初中英语动词用法学习指导.doc

初中英语动词用法学习指导17(动词语态)(2009-12-09 11:03:24)转载标签：音乐教育被动语态动词语态 分类：英语教学 第二章 动词语态一、动词语态的定义及分类语态是动词的一种形式，它用来表示句中主语同谓语动词之间的关系。英语有两种语态， 主动语态和被动语态，主动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的承受者。例如：1.I have repaired the radio. 我修好了收音机。（主动语态）The radio has been repaired. 收音机被修好了。（被动语态）2.The students cleaned the classroom. 学生们打扫了教室。（主动语态）The classroom was cleaned by the students. 教室被学生们打扫了。（被动语态）3.They will build some buildings in two years.两年后他们将要建一些大楼。（主动语态）Some buildings will be built in two years.两年后将要建一些大楼。（被动语态）二、被动语态的构成： 动词被动语态由“助动词be +动词过去分词”构成，它有各种时态的变化，动词被动语态的时态变化是通过助动词be的时态变化来完成的。初中阶段我们重点掌握一般现在时、一般过去时及情态动词的被动语态构成及用法，并对其他时态的被动语态构成及用法有大致的了解。一般现在时被动语态构成：am(is, are)+动词过去分词一般过去时被动语态构成：was(were)+ 动词过去分词一般将来被动语态构成：will be+动词过去分词过去将来时被动语态构成：would +动词过去分词32现在完成时被动语态构成：have/has been+动词过去分词过去完成时被动语态构成：had been+动词过去分词现在进行时被动语态构成：am/is/are+being+动词过去分词过去进行时被动语态构成：was/were+动词过去分词情态动词被动语态构成：情态动词+be+动词过去分词(情态动词有时态变化)三、主动语态变成被动语态的方法1.将主动语态改为被动语态应注意以下三个方面：将主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语；将主动语态的谓语动词改为“be过去分词”结构；将主动语态的主语改为介词by之后的宾语，放在谓语动词之后（有时可省略）。I made the cakes last night. The cakes were made by me last night.2.含直接宾语和间接宾语的主动语态改为被动语态时有两种情况：把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语，直接宾语仍保留原位；把直接宾语改为主动语态的主语，此时，间接宾语前要加介词to或 for。如：He gave the boy an appleThe boy was given an apple（或An apple was given to the boy）Her father bought her a presentShe was bought a present by her father（或A present was bought for her by her father）3.不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的主动语态，改为被动语态时不定式前要加to。如：They watched the children sing that morningThe children were watched to sing that morning 4.带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时，一般把主动语态的宾语改为主语，宾语补足语在被动语态中作主语补 足语。如：We call him Xiao WangHe is called Xiao Wang He33cut his hair shortHis hair was cut shortThey told him to help meHe was told to help me5.短语动词是不可分割的整体，改为被动语态时要保持其完整性，介词或副词不可遗漏。如：We must take good care of the young treesThe young trees must be taken good care of6.含有宾语从句的主动结构变为被动结构时，通常用it作为被动结构的先行主语，从句放在句子后面；也可采用另一种形式。可以这样转换为被动结构的动词有know，say，believe，find，think，report等。如：People believe that he is illIt is believed that he is ill（或：He is believed to be ill）四被动语态改为主动语态的方法：被动语态中介词by后的宾语改为主动语态中的主语（或按题意要求确定主语），按照这个主语的人称和数以及原来的时态把谓语动词形式由被动语态改为主动语态。注意在主动语态中有的动词要求不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，此时要把被动语态中的to去掉。被动语态的主语用来作主动语态的宾语。如：History is made by the peopleThe people make history五、被动语态的应用1.不知道谁是谓语动词动作的执行者时，或者没有必要说出谁是执行者时。 The glass was broken last night.玻璃昨天被打破了。 His bike has been stolen. 他的自行车被偷了。 He was asked to go there once more. 他被要求再去那儿一次。 The bag was put into the box.袋子放在了箱子里。 2.为了强调或突出动作的承受者时。 The plan has been sent to the headmaster. 计划已经送给校长了。34Kilinton was elected the President of U.S.A.克林顿被选为美国总统。 Five people were hurt in the explosion.五个人在这次爆炸中受伤。 A new building was set up in a short time.新大楼短期就建成了。3.被动语态也可以说出动作的执行者，构成如下：动作承受者 + be + 过去分词 + by + 动作执行者。 The picture was praised by everybody.照片得到了大家的好评。 The classroom was cleaned by us.教室被我们打扫过。 The bridge was built by workers from Shanxi. 这座桥是山西的工人建的。 The little boy was found by the police.小孩被警察找到了。 注：不能用于被动语态的情况某些表示“静态”的及物动词（表示状态而不是动作，而且常常是不可用于进行时态的动词）如have，fit，suit，hold（容纳），cost， suffer，last（持续）等不能用于被动语态。如： They have a nice car他们有一辆漂亮的汽车。 My shoes dont fit me我的鞋不合适。 My brain cant hold so much information at one time我的脑子一下子记不住这么多资料。 How much What does it cost？这值多少钱？ Our holiday lasts 10days我们的假期有十天。 This food will last（them）（for）3days这食物足够（他们）（吃）三天。 动词leave（离开），enter（进入），join（参加）不35可用于被动语态。如： The car left the road and hit a tree车子离开了道路，撞上了树。某些及物动词可作不及物动词用，特别是后加副词（如well， easily等）时。主动语态有被动含义，这类动词常见的有sell，write， wear，wash，cook，open，close，lock，read，record，act，break，catch，cut，clean，drive，draw， let，open，write，wash，wear等等。如： His new novel is selling well他的新小说很畅销。The cloth washes well这布很耐洗。 This material wont wear这种材料不耐穿。 His play wont act他的戏剧不会上演。 The window wont shut这窗关不上。 The door wont open这门打不开。 The door wont lock这门锁不上。 This poem reads well这首诗读来很好。 feel，look，appear，sound，taste，smell等由实意动词演变而来的系动词，后接形容词作表语，不可用于被动语态。如： Tell me if you feel cold你要是感到冷就告诉我。 Youre looking very unhappywhats the matter？你看来很不高兴怎么回事儿？ The soup tastes wonderful这汤味道好极了。 Those roses smell beautiful那些玫瑰好闻极了。 She appears to be friendly她看上去很友好。 宾语是不定式或动词的-ing形式时，不可用于被动语态。如： Peter hoped to meet her彼得希望遇见她。 Mr Smith enjoyed seeing his daughter史密斯先生喜欢看他的女儿。 宾语是反身代词或相互代词时，不可用于被动语态。如： 36She can dress herself她可以自己穿衣服。 We could hardly see each other in the fog在雾中我们彼此几乎看不见。 宾语是同源宾语时，不可用于被动语态。如： They live a happy life他们过着幸福的生活。 The girl dreamed a sweet dream 那女孩做了个甜美的梦。 宾语带有与主语有照应关系的物主代词时，不可用于被动语态。如： The old man broke his（the old mans）legs那老人把自己的腿弄断了。 The girl shook her（the girls）head那女孩摇了摇头。第三章 动词非谓语形式顾名思义，非者不也，动词非谓语形式(也称非限定动词)在句子中不单独用作谓语,不随句子主语的人称和数的变化而变化,但它可以用作其他句子成份。动词非谓语形式有三种,它们是:动词不定式、动名词和分词,在初中阶段，我们主要学习动词不定式及动名词的部分用法。 第一节 动词不定式 to+动词原形表示动词不定式，不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。to+动词原形构成动词不定式，不定式在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语、状语、宾语补足语等。 一、动词不定式作主语不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作，动词不定式做主语时往往用形式主语it代替，而把真正的主语动词不定式放在句末。例如：1.To give is better than to receive.(Its better to give than to receive.)给比拿好。(分析：give是一个动词，在句子中要做谓语，但在“给比拿好”这个句子中，给要做主语，而动词不能做主语，所以这时应把动词转化成它的非谓语形式，用动词不定式做主语。)2.To learn English well is very easy.(Its easy to learn English well.)学好英语是容易的。3.To ride a horse is very interesting.(Its interesting to ride a horse.)骑马是很有趣的。4.To laugh is better than to cry.(Its better to laugh is better than to cry.)笑比哭好。注1：It takes somebody some time to do something 句型中动词38不定式作主语。例句：To go to school by bike takes me ten minutes every day.(It takes me ten minutes by bike every day.)每天骑自行车上学校花费我10分钟的时间。注2. 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用形式主语代替。例句：(对)To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。(错)It is to believe to see.注3.Its for sb to do sth 与Its of sb to do sth 的区别。例句：Its very kind of you to help us.他帮助我们，他真好。Its very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等。例句：Its very nice for me to talk to you like this.Its very interesting for him to do this kind thing.of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right， rude, brave, stupid, silly, selfish等。例句:It was silly of us to believe him.我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。for 与of 的辨别方法：用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：Its very kind of you to help others(You are kind.通顺，所以应用of)。Its very hard for him to be the best in his class. ( He is hard.人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)二、动词不定式作宾语39动词不定式做宾语常常用在下列动词的后面，如want, need, begin, start, agree, plan, refuse, hope, decide, promise, pretend, afford, manger, intend等。例句：1.I want to take some books to the library.我想把一些书带到图书馆。2.They need to plant some trees around the lake.他们需要在湖边种树。3.She started to climb the hill at once.她立刻开始爬山。4.I decide to do my homework at night.我决定晚上做作业。5.He hopes to be a soldier when she grows up.我希望长大后当兵。注：动词不定式作宾语后接形容词作宾语补足语时，常常用形式宾语it 代替，而把真正的主语动词不定式放在句末。例句：1.He find it too hard to get to sleep.他发现入睡很难。2.iI find it important to learn English well.我发现学好英语很重要。3.I think it necessary for us to learn to wait.我认为对我们来说学会等待很有必要。 三、动词不定式作表语动词不定式作表语时，一般放在系动词be, seem的后面。不定式作表语常表示将来的动作，主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词，如wish, idea, task, job等. 例句：1.My job is to feed the animals.我的工作是饲养动物。2.His work is to sell computers to other countries.他的工作是把电脑卖给其他国家。3.His uncle seems to be very happy.他的叔叔看起开很高兴。4.It seems to rain.天好象要下雨了。5.My wish is to be a doctor.我的愿望是当医生。 四、动词不定式作状语1.动词不定式作状语表原因40例句：I am sorry to hear that.She is very happy to see her husband.How glad he is to visit China again! 2. 动词不定式作状语表结果动词不定式作状语表结果时常用于tooto, enough to句型中，并与sothat句型相换用。例句：He is too weak to lift the heavy box.He is old enough to go to school. 在肯定句中，enough to句型与sothat句型相换用。例句：He is so strong that he can move the box. He is strong enough to move the box.She runs so fast that she can catch up with the boy. She runs fast enough to catch up with the boy.当sothat句型中主句与从句中主语不一致在换成enough to句型时，常用for 连接动词不定式的逻辑主语，同时省略动词不定式的逻辑宾语，因为enough to连接的是一个简单句，这一点和汉语习惯一致。例句：The box is so light that I can move it away. The box is light enough for me to move away.The boy ran so slowly that the girl could catch up with him. The boy ran slowly enough for the girl to catch up with. 在否定句中，tooto, enough to句型与sothat句型三者相换用。在换成enough to句型时一是变成否定形式，二是把句中的形容词或副词变成它的反义词。例句：He runs so slowly that he cant catch up with the girl. He runs too slowly to catch up with the girl. He doesnt run quickly enough catch up with the girl.She is so young that he cant go to school. She is too young to go to school.41She runs so fast that he cant catch up with her. She runs too fast for him to catch up with. She doesnt run slowly enough for him to catch up with.The box is so heavy that he cant lift it. The box is too heavy for him to lift. The box isnt light enough for him to lift.3.动词不定式作状语表目的动词不定式作状语表目的时，常常与for连接的表示目的的介词短语相换用。例句：I will go to the shop to buy a pen. I will go to the shop for a pen.She went home to have breakfast.She went home for breakfast.They landed on the island to get some bananas. They landed on the island for some bananas.He went out to walk. He went out for a walk.Well go to the airport to meet the foreigners. Well go to the airport for meeting the foreigners.They tried their best to do their homework.The old man was in the city to visit his daughter.What was the old man in this city to do?He is standing there to wait for his wife. What is he standing there to do?We cant afford to buy tickts to the concert.五、动词不定式作定语1.由only, first, last, next, 序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作定语。例句：The best time to come to China is in spring or autumn.Mr Dong is always the first one to arrive at the office and the last one to leave.42He is the third one to get to the top of the mountain.He is only the student to study carelessly in his class.2、不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后,动词不定式与所修饰的名词是逻辑上的动宾关系。例句：I have a lot of work to do.（do a lot of work）我有一些作业要做。Can you give me something to eat.(eat something)你能给我一些东西吃吗？I have a book to read.(read a book)我有一本书要读。He has a story to tell me.(tell me a story)他有一个故事要给我讲。There will be a house to live in. 将要有个房间住。（特别注意的是在不定式与其修饰的名词有动宾关系时，要根据句子的需要在不定式后加适当的介词，这个介词的选用取决于被修饰的名词或不定式本身的要求。）She is a very good person to work with.她是个能够一起工作的人。This is an important topic to talk about.这是个可以讨论的重要的题目。3、不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后,动词不定式与所修饰的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系。例句：I have a chance to meet the foreigners. 我有一个见外国人的机会。There is no time to think.没有时间考虑。There was no time to enter the center of the city.没有时间进入市中心。There is no time to open the present box.没有时间打开礼品盒。六、动词不定式作宾语补足语动词不定式作宾语补足语有以下三种情况1.必须带to的不定式作宾补，常用于下列动词的宾语的后面。43advise，allow，believe，drive，guess，hire， invite, like,order, , report, suppose, tell, think,trust, warn, ask,get, would like, etc.例句：The tiger ordered the monkey to bring him some foodto eat.Tell her to run quickly.The teacher likes his students to study hard.She would like his husband to cook.We ask them to be careful.2.可带to也可不带to的不定式作宾补，常用于help的宾语的后面，例句：They help the farmers to pick apples. They help the farmers pick apples.She often helps her mother to do housework.She often helps her mother do housework.3.省略to的不定式作宾补，常用于使动词或感官动词宾语的后面。使动词：let, have, make感官动词：hear, look at, listen to, feel, watch, notice, see, etc.例句：Let me have a look.Nothing makes me stop studying .I often hear him sing outside.This afternoon I watched them play football.I saw the monkey climb the tall tree very quickly.注：省略to的动词不定式在变成被动语态时，省略的to要还原。例句：He makes the baby cry.(变成被动语态)The baby was made to cry.七、几个惯用的动词不定式1.be afraid to do sth害怕干某事442.be sure to do确定干某事3.be pleased to do干某事高兴4.be happy to do干某事高兴5.be ready to do 准备干某事八、省略to的动词不定式1.why not+动词原形，为什么不，表达一种建议。2.had better+动词原形，最好干某事，否定式had better not+动词原形.3.由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：Have you anything to be taken to your sisterHe wants to move to France and marry the girl.He wants to do nothing but go out.九、动词不定式的否定式 动词不定式的否定形式是在动词不定式的前面加not。例句：1.He tried not to be late.2.Its good not to laugh at others.3.The teacher told his students not to waste time.4.Tell him not to shut the window.5.Let him not open the window.6.He made the baby not cry. 十、疑问词加动词不定式疑问词who, what, which, when, where, whether, how或疑问词短语后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如：1.When to leave for Shanghai has not been decided yet. 什么时候动身去上海还没有被决定。（主语）2.Mr. Smith didnt know whether to leave or stay there. 史密斯先生不知道是离开还是留在那里。（宾语）3.I asked my teacher how to learn English well. 我问我的英语老师怎样学好英语。（宾语）454.The question was when to have the meeting.问题是什么时候开会。（表语） 疑问词不定式结构，均可转换为相应的从句形式。例句：1.How we can make our English class interesting is very important. How to make our English class interesting is veryimportant.2.I didnt decide which coat I should buy. I didnt decide which coat to buy.3.Could you tell me whose pen I can use. Could you tell me whose pen to use.4.I want to know what I should say.I want to know what to say.第二节 动名词动名词由动词+ing构成，否定形式为not dong, 具有动词的意思和名词的用法，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。1. 作主语。动名词和不定式都可以作主语，动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。1)动名词作主语，用于句首。例句：Seeing is believing.Living in the country is more interesting than in the city.Staying in cages is not good for animals.Picking apples is better than having classes.区别：Playing with fire is dangerous. （泛指玩火）To play with fire will be dangerous. （指一具体动作）2)动名词在“It is useless/ nice/ good/ interesting等形容词 + doing”结构中作主语, it为形式主语。例句：It is good playing chess after supper.晚饭后弈棋挺好。It is useless speaking.光说是没有用的。 3)动名词在“It is no use/ no good/ fun / a waste of time/ a good pleasure 等名词 + doing”结构中作主语，it为形式主语。例句：It is no good writing to him; he never answers letters.写信给他不妥，他从来不回信。It is no use your complaining; the company wont do anything about it.抱怨是没有用的，公司是不会管的。 2作表语。例句：Her job is teaching.47Her job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children.3作宾语。1)有些动词后面要求跟动名词作宾语,不跟动词不定式。常这样用的动词有：admit 承认 ； excuse 原谅 ； postpone 拖延 ；anticipate 期望； fancy 想象；practise 练习； appreciate 欣赏； finish 完成； prevent 防止； avoid 避免；forbid 禁止； propose 建议； consider 考虑； forgive 宽恕； recollect 回忆；delay 耽搁； imagine 想象； resent 厌恶； deny 否认； involve 涉及；resist 抵制； detest 厌恶； keep 保留； risk 冒险； dislike 讨厌； mind 在意； save 挽救； dread 害怕； miss 错过； suggest 建议； enjoy 喜欢； pardon 原谅；understand 理解； escape 逃避；permit 允许。例句：When did you finish picking the apples?They often practise shooting .Do you enjoy playing basketball.Do you mind opening the window? 2）有些动词短语后也要求跟动名词作宾语。常这样用的动词短语有：cant stand 忍不住； cant help 忍不住； feel like 想，欲；give up 放弃； put off 推迟。例句：They cant help jumping.He felt like eating.Please give up smoking.3）动名词常跟在介词或介词短语后做宾语。常这样用的介词短语有：thanks for, instead of, look forward to, object to, keep on, see about, take to 等。例句：After picking the apples, they felt very tired.They went away without saying anything.They cleaned the floor instead of watching TV.Thanks for asking me to your party.4）在“have difficulty (trouble, problem, a hard time, fun, a48good time) (+in) + 动名词； be busy (in) + 动名词；waste time (in) + 动名词；lost time (in) + 动名词；There is no point (in) + 动名词；spend some time in + 动名词”等结构中，动名词做介词宾语，in常要省去。例句：Theyll have fun going on a field trip and eating a new kind of fruit.The children are busy doing their homework.孩子们忙于做作业。He spent half an hour in mending the bike.Dont waste time studying.5）在复合宾语中，用it作形式宾语，将动名词短语放在后面。例句：I consider it a waste of time arguing about it.我认为辩论这事是很浪费时间的。4.作定语, 例句：He has a reading room.He will give us a swimming lesson.Dont the sleeping pills work?The surprising news makes me very happy.5. 动名词与不定式1） 动名词与不定式的区别：动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的 2）接不定式或动名词，意义相同。 在love，hate，prefer，like等动词后用动名词或不定式无多大区别。有时用动名词作宾语时，指一般情况，而跟不定式作宾语时指某一具体行为。例句：I like teaching.I like to teach.493) start，begin，continue在书面语中多后接动名词，在口语中多后接不定式。当start和begin的主语是物而不是人时；当start或begin以-ing形式出现时，当后面作宾语的动词表示感情、思想或意念时，一般跟不定式作宾语。例句：It started to snow. He is beginning to cook dinner.I began to understand what he meant.4）be afraid to do与be afraid of doing；be sure to do与be sure of doing意思差别不大。例句：He is afraid to go out at night.He is afraid of going out at night.I am sure to beat him.I am sure of beating him.5)有些动词或短语后接动名词与不定式意思差别很大：stop to do停下来干某事 stop doing停止干某事forget to do忘记要做某事 forget doing忘记做过某事remember to do记得要做某事 remember doing记得做过某事go on to do 接着干某事（另一件事）go on doing 继续干某事（同一件事）mean to do打算干某事 mean doing意味着干某事try to do设法干某事try doing试着干某事例句：When they saw the teacher ,they stopped talking.他们见到老师停止了谈话。He stopped to talk.他停下来讲话。Lets go on studying Lesson 6.让我们继续学第六课。（说明前面已学了一部分。）Lets go on to study Lesson 6.让我们接着学第六课。（说明前面已学了第五课。）I remember turning off the light.我记得把灯关了。50I must remember to do it.我必须记着做这事。Dont forget to tell Jim.不要忘记告诉吉姆。 I forgot to turn off the light when I left home.我离开家时忘记关灯了。 6. 动名词的被动式动词need，require，want作“需要”解，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语表示事情需要做，这时，动名词的主动式表示被动意义。be worth后必须用动名词的主动形式来表示被动意义。例句：The watch needs repairing. (=The watch needs to be repaired.)这块表需要修理。The problem deserves thinking about. (=The problem deservers to be thought about.)这个问题值得考虑。The book is worth reading .这本书值得读。His suggestion is worth considering.他的提议值得考虑四章 常用的连系动词连系动词本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语。表语通常由名词、形容词,或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当,说明主语是什么或怎么样。 一、连系动词bebe是最常用的连系动词，它的后面可跟名词、形容词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语、从句、动词不定式、分词等作表语,构成主系表结构。be的时态变化：一般现在时：am, is, are一般过去时：was, were现在将来时：will be, is going to be, are going to过去将来时：would be, was going to be, were going to be现在完成时：have been, has been过去完成时：had been例句：He will be a teacher.他将要成为老师。（名词作表语）He said he was going to be in Shanghai the next week.他说他下一周将在上海。（介词短语作表语）She was the first to learn about it.她第一个知道这个消息。（数词作表语）My idea is this.我的想法就是这。（代词作表语）We must be off now.现在我们必须离开。（副词作表语）My idea is that we should tie the tree to the stick first.我的主义是先把树绑到木棒上。（从句作表语）My job is to feed th