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Module 1 GrammarI. be going to 的用法be going to结构表示按计划、打算去做某事，表示人的主管意图，有时还可表示预测有迹象要发生某事。如：. How long is your aunt going to stay in China for a visit?(计划、打算). Look at the clouds. Its going to rain.(有迹象要发生). George is putting on weight. He is going to be quite fat.(预测)II. be going to与will的区别. will表示说话人认为、相信要发生的事, 不含具体时间, 可以指遥远的将来; be going to 表示按计划、打算即将发生的事。. 二者都可以表示“意图” 。但是表示事先考虑的事情用be going to, 否则用will。如:I am not going to / wont tell him about it.-This is a very heavy box. -Ill help you to carry it. be going to 可以用在条件句中表示 将来, will则不行。 如:If you are going to attend the party, youd better leave now.Module 2 Grammar不定式作状语不定式作目的状语He broke into the house to steal something.Many drug addicts are now in treatment centers to stop taking drugs. Hes saving up to buy a new car. He uses a computer to send emails. 2)有时候在不定式前面加上in order to或 so as to, 否定式为 in order not to 和so as not to: Lets hurry so as to go to school in time. Lets hurry so as not to be late for school.She studied very hard in order to catch up with others. She studied very hard in order not to lag behind. 3) 不定式表示目的时,通常它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,但如果不是的话,就要用for 结构表示逻辑主语,如：Mom opened the door for Jane and Betty to come in. Module 3 GrammarI. 时间状语从句II. 过去完成时时间状语从句. 常见的连接时间状语从句的连接词有:when, while, as, before, after, until/till, since, ever since, whenever, as soon as, no sooner than, hardly / scarcely when 等WhenWhen 还有意义为这时，(at this time)那时(at that time) 常用于下列句型：Somebody was doing something when某人正在做 突然 Somebody was about to do something when.某人正要做 突然 Somebody had just done something when某人刚刚干了这时1, I was reading English when my teacher came in.2, I was about to talk in the classroom when the teacher came in.3, I had just made the mistake when the teacher came in .While观察：While they were doing homework, someone broke into the house.While he was still a teenager, he was a big star.分析：while引导的从句表示“在过程中”，强调某一段时间内主句和从句的动作在同一时期发生。从句的动作表示较长时间，因此常用延续性动词。While 表示强烈的对比关系，可译成“然而”She is tall while I am short. While I was studying English, he was playing football.As试观察：1) As they were picking tea, the girls were singing happily.强调两个动作同时进行2) As he grew older, he found it difficult to compose good music.两种情况一起发展变化分析：as引导的从句表示“当时；一边一边”，主句和从句的动作同时发生，强调伴随。有时可译为“随着”。过去完成时1过去完成时的构成: “助动词had+过去分词” The public wondered why the president hadnt attended the top conference.2. 过去完成时的用法:1). 过去完成时主要用来表明在某个时间或动作之前已经发生的动作, 它表示时间是“过去的过去”。如:The patient had died when the doctor arrived. Up until then they had just finished half the work.He had pressed the button before we could stop him.When I had finished my everyday work, I did some gardening.2). 如果发生的动作很短暂, 或两个动作紧接着发生, 则常用一般过去时代替过去完成时。尤其是在含有before, after, as soon as的复合句中, 因为它们本身的词义就可以表示出先后顺序。如:Just before I left New York, I sent an e-mail to Mr White, my teacher in the university.3). 过去完成时还可以表示未能实现的希望、愿望等, 常用的动词有except, hope, mean, suppose, think 等。如:I had hoped to send him a telegram to congratulate him on his marriage, but didnt manage it. Mother had expected me to come to her birthday party, but I really had a lot of important work to do.Note: 当动作紧接着发生, 次序明显时, 只需用一般过去时。When he got home from work, he was very tired. He opened the door, turned on the light, washed his face and went to bed without taking off his clothes. 2.与某个时间段或时间点连用时, 一般过去时表示动作在这个时间发生, 而过去完成时表示动作在这个时间之前就已经完成。如:He learned Russian during his stay in Russia. He had already learned Russian during his stay in Russia.3. 在间接引语中，与过去完成时连用的时间状语从句常用一般过去时代替过去完成时。如： He told me somebody had phoned when I was out.John said the film had been on five minutes when he got to the cinema. Module 4 Grammar ing form and the infinitive作主语(1) -ing形式和不定式都可在句中用作主语。一般情况下可以互换。 To learn a foreign language is not easy. =Learning a foreign language is not easy. 学习外语是不容易的。(2) 表示具体的, 特定情况下的或有待于完成的动作时, 常用不定式。 To finish such a novel will take me several days. 读完这本小说需要花去我几天的时间。 Its impossible to get to Beijing in three hours this time, because there is something wrong with our car. 看来这次三个小时是到不了北京了, 因为我们的车出问题了。在 “It is + 形容词(如necessary) + for/ of sb. ”的结构后, 通常用不定式作真正的主语。而 “It is no use/no good/a waste of time”后通常接ing形式。Its quite impossible to finish the work with so little money. 用这么少的钱想完成这项工作是不可能的。 Its no use asking him for help. 向他求助是没有用的。There is no 结构后只能接ing形式。There is no knowing whether he is dead or alive. 无从得知他是死是活。作表语(1) 两者都可用作表语, 而且一般情况下可以互换。 His work is to paint houses. = His work is painting houses. 他的工作就是粉刷房屋。表示具体的, 特定情况下的, 将来的动作, 通常用动词不定式。Our homework today is to finish the exercises 2 and 3 on page 10. 我们今天的作业就是完成第10页的练习2和3。(3) 主语与表语通常要保持形式一致。To see is to believe. =Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。作宾语(1) 有些动词后面只能用不定式作宾语，常见此类动词有： ask, agree, beg, decide, determine, fail, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, set out, want, wish, expect, demand She decided to help him. 她决定帮他。admit, advise, appreciate, avoid, cant help, consider(考虑), delay, deny, endure, enjoy, excuse, escape, face, fancy, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, keep, keep on, mind, miss, mention, pardon, permit, practise, put off, risk, resist, suggest, understand等。 The doctor advised taking more exercise. 医生建议多做运动。 I suggest doing it in this way. 我建议这样做。 注意: 一些动词短语中含有介词to, 不要和不定式中的to混淆。常见此类短语: be used to, come to, devote to, get down to, lead to, look forward to, pay attention to, refer to, stick to等。I really must get down to considering it seriously. 我真的必须认真考虑一下这事了。 We are looking forward to seeing you again. 我们盼望着再次见到你。有些动词后既可接ing形式, 也可接不定式, 而且意义上没有差别。常见此类动词: cant stand, prefer, learn, continue等。 I cant stand seeing/to see good food going to waste. 我无法忍受看到好好的粮食被浪费掉。 She continue to work/working after having a baby. 有了孩子后她仍然继续工作。(4) begin, start后跟不定式或动名词皆可, 通常可以互换, 但在下列情况下, 只用不定式。1) start, begin本身为时行时时。 The boy noticed his father was beginning to get angry, so he ran away. 那个小男孩注意到他的父亲开始生气了, 所以就跑开了。2) 当主语为非生物名词或it时。 A strong wind started to blow. 一阵强风开始刮起来。3) 当其后接表示心理活动的词时, 如understand, realize, know, see等。 He began to realize the importance of foreign languages. 他开始意识到外语的重要性。4) 在hate, like, love后, 表示经常性, 习惯性的动词时, 通常用动名词; 表示特定的、具体的某次行为则用不定式。I dont like bothering him when he is busy. 我不喜欢在他忙得时候打扰他。 I usually like staying with him, but I even hate to see him that night. 我通常喜欢和他在一起，但是那天晚上我甚至不想见到他。(5) 在remember, forget, try, go on, regret, mean, stop, want, need, require等动词后既可接ing, 也可接不定式, 但含义不同。1) remember to do记着去做(还没有做的事) remember doing记得做过某事2) forget to do 忘记要去做某事 forget doing 忘记了做的事3) go on to do 继续做另一件事 go on doing 继续做(原来做的)同一件事4) regret to do 遗憾将要做某事 regret doing 后悔做过某事5) mean to do 打算做某事 mean doing 意味着做某事6) stop to do 停止(正在做的事)去做另一件 stop doing 停止正在做的事7) try to do 努力做某事 try doing 偿试着做某事8) want to do 想要做某事 want doing 需要被9) need/require to do 需要做某事 need/require doing 需要被 Please remember to turn off the light when you leave. 离开时请记着关灯。 Certainly I posted your letterI remember posting it. 我当然给你寄信了, 我记得寄过它。 The machine needs cleaning.( needs to be cleaned). 这台机器需要清洁了。作宾补(1) 常见用不定式作宾补的动词。 allow, help, warn, ask, force, tell, expect, promise, wish, want We expected him to win an Olympic gold medal. 我们期盼他赢一枚奥运金牌。 Tell him to come early. 告诉他早点来。(2) 不定式(不带to)和动词ing形式都可在感官动词和使役动词(feel, make, let, see, hear, watch, listen to, look at, notice, observe)后作宾补。不定式强调动作发生了, 完成了; ing形式则强调动作正在进行。 I saw a man walk into the garden and pick some flowers. 我看到一个男的进入花园, 摘了一些花。(进园摘花的动作已完成) I saw a man walking into the garden. 我看到一个男的正在进入花园。(walk这个动作在“我看的时候”正在进行) We heard him sing a song at the party.我们在晚会上听他唱了一首歌。(他唱了一首, 我们完整的听了一首。) I heard him singing a song when passing his window. 经过他的窗户时，我听到他正在唱歌。(我只听了一部分, 没有听完, 我过去后他可能还在唱）(3) 不定式在感官动词和使役动词后作宾补时，在主动语态时，不能带to, 而变为被动语态时，要加上to。 They saw him steal Toms money. 他们看到他偷了汤姆的钱。 He was seen to steal Toms money. 他被看到偷了汤姆的钱。作状语不定式作状语, 通常表示目的, 结果, 有时也放在形容词、过去分词后表示原因; ing形式作状语时通常表示时间、原因、条件或伴随等。 Ive taken some money out of the bank to buy a laptop. (目的) 为了买手提电脑, 我从银行了取了钱。 He hurried to the school (only) to find nobody there.(结果) 他匆忙赶到学校, 却发现那儿没人。 Im glad to hear that.(原因) 听到那件事我很高兴。 Seeing the picture, he couldnt help thinking of those memorable days.(时间) 看到这张照片(的时候), 他情不自禁地想起了那些难忘的日了。 Not knowing his address, we couldnt get in touch with him. (原因) 不知道他的地址, 我们无法和他取得 联系。 Working hard, you will get what you want. (条件) 努力工作, 你会得到你想要的东西的。 The baby was lying in bed crying. (伴随) 婴儿在床上哭泣。Module 5 Grammmar状语从句 原因状语从句 结果状语从句 时间状语从句 地点状语从句 条件状语从句 让步状语从句时间状语从句1. 由when, whenever, as , while, after, before, until, till, since, once, as soon as, 等引导的时间状语从句。1 When the bell rang, the guard was waiting in his seat. 2 While ants grow they change their forms three times. 3 Three months went by before Aqiao knew it. 2. 由the minute, the moment, the instant, the day, the week, the year, the first time, any time, every time, each time, the last time, all the time, from the time, by the time, immediately, instantly, directly 等引导的时间状语从句。1 我一见到你就认出了你。I recognized you the minute I saw you. 3. 其中the minute, the moment, the instant, the second, 以及immediately, instantly, directly 表达的意思一样, 都是 “一就” 可以相互替换。Eg: You must show the gentleman in immediately he comes. You must show the gentleman in the minute /the moment/instantly he comes. 另外还要注意 hardly when ,scarcelywhen, no soonerthan的意义和用法。 这三者的意思都是 “一就”. 通常都是hardly, scarcely, no sooner 位于句首,他们后面的主句用had done,且倒装.而when, than 后面的从句用一般过去时。Eg: Hardly/scarcely had I got home when it started to rain. when, while, as 引导的时间状语从句的区别。1 作为 “当时”讲,when可以和延续性动词连用,也可以和短暂性动词连用,而while 和as 只能和延续性动词连用。2 when 从句的谓语动词可以在主句动词之前或之后发生或同时发生.而while 和as 从句的动词必须是和主句的动词同时发生。 When he had finished his homework, he took a rest. When I got to the airport, the guests had left. 也就是说当主从句动作同时发生,切从句动作为延续性动词时, 三者可互换。When/While/As she was making a phone call, I was writing a letter. 3 when 还有 “在那时” 通常用在以下句型中。 be about to do when had donewhen be doingwhen be on the point of doingwhen4 as 还有 “因为” “作为” “随着” “一边.一边”As the time went on, the weather got worse. The little girl sang as she went.5 在将来时的从句中常用when, 且从句必须用一般现在时。You shall borrow the book when I have finished reading it. 6 when还用在表示 “一就”的句型中。Hardly/Scarcely had I entered my room when the telephone rang.7 while 还做并列连词 “然而” 表对比。和从属连词 “尽管” 的意思, 相当与though/although。 While he is a little boy, he knows a lot. Im working while my wife is watching TV.
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