tackleD.about tackling问题3选项A.might beB.have beenC.must beD.had been问题4选项A.smallerB.lessC.fewerD.not more问题5选项A.to settleB.t