跨文化沟通培训讲义.ppt

跨文化沟通培训 LearningObjectives Bythisendofthischapter youshouldbeableto UnderstandhowlanguageandculturearecloselylinkedUnderstandculturalinfluencesonsomecommonlyobserveddifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseDistinguishdenotationalandconnotationalmeaningsofwords LearningObjectives Distinguishlinearandnonlinearlanguage deductiveandinductivepatternsMakecross culturalcomparisonsofdifferentpragmaticrulesusedinvariousspeechactsandverbalstyles MeansofHumanCommunication VerbalcommunicationUsingwordsthathavemutuallyunderstoodmeaningsandasetofrulesNonverbalcommunicationEdwardT Hallreferstoitasthe silentlanguage TheRelationshipBetweenLanguageandCulture 1 Theinfluenceofcultureonlanguage2 Theinfluenceoflanguageonculture TheInfluenceofCultureonLanguage 1 LanguageasareflectionoftheenvironmentLanguagereflectstheenvironmentinwhichwelive Welabelthingsthatarearoundus examples Theenvironmentinfluencesthedevelopmentoftechnology products andtheappropriatevocabulary examples TheInfluenceofCultureonLanguage 2 LanguageasreflectionofvaluesLanguagereflectsculturalvalues Languageisamirrorofculture becauselanguagereflectshumanrelationships reflectsthewaythesocietyoperates Example Chinesekinshiptermsreflecttheimportanceofourfamilysystem LinguisticDeterminism LinguisticRelativity Sapir WhorfHypothesis TheInfluenceofLanguageonCulture Sapir WhorfHypothesis Languagenotonlyservesasamechanismforcommunication butaguidetosocialreality Realityforacultureisdiscoverableinitslanguage LinguisticDeterminism LanguagestructurecontrolsthoughtandculturalnormsTheworldaseachofusknowsitistoalargeextentpredeterminedbythelanguageofourcultureThedifferencesbetweenlanguagesrepresentbasicdifferencesintheworldviewofdiversecultures LinguisticRelativity Linguisticcharacteristicsandculturalnormsinfluenceeachother Cultureiscontrolledbyandcontrolslanguage Languageprovidestheconceptualcategoriesthatinfluencehowitsspeakers perceptionareencodedandstored CulturalImpactonVerbalCommunication AtlexicallevelAtdiscourselevelAtpragmaticlevel 1 Atlexicallevel Denotationalmeaning Connotationalmeaning aword MeaningsofWords MeaningsofWords DenotationalmeaningItreferstoadefinitionalmeaningdependinguponourchoiceofwordselection Denotationmeansadictionarydefinition ConnotationalmeaningItreferstoextendedmeaningsorassociatedmeanings Connotationalmeaningshavedevelopedovertimethroughusebypeopleandespeciallybypoetsandwriters ComparisonbetweenEnglishandChinese Somewordshavethesamedenotationalandconntationalmeanings Therearealsomanywordswiththesamedenotationalmeaningsbutdifferentconnotationalmeanings Bothdenotationalandconnotatinalmeaningsaredifferentinmanyotherwords Examples Dove peaceFox cunningOwl wisdomBat anevilanimalCricket ahappyinsectDragon fierceness 鸽子 和平鸽狐狸 像狐狸一样狡猾猫头鹰 坏运气蝙蝠 福 幸福 洪福蟋蟀 哀愁龙 龙袍 龙的传人 ChineseDragon CulturalAssociationsofColor BusinessImplications Internationalbusinesspersonsmayencounterproblemswithsuchconnotationalmeaningsofcolors Internationalmarketersneedtoknowwhatassociationscertainculturehasintermsofcolorsandhowtheymightaffectproductdesign packaging andadvertisingmessages 2 Atdiscourselevel LinearandnonlinearlanguageDeductiveaninductivepatterns LinearVS NonlinearLanguage LinearhasabeginningandanendLogicalandobjective NonlinearCircularTradition orientatedSubjective StylesofParagraphDevelopment 直线型 英语 平行对仗型 闪族语 螺旋型 东方语言 迂回转折型 拉丁语系 更自由的迂回转折型 俄语 StylesofParagraphDevelopment 直线型English英语 平行对仗型Semitic闪族语 阿拉伯语 螺旋型Oriental东方语言 汉语 迂回转折型Romance拉丁语系 法语 西班牙语 迂回转折型 更自由的 Russian DeductiveVS Inductivethoughtpatterns DeductiveFromthegeneraltothespecificWestern InductiveFromthespecifictothegeneralEastern Example1 BecauseofmostofourproductionisdoneinChinanow andit snotreallycertainhowthegovernmentwillreactintherun upto1999 andsinceIthinkacertainamountofcautionincommittingtoTVadvertisementisnecessarybecauseoftheexpense So IsuggestthatwedelaymakingourdecisionuntilafterLegcomakesitsdecision Example2 IsuggestthatwedelaymakingourdecisionuntilafterLegcomakesitsdecision That sbecauseIthinkacertainamountofcautionincommittingtoTVadvertisementisnecessarybecauseoftheexpense Inadditiontothat mostofourproductionisdoneinChinanow andit snotreallycertainhowthegovernmentwillreactintherun upto1999 Deductivevs Inductive XComment mainpoint oractionsuggestedBecauseofYTopic background orreason BecauseofYtopic background orreasonXcomment mainpoint oractionsuggested 3 Atpragmaticlevel Pragmaticsdefined pragmaticsisdefinedas languageinuse Thomas Pragmatictransferdefined Theuseofrulesofspeakingfromone sownnativespeechcommunitywheninteractingwithmembersofthehostspeechcommunityorsimplywhenspeakinginasecondlanguageisknownassociolinguisticorpragmatictransfer pragmalinguisticfailure sociolinguisticfailure pragmaticfailure PragmaticFailure PragmaticTransfer PragmalinguisticFailureDefined Pragmalinguisticfailureoccurswhenthepragmaticforcemappedbyspeakerontoagivenutteranceissystematicallydifferentfromtheforcemostfrequentlyassignedtoitbynativespeakerofthetargetlanguage orwhenspeechactstrategiesareinappropriatelytransferredfromthefirstlanguagetothesecondlanguage Examples 岂有此理 asacomplimentresponse sorry sorry for Iamverysorry SociolinguisticFailureDefine Sociolinguisticfailurestemsfromcross culturallydifferentperceptionsofwhatconstitutesappropriatelinguisticbehavior Examples 白象牌电池芳芳牌唇膏大宝SOD蜜金鸡牌鞋油龙牌卷闸 WhiteElephantFangFangDabaoSODGoldenCockDragon AnalysisofSpeechAct AddressGreetingandleaving takingOfferandthanksInvitationandresponseApologiesComplimentandresponse VerbalStyle AmericanverbalstyleJapaneseverbalstyleChineseverbalstyle AmericanVerbalStyle DirectHonestPing pangortennisgamestyle JapaneseVerbalStyle TakingturnsWaitingpolitelyBowlingstyle ChineseVerbalStyle Implicitcommunication 含蓄 Listeningcenteredness 听话 Politeness 客气 Afocusoninsiders 自己人 Face directedcommunicationstrategies 面子 ChineseVS NorthAmericanVerbalStyle Whatisnotsaidvs whatissaidTheuseofwevs IPolitevs impolitetalkIndirectvs directtalkHesitantvs assertivespeechself effacingvs self enhancingtalkPrivatevs publicpersonalquestionsReticentvs expressivespeech Homework 1 Canyouevaluatethoughtpatternsandtheirrelationshiptointerculturalcommunication 2 What saChinesediscoursepatternlikeandhowdoesitdifferfromtheEnglishone ThankYou SeeYouNextTime