2022年考博英语-山西大学考试名师点拨押题密卷29（含答案详解）

2022年考博英语-山西大学考试名师点拨押题密卷（含答案详解）1. 单选题Each（ ）effort a baby makes at speech is a sign of intellectual development.问题1选项A.cordialB.compactC.clumsyD.chronic【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项cordial“热情的，真诚的”；B选项compact“体积小的，精制的”；C选项clumsy“笨拙的，不灵活的”；D选项chronic“长期的，慢性的”。句意：婴儿在说话时的每一次（ ）努力都是智力发展的标志。“每一次热情的/体积小的/长期的努力”都没有“笨拙的”更合适，因此C选项正确。2. 单选题A new website from the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) shows that 10% of the country is now a “food desert”. The Food Desert Locator is an online map highlighting thousands of areas where, the USDA says, low-income families have little or no access to healthy fresh food. First identified in Scotland in the 1990s, food deserts have come to symbolize urban decay. They suggest images of endless fast-food restaurants and convenience stores serving fatty, sugary junk food to overweight customers who have never tasted organic vegetables.Accordingly, Michelle Obama announced a $400m Healthy Food Financing Initiative last year with the aim of eliminating food deserts nationwide by 2017. Official figures for the number of people living in food deserts already show a decline, from 23.5m in 2009 to 13.5m at the launch of the website. Although this might on the face of it suggest that the initiative is off to a superb start, sadly it does not in fact represent a single additional banana bought or soda shunned. This is because in America, the definition of a food desert is any census area where at least 20% of inhabitants are below the poverty line and 33% live more than a mile from a supermarket. By simply extending the cut-off in rural areas to ten miles, the USDA managed to rescue 10m people from desert life.Some academics would go further, calling the appearance of many food deserts nothing but a mirage. Research by the Centre for Public Health Nutrition at the University of Washington found that only 15% of people shopped for food within their own census area. Critics also note that focusing on supermarkets means that the USDA ignores tens of thousands of larger and smaller retailers, farmers markets and roadside greengrocers, many of which are excellent sources of fresh food. Together, they account for more than half of the countrys trillion-dollar retail food market.A visit to Renton, a depressed suburb of Seattle, demonstrates the problem. The town sits in the middle of a USDA food desert stretching miles in every direction. Yet it is home to a roadside stand serving organic fruit and vegetables, a health-food shop packed with nutritious grains and a superstore that researchers found attracts flocks of shoppers from well outside the desert.1.According to the USDA, food deserts（ ）.2.Healthy Food Financing Initiative is intended to（ ）.3.The author seems to think that the drop from 23.5 million to 13.5 million（ ）.4.The scholars in paragraph 3 believe that the USDA definition of a food desert is（ ）.5.Renton is mentioned in the passage to（ ）.问题1选项A.are directly related to urban povertyB.are the direct cause of overweightC.tend to be found in poor rural areasD.refer to the places with a food shortage问题2选项A.address the growing weight problemB.ensure food safety across the nationC.increase access to healthier foodD.change the American way of living问题3选项A.isnt based on latest informationB.doesnt make much differenceC.represents a real progressD.is at least a good beginning问题4选项A.outdatedB.creativeC.justifiableD.problematic问题5选项A.tell us to put food deserts in perspectiveB.point out the solutions to food desertsC.raise public awareness about food desertsD.highlight the problems of food deserts【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.语义推测题。根据第一段第三句food deserts have come to symbolize urban decay（食物沙漠已经成为城市衰败的象征），可知食物沙漠与城市贫困直接相关，故A选项“与城市贫困直接相关”正确。B选项“是超重的直接原因”：根据第一段最后一句overweight customers who have never tasted organic vegetables（从未吃过有机蔬菜的超重顾客），可知文章没有提到超重和食物沙漠的因果关系。C选项“往往出现在贫困的农村地区”和D选项“指食物短缺的地方”：根据第一段第二句low-income families have little or no access to healthy fresh food（低收入家庭很少或根本无法获得健康新鲜的食物）文章没有提到农村，也不是食物短缺。因此A选项正确。2.语义推测题。根据第二段第一句Accordingly, Michelle Obama announced a $400m Healthy Food Financing Initiative last year with the aim of eliminating food deserts nationwide by 2017.（因此，米歇尔奥巴马(Michelle Obama)去年宣布了一项4亿美元的健康食品融资计划，目标是到2017年在全国范围内消除食品沙漠。），可知其目的是让更多人吃到健康食品，故C选项“提高健康食品的份量”正确。A选项“解决日益增长的体重问题”不是目的。B选项“确保全国食品安全”文章没有提到食品安全。D选项“改变美国人的生活方式”涉及很多方面，不能仅仅通过某个方面的措施改变。因此C选项正确。3.语义推测题。根据第二段第三句Although this might on the face of it suggest that the initiative is off to a superb start, sadly it does not in fact represent a single additional banana bought or soda shunned.（虽然从表面上看，这可能意味着该倡议有了一个出色的开端，但令人遗憾的是，它实际上并没有多买一根香蕉或避免喝苏打水。），也许意味着有一个很好的开始，代表作者不持乐观态度，与D选项“至少是一个好的开始”的乐观态度不符，D选项错误；但遗憾的是，这并没有让人多买什么东西，作者认为这没多大作用，故B选项“没多大区别”正确，C选项“这代表真正的进步”错误。A选项“不是基于最新的信息”：文章没有提到数据是否是最新或是很早以前的。因此B选项正确。4.语义推测题。根据第三段第一句Some academics would go further, calling the appearance of many food deserts nothing but a mirage（一些学者甚至说许多食物沙漠不过是幻想），可知有学者不认同食物沙漠这个词的出现，故D选项“有问题的”正确，C选项“有道理的”错误。A选项“过时的”和B选项“创造性的”和本题无关。因此D选项正确。5.主旨大意题。根据第四段第二句和第三句The town sits in the middle of a USDA food desert（该镇位于美国农业部的食品沙漠中心） Yet it is home to a roadside stand serving organic fruit and vegetables, a health-food shop packed with nutritious grains and a superstore that researchers found attracts flocks of shoppers from well outside the desert.（然而，这里有一个卖有机水果和蔬菜的路边摊，一家摆满营养丰富的谷物的健康食品店，以及一家研究人员发现的吸引大批来自沙漠之外的消费者的超市。），结合文章开头美国农业部提出食物沙漠的定义，第三段作者提到自己认同的有学者提出食物沙漠是幻想的观点，可知作者认为食物沙漠这个现象不是大问题，不需要太过于重视，故C选项“提高公众对食物沙漠的认识”和D选项“强调食物沙漠的问题”错误；并且目的是让大家正确看待食物沙漠，故A选项“告诉我们要正确看待食物沙漠”正确。B选项“指出食物沙漠的解决方案”文章没有提到。因此A选项正确。3. 单选题Many children often（ ）why airplanes can fly like birds while we humans cannot.问题1选项A.expectB.wonderC.assumeD.anticipate【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项expect“猜想；认为；料想”；B选项wonder“想知道，琢磨”；C选项assume“设想；承担；采取”；D选项anticipate“预期；期盼”。句意：许多孩子经常（ ）为什么飞机能像鸟一样飞，而我们人类不能。根据语境，wonder“想知道，琢磨”和why搭配比较合理。因此B选项正确。4. 单选题Do your children worry that they might feel pressure to（ ）your heros image?问题1选项A.catch up withB.add up toC.come up withD.live up to【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项catch up with“赶上；逮捕；处罚”；B选项add up to“总计达”；C选项come up with“提出；想出；设法拿出（所需钱款）”；D选项live up to“符合；做到”。句意：你的孩子是否担心他们会对（ ）你心目中英雄的形象感到压力?根据语境，live up to“符合；做到”搭配heros image“英雄形象”比较合理。因此D选项正确。5. 单选题The company can constantly monitor the level of heat and energy and adjust（ ）.问题1选项A.accordinglyB.basicallyC.conventionallyD.subjectively【答案】A【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项accordingly“相应地”；B选项basically “基本地”；C选项conventionally“传统地”；D选项subjectively“主观地”。题干意思：公司可以不间断地监控热量和能源的指数，并且（ ）进行调整。因此A选项正确。6. 单选题He is a young and（ ）coach who is prepared to lead his team to win the championship in his first season.问题1选项A.realisticB.humorousC.ambitiousD.intimate【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项realistic “现实的；现实主义的；逼真的；实在论的”；B选项humorous “诙谐的，幽默的；滑稽的，可笑的”；C选项ambitious “野心勃勃的；有雄心的；热望的”；D选项intimate “亲密的；私人的；精通的”。句意：他是一个年轻而有（ ）的教练，他准备在他的第一个赛季带领他的球队赢得冠军。因此C选项正确。7. 单选题If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rashes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, thats God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks hes a doctor.”If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and itll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairmans notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustnt attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural, include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often its the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making alight-hearted remark.Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you dont succeed, give up” or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.1.To make your humor work, you should（ ）.2.The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are（ ）.3.It can be inferred from the text that public services（ ）.4.To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered（ ）.5.The best title for the text may be（ ）.问题1选项A.take advantage of different kinds of audienceB.make fun of the disorganized peopleC.address different problems to different peopleD.show sympathy for your listeners问题2选项A.impolite to new arrivalsB.very conscious of their godlike roleC.entitled to some privilegesD.very busy even during lunch hours问题3选项A.have benefited many peopleB.are the focus of public attentionC.are an inappropriate subject for humorD.have often been the laughing stock问题4选项A.in well-worded languageB.as awkwardly as possibleC.in exaggerated statementD.as casually as possible问题5选项A.Use Humor EffectivelyB.Various Kinds of HumorC.Add Humor to SpeechD.Different Humor Strategies【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.语义推测题。根据第一段第一句If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems.（如果你想在你的谈话中使用幽默使人们微笑，你必须知道如何识别共同的经历和问题。）和第三句Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different.（根据你的谈话对象，问题会有所不同。），可知幽默最重要的是讨论的问题，并且针对不同的人要用不同的问题，故C选项“向不同的人提出不同的问题”正确。A选项“利用不同类型的观众”和D选项“对听众表示同情”：根据第一段第二、三句，幽默必须与听众相关，是因为有助于同情听众从而亲近听众，策略在于谈论的问题。B选项“取笑那些没有条理的人”：文章没有提到。因此C选项正确。2.语义推测题。A选项impolite to new arrivals“对新人无礼”；B选项very conscious of their godlike role“非常清楚他们神一样的角色”；C选项entitled to some privileges“有权享有某些特权”；D选项very busy even during lunch hours“即使在午餐时间也很忙”。根据第二段第一句the audience all shared the same view of doctors（所有的听众都对医生有相同的看法）和最后一句 “Oh, thats God,” came the reply “but sometimes he thinks hes a doctor.”（“哦，那是上帝，”他回答说，“但有时他认为自己是一名医生。”）可知，在护士眼中，医生是神一样的角色，故B选项“非常清楚他们神一样的角色”正确。其他选项不符合题意。因此B选项正确。3.细节推断题。根据第三段第一句itll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food（你就适合对餐厅难以下咽的食物开玩笑），可知对公共服务开玩笑往往幽默效果很不错，故D选项“经常拿来开玩笑”正确，C选项“不合适做幽默主题”错误。A选项“使许多人受益”和B选项“是公众关注的焦点”：文章没有提到。因此D选项正确。4.语义推测题。根据第四段you must practice so that it becomes more naturalin a relaxed and unforced mannermaking a light-hearted remark（你必须练习到更自然用一种轻松和自然的方式轻松愉快地说话），可知幽默需要传达出自然和随意，故D选项“尽可能随意”正确。A选项“良好措辞”：措辞方面没有提到。B选项“尽可能尴尬”：根据第四段第一句，尴尬需要避免，C选项“陈述夸张”：根据第五段第三句，夸张陈述不是必要条件。因此D选项正确。5.主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句if you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile（如果你想在谈话间用幽默让人发笑），后文通过原则和各种方法在讲如何恰当地使人发笑，故A选项“有效运用幽默”正确。B选项“各式的幽默”，C选项“为演讲增添幽默”，D选项“不同的幽默策略”是其中的一个方面或者细节，不足以概括全文。因此A选项正确。8. 单选题Once, at a party, I was introduced to a friend of a friend. We shook hands, I told her my name, she told me hers. Then she did something that I was ever so grateful for. “Hang on,” she said. “Can you say your name again? I wasnt really listening.” She saved me from having to laterpossibly even at the same partysheepishly admit that I, too, had already forgotten her name.An informal poll of fellow Atlantic staffers confirmed my suspicion that this is something that happens to even the most kind and conscientious among us. No sooner does someone utter the most fundamental factoid about themselves than the information flees our brains forever.There are a few reasons why this occurs:Youre not really that interested: Maybe youre just making an appearance at this party and are planning to abscond shortly to a superior kick-back. Your level of interest can impact how well you remember something. “Some people, perhaps those who are more socially aware, are just more interested in people, more interested in relationships,” Richard Harris, professor of psychology at Kansas State University, told Science Daily. “They would be more motivated to remember somebodys name.” There are two types of storage in the brain: Long-term and short-term. The short-term variety is called “working memory,” and it functions like a very leaky thermos. It doesnt hold much and it spills stuff out all the time. “You can hold just a little bit of information there and if you dont concentrate on it, it fades away rapidly,” Paul Reber, a psychology professor at Northwestern University, told me in an email. “Information like a name needs to be transferred to a different brain system that creates long-term memories that persist over time.” Theres not much in a name, frankly. It doesnt actually tell you anything about the person youre meeting, and thus it doesnt give your brain anything to cling to. “Human memory is very good at things like faces and factual information that connects well to other information you already know,” Reber said. The name ends up neither connecting to what you already know nor standing out as unusual,” Reber said. “So you get this funny phenomenon where you can remember lots about a person you recently meteverything except their name (this happens to me all the time).”1.The author points out in the first two paragraphs that（ ）.2.According to Richard Harris, how well we remember a name is related to（ ）.3.What is the problem mentioned in Paragraph 5?4.It can be learned from Paragraph 6 that names are（ ）.5.What is the best title for the passage?问题1选项A.we want to know how to remember other peoples nameB.we often feel sorry for forgetting other peoples nameC.it is important to remember other peoples nameD.it is just common to forget other peoples name问题2选项A.whether it is necessary to do itB.whether the name is easy to rememberC.how good our memory isD.how interested we are in that person问题3选项A.Limit of working memory.B.Confusing information.C.Malfunction of the brain.D.Too much information.问题4选项A.symbolicB.pointlessC.uniqueD.informative问题5选项A.Whats in a name?B.Whats your name, again?C.Dont forget my nameD.Thats my name【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.推理判断题。前两段作者根据自己的亲身经历讲述我们经常忘记别人的名字。该题的解题关键在于要联系上下文，第三段说道“There are a few reasons why this occurs:（出现这种情况有以下几个原因：）”，那么最能承接这句话的就是正确答案。A选项“我们想知道如何记住别人的名字”；B选项“我们常常因为忘记了别人的名字而感到抱歉”；C选项“记住别人的名字是很重要的”都和下文联系不大，所以D选项“忘记别人的名字是很正常的”正确。2.事实细节题。第四段中指出“Your level of interest can impact how well you remember something.（你的兴趣程度会影响你记忆的好坏。）”，Richard Harris的研究指出也表明“Some people, perhaps those who are more socially aware, are just more interested in people, more interested in relationships（有些人可能更有社会意识，对人更感兴趣，对人际关系更感兴趣。）”，A选项“是否有必要做这件事”；B选项“名字是否容易被记住”；C选项“我们的记忆力有多好”都与原文不符，因此D选项“我们对那个人有多感兴趣”正确。3.推理判断题。第五段主要讲了短时记忆即工作记忆的缺点。“The short-term variety is called working memory, and it functions like a very leaky thermos. It doesnt hold much and it spills stuff out all the time.（短期记忆被称为工作记忆，它的功能就像一个漏水的保温瓶。它装不了多少东西，还总是把东西倒出来。）”。B选项“混乱的信息”；C选项“大脑功能障碍”；D选项“太多的信息”都不符合段意，因此A选项“工作记忆的限制”正确。4.事实细节题。第六段说到“Theres not much in a name, frankly. It doesnt actually tell you anything about the person youre meeting, and thus it doesnt give your brain anything to cling to.（坦白地说，名字里并没有什么。它实际上并没有告诉你任何关于你要见的人的信息，因此它也没有给你的大脑任何依附的东西。）”，由此可看出名字是没有什么实际意义的。A选项“符号”；C选项“独特的”；D选项“信息量大的”都不符合原文，因此B选项“没有意义的”正确。5.主旨大意题。由文章第一段可知我们经常忘记别人的名字，文章后面几段在阐述为什么会有这种现象。所以B选项“请再说一遍你的名字好吗？”更加符合文章主旨大意。A选项“名字里有什么”；C选项“别忘了我的名字”；D选项“那是我的名字”都没有B选项适合。因此B选项正确。9. 单选题For about three centuries we have been doing science, trying science out, using science for the construction of what we call modern civilization. Every dispensable item of contemporary technology, from canal locks to dial telephones to penicillin, was pieced together from the analysis of data provided by one or another series of scientific experiments. Three hundred years seems a long time for testing a new approach to human development long enough to settle back for critical appraisal of the scientific method, maybe even long enough to vote on whether to go on with it or not. There is an argument.Voices have been raised in protest since the beginning, rising in pitch and violence in the nineteenth century during the early stages of the industrial revolution, summoning urgent crowds into the streets any day these days on the issue of nuclear energy. Give it back, say some of the voices, it doesnt really work, wed tried it and it doesnt work, go back three hundred years and start again on something else less chancy for the race of man.The principal discoveries in this century, taking all in all, are the glimpses of the depth of our ignorance about nature. Things that used to seem clear and rational, matters of absolute certaintyNewtonian mechanics, for examplehave slipped through our fingers, and we are left with a new set of gigantic puzzles, cosmic uncertainties, ambiguities; some of the laws of physics are amended every few years, some are canceled outright, some undergo revised versions of legislative intent as if they were acts of Congress.Just thirty years ago we call it a biological revolution when the fantastic geometry of the DNA molecule was exposed to public view and the linear language of genetics was decoded. For a while, things seemed simple and clear, the cell was a neat little machine, a mechanical device ready for taking to pieces and reassembling, like a tiny watch. But just in the last few years it has become almost unbelievably complex, filled with strange parts whose functions are beyond todays imagination.It is not just that there is more to do, there is everything to do. What lies ahead, or what can lie ahead if the efforts in basic research are continued, is much more than the conquest of human disease or the improvement of agricultural technology or the cultivation of nutrients in the sea. As we learn more about fundamental processes of living things in general we will learn more about ourselves.1.What CANNOT be inferred from the first paragraph?2.The principle discovery in this century shows（ ）.3.Now scientists have found in the past few years（ ）.4.The writers main purpose in writing the passage is to say that（ ）.5.The writers attitude towards science is（ ）.问题1选项A.Scientific experiments in the past three hundred years have produced many valuable items.B.For three hundred years there have been people holding a hostile attitude tow