四级各类型作文及模板.ppt

CET4写作,大学英语四级考试大纲对写作的要求,教育部（2006修订版）明确规定写作部分要求考生达到大学英语课程教学要求中的一般要求，即“能完成一般性写作任务，能描述个人经历、观感、情感和发生的事件等，能写常见的应用文，能就一般性话题或提纲在半小时内写出至少120词的短文，内容基本完整，用词恰当，语意连贯。能掌握基本的写作技巧。”,评分标准,短文写作要求考生在30分钟内根据提纲写出一篇120词以上的短文，本部分的得分占总分的15%，采用总分评分法（GlobalScoring），从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。满分为15分，共分五等：14分、11分、8分、5分及2分（注：四级作文在试卷总分中占15%，改卷时按照作文总分15分来评改，然后经过处理转化为710分中的作文分数）。各个分数档的标准如下：,备注：阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（如8分）相似，即定为该分数（即8分）；若认为稍优或稍劣于该档次，则可加分（即9分）或减1分（即7分），但不得加或减半分。字数不足按下表所示酌情扣分：,历年真题分析与总结,一、请看近十年的20套作文试题列表分析：参见大学英语四级考试教程P61,二、纵观历年大学英语四级考试作文题目，我们不难发现，近年来的四级作文凸显三大趋势：,四级写作基本模式三段式,三、为了便于考生尽快掌握四级作文的写作方法，在此综合历年四级考试作文真题，重点介绍七类常见的写作类型。,.对比选择型.现象解释型.观点论证型.问题解决型.应用型.看图作文.图表型,.对比选择型特点及写作要求,对比选择型议论文是大学英语四级考试写作最常见的写作题型。一般来说，这类议论文的通常是对一个观点或事物的正反两方面或者两种不同的观点或事物进行对比，从而引出主题，得出结论。在对两种不同的观点或事物进行对比时，主要运用比较和对比两种写作技巧。在四级考试中曾多次出现此类议论文。,.对比选择型写作流程,第一段：简介。(简单介绍某一现象或事物。)第二段：主要对比观点或事物。(分析某一观点或事物的正反两面，或比较两种不同的观点或事物。)第三段：结论。(得出结论，或提出自己的看法。)或者第一段：主要观点或事物甲。(简单提及某一现象或事物，并分析该现象或事物的好处。)第二段：主要观点或事物乙。(分析该现象或事物的利弊。)第三段：结论。(得出结论，或提出自己的看法。),.对比选择型句子模板,1.对比不同观点/对比法：Whenitcomesto,peoplesideas/views/notions/opinionsvaryfrompersontoperson/fromonetoanother.Thereisnoconsensus(共识)ofopinions/therearesomecontroversies/thereisnoagreementamongpeopleastodo/astotheviewof.Wheneverpeople,theywillcomeacrosstheproblemofwhethertheyshouldor,anditisnaturalfordifferentopinionstoarise.Thegeneralpublichasbeendebatingwhetherornot.,.对比选择型句子模板,1.对比不同观点/对比法：Somepeoplethinkweshould.Theysaythat.Whileothersthinkotherwise.Theyarguethat.Somepeopleadvocatethat.Othersholdtheoppositeopinion/adoptatotallydifferentview/takeanoppositeside.Theybelieve.Thoseinfavorofbelieve/claimthat.Thoseopposetoargue/hold/pointoutthat.Everythinghastwosidesandisnotanexception,ithasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.,.对比选择型句子模板,2.在两种对立观点中选择一种观点/表明自己的观点：Wereitlefttometodecidewhetherweshould,Ishouldnothesitateamomenttopreferthelatter.AsfarasIamconcerned,theformer/latternotionispreferable/holdsmoreweight.Asforme,Iagreeto/prefertotheformer/latteridea.Thereareadozenofreasonsbehindsmybelief.Firstofall,.Weighinguptheargumentsonbothsides,Iminclinedtobelievethat.,.对比选择型句子模板,2.在两种对立观点中选择一种观点/表明自己的观点：Inmyopinion/mind,weshould.Frommyperspective/pointofview,Ithink.Personallyspeaking,Iapproveof.FromwhatIhavediscussedabove,Icandrawtheconclusionthat.,【模板一】1Nowadays,whereveryougo,youwillhearpeopletalkabout.2Whetheryoulikeitornot,ithadbecomeapartofourlife.3Somepeoplewhoareinfavorofmaintainthat.4Intheirview,.5Whilethosewhoareagainstarguethat.6Besides,.7AsfarasIamconcerned,Istandonthesideof.8Firstofall,9Furthermore,.10Thirdly,.11Therefore,.,.对比选择型作文模板,【模板二】1Views/Opinionon(Attitudestowards)varyfrompersontoperson.2Somepeoplethinkthat.3Theyholdthisopinionbecause(theythink).4Others,however,takeanegative/positiveattitudeto.(Others,nevertheless,aremorepessimistic/optimisticaboutit).5Fromtheirpointofview,.6Besides,.7Inmyopinion/Personally/Frommypointview/Ifaskedmyattitude,Iammoreinfavorof.8Istandin/holdthisattitude/opinion/viewbecause.9Itstruethat,butitdoesntmeanthat.10Therefore/Inaword/Inshort,.11Instead,weshould.,.对比选择型作文模板,.现象解释型特点及写作要求,现象阐释型的作文通常先指明一种现象或提出一种观点，然后对这一现象或观点进行解释，最后得出结论或发表个人见解。,.现象解释型写作流程,第一段：概述。(简要描述某一现象或某一观点。)第二段：具体阐述。(具体阐释现象或观点的正确性或危害性等。)第三段：个人见解。(表明自己的态度或看法。)或者第一段：概述。(简单描述某一现象或观点。)第二段：具体阐述。(具体阐述引起这种现象的或持有这种观点考虑的主要因素。)第三段：个人评价。(对现象或者观点进行评价。),.现象解释型句子模板,1.分析原因：Therearemany/plentyof/anumberof/numerousreasonsexplaining/for.Thereasonsoflieinseveralaspects.Manyfactorscontributeto.Therearemanyreasonsthatmanyaccountfor.Thereasonsfor/whyareasfollows:.Therearemanyreasonsforit,butgenerally,theycomedowninthreemajorones.,.现象解释型句子模板,1.分析原因：ismainlycausedby.Whatcausedthesechanges?.Therearemanyfactorsthathavestimulatedthishugechange.Thereasonsthatcausedchangesarediverse.Ontheonehand,.Ontheotherhand,.Therapidgrowthofowesmuchto.,.现象解释型句子模板,2.总结归纳/说明影响/表明作者态度/以作者个人为例：Throughtheanalysis,wecandrawaconclusionthat.Inshort/Inbrief,.Tosolvetheproblemof,we.Fromallthefactsgivenabove,wecansee.Consideringallthese/Takingalltheseintoconsideration/account,Ibelieve.Asto/forme,Ibelieve.Takemeasanexample/Inmyowncase,I.,【模板一】1Inrecentyears,(描写现状或趋势).2Thishascausedalotofproblems.3First,(结果1).4Forexample,(细节，说明结果1).5Second,(结果2).(细节，说明结果2).6Finally,(结果3).(细节，说明结果3).7Sinceissuchaseriousproblem,weshouldtakeeffectivemeasuresto.8First,weshould(措施1).9Besides,(措施2).10Andfinally,(措施3).,.现象解释型作文模板,【模板二】1Atpresent/Inrecentyears/Nowadays,(描写现状或趋势).2Itmaysomedaybecomethemaintrendwhen(进一步描述这一现象或观点).3Threemajorelements/factorswouldbetakenintoconsiderationwhen(doingsth).4Firstofall,(主要因素1).5Moreover,(主要因素2).6Last,(主要因素3).7Fromtheirperspective,.8Everythinghasbothpositiveandnegativeaspects,and(这种现象或观点)isofnoexception.9(这种现象或观点的正确性).10However,(这种观点或现象的危害性).,.现象解释型作文模板,.原因阐释型特点及写作要求,原因解释型作文的重点在于探讨产生某一社会现象或问题的原因。近十年来，原因阐释型议论文在四级考试中出现的并不多。,.原因阐释型写作流程,第一段：现象。(对某一社会现象进行描述。)第二段：原因阐释。(阐释产生这一社会现象的原因。)第三段：评述或提出解决方法。(发表个人看法，或提出解决思路。),.原因阐释型句子模板,1.一果多因：Why?Foronething,.Foranother,.Theanswertothisprobleminvolvesmanyfactors.Foronething,.Foranother,.Stillanother,.Anumberoffactors,bothphysicalandpsychologicalaffect/bothindividualandsocialcontributeto.Anotherimportantfactoris.,.原因阐释型句子模板,1.一果多因：isalsoresponsibleforthechange/problem.Certainly,theisnotthesolereasonfor.Thefactorsthatcontributetoinclude.Youdonthavetolookveryfartoidentifythereasonthat.Thanksto/Owingto/Dueto/Becauseof/Asaresultof.,.原因阐释型句子模板,2.一因多果Itwillproduceaprofound/far-reachingeffect/impacton.Itinvolvessomeseriousconsequencefor.Thereareanumberofdreadfulconsequenceof.Perhapsthemostserious/disastrousconsequenceis.Itmaycause/resultin/leadtoahost/numberofproblems.Itleaves/involvessomeseriousconsequenceofTheimmediateresultitproduceis.Andperhapsthemostobviousresultofis.,.原因阐释型作文模板,1Nowadays,weoftenhearthat(提出现象).2Thisphenomenonisnotaccidental,andthereissocialandindividualbackground.3Why?4Foronething,(原因1).5Foranother,(原因2).6Forinstance,(举例说明).7Fromthat,8we.9AsfarasIamconcerned,Iagreethat.10Ithinkthat(作者本人的观点).11.第三段或为：9Weshouldtakemeasuresto.10First,(措施1).Second,(措施2).11Finally,(措施3).,.问题解决型特点及写作要求,问题解决型的作文通常先说明情况，提出问题，随后提出解决方法或处理方式，最后给予评价。,.问题解决型写作流程,第一段：引言。(描述现状、形势、提出问题。)第二段：解决方案。(提出解决问题的方法。)第三段：评价或个人选择。(简要评价提及的方法，或选择其中一、两种自己认为合适的方法并说明理由。),.问题解决型句子模板,1.提出问题：Nowadays,with,moreandmore,whichcausesseriousproblemto.Nowadays,.Ithasbecomesuchaseriousproblemwhichhasarousedtheconcernfrom.Recently,theproblemofhasbecomeincreasinglyseriousin.Today,with,aserioussocialproblemhasarisen.,.问题解决型句子模板,1.提出问题：Today,moreandmorepeoplehaverealizedthathasbecomeaveryseriousproblem.Nowadays,thereisgrowingconcernover.Currently,isbeingconsideredamajorproblemin.,.问题解决型句子模板,2.解决问题：Tosolvethisproblem,.Asisknowntoall,therearemanywaysto.Toputanendtothisseriousproblem,inmyopinion,severalmeasuresshouldbetaken/adoptedby.Howcanwesolvethisproblem?Ithinktherearethreeapproaches.,.问题解决型句子模板,2.解决问题：Ifyouwanttosolvethisproblem,thefollowingadvicemaybehelpful.Mysuggestionstodealwith/solve/relievetheproblemareasfollows.Inthefirstplace,.Secondly.Finally.Atfirstthought,theproblemseemsfartooinvolved(复杂的),butitcancertainlybesolvedwhenseriouslydealtwith.,.问题解决型作文模板,1Nowadays,greatimportancehasbeenattachedto(目前的现象及存在的问题).2Manywayscancontributeto(要解决的问题),butthefollowingonesmaybeeffective.3Firstofall,(方法1).4Besides,(方法2).5Finally,(方法3).6Inconclusion/Tosumup,thewaysIhavementionedaboveshouldneverbeseparatedfromeachother.7(希望).,.应用型特点及写作要求,应用文，就是在现实生活中有实际应用功能的文体，比如信函、通知、演讲稿、导游词、见证书等。应用文是大学英语四级考试中常见的考查内容，与议论文、记叙文和说明文相比，应用型作文与生活、社会的联系更加紧密，在格式、行文习惯等方面更讲究规矩。因此，无论写哪些应用型作文，都必须按其各自规范化的、约定俗成的格式来写，不能随意改变格式。下面主要介绍英文信函、通知、演讲稿、导游词的写作模板。,.应用型(信函)句子模板,1.信函句子模板开头常用表达：Excusemefornotwritingtoyouforsolongatime.Yourletterdatedisathand.WordscannotexpressmyjoyofreceivingyourletterofMay8th.Iamwritingto.Iamverymuchdelightedtoinformyouthat.Ihavethepleasuretotellyouthat.,.应用型信函,2.信函句子模板结尾常用套话：Isendyoumybestwished.Lookingforwardtohearingfromyousoon.Alltheluckintheworldtoyou.Pleasegivemybestregardstoyourfamily/parents.,.应用型(信函)作文模板,同学间的日常信件作文模板：1Dear,2Iamgladtoknowthat.3Asfor,Isupposethatcanbeagoodchoiceforyou.(首先用一句话来回应收到的信，然后进入此次写信的主题。)4.5.6Whatsmore,.,.应用型(信函)作文模板,同学间的日常信件作文模板：7To,youaresupposedto.8arealsoofgreatimportance,.(对来信的第二问题进行答复)9Nowletstalkabout.10Firstofall,youshould.11Inaddition,.(转至第三个问题)12Ifanyfurtherquestionscometoyou,donothesitatetowritetome.10.Yours,.应用型(通知)作文模板,活动通知作文模板：VolunteerNeeded1Withtheapproachingof(活动日),(组织者)istoorganizeandisnowrecruitingvolunteers.2Thisprogramisplannedto.3Itaimsto.4Byparticipatingintheactivity,volunteerscan.5Volunteersareexpectedto.6Theprogramwillbecarriedout.7areneeded.8Fellowstudentswhomeettherequirementsandwanttotakepartintheactivity,pleasecallusatoremailusat.9Comeandjoinus!,.应用型(演讲稿)作文模板,竞赛演讲稿作文模板：ACampaignSpeech1,(选择一个合适的称呼。)2Thankyoufor.3,4Iamdelightedtoannouncethat.(演讲词常用开场白套语。)5,Ihavealwaysbeenconsideredas.6Meanwhile,.7.8Inaddition,ifIgetelected.(层次清楚地陈述自己的优势，突出重点)9.10Ifelected,Iamconfidentthat.11Iwill.(工作规划的简要陈述，点到为止)12Thankyouverymuchforyourattention.(结束语套话),.应用型(导游词)作文模板,导游解说词作文模板：1,2Welcometo.3Firstofall,Idliketointroducemyself:Iam,Itsmyhonortobeherewithallofyou,andIwishyouawonderfultriptoday.(表示欢迎，自我介绍，开场白套话。)4Hereisthescheduleoftheday.5isthefirstplacewearegoingtovisitthismorning.6Thenwillbeourdestinationintheafternoon.(简要介绍行程安排，无需赘述。),.应用型(导游词)作文模板,导游解说词作文模板：7Nowweareontheway.(用三四句话介绍第一景点的概况，突出重点。)8Thatstheintroductionto.9Ifyouhaveanyquestions,pleasedonthesitatetoaskme.(结束语套话),.看图作文,图片作文：描述3-4句，寓意1，分析4句，评论4句关键：仔细分析，观察细节，把握寓意，联系现实，丰富表达,.看图作文写作流程,第一段引言，图画描述。主要是描述图片中的信息和表达的含义。第一句：总体描述：人物、动物、事物+动作+环境：1句；第二句：挖掘细节此、串连成句：1-2句；第三句：文子说明、象征寓意：1句第二段主题段，意义阐述。是全文的重点，指出现象的寓意及分析其原因。第一句：主题句：象征寓意：1句；第二句-第四句：论证（因果论证，举例论证，联系现实，正反论证）第五句：小结：概括论证，总结本段：1句第三段结论段，建议措施。根据题而定，有的要求评论，有的要求给出建议及这一现象的措施第一句：结论句：1句；第二句：针对双方提建议：2句；第三句：包装结尾展望未来：1句,.看图作文第一段：图画描述段的写法,1.Generaldescription：套话+总体描述寻找出图画的中心事物，确定中心事物的位置，从动作和状态两方面来描述画面中的中心事物；2.Details：挖掘细节词，联结成句寻找中心事物周围相关的事物，并进行简单的描述(细节描述）3.Caption：文字说明+段尾套话过渡若图画下方有caption，可将其翻译为英语。,替换picture的词语：Drawing,cartoon,portrait,sketch描述图画的形容词：Thought-provoking发人深省的Enlightening有启迪作用的Compelling/striking/intriguing引人注目的Profound/far-reachingimplications含义深刻Instructive/beneficial/significant有益的Impressive印象深刻的修饰动词的副词：Vividly/graphically生动地Symbolically象征性地Conspicuously/clearly/explicitly清晰地Subtly巧妙地,.综合叙事型作文模板,第一段Whatacompellingandthought-provokingdrawingitis!Asisvividlydepicted(portrayed,illustrated,presented,described)inthepictureabove,描述1。或者Thecartoondepictsvividsceneinwhich/where描述1。Themoststrikingfeatureofthedrawingisthefactthat描述2。Thereisnodoubtthatitssymbolicmeaningsubtlyconveyedshouldbegivendeepconsideration./clearly,thecartoonrevealsusasimpletruth:,.综合叙事型作文模板,第二段Thepictureimpliesaprevailingtrendinoursocietytodaywhichis_(图画总体概括)./thepurposeofthispictureistoshowusthatdueattentionshouldbepaidto_.Thereareseveralfactors/causes/reasonscontributingto/accountingfor/responsibleforthisphenomenon.Tobeginwith,_(第一个原因).Whatsmore/Moreover/Inaddition,_(第二个原因).Lastbutnotleast,_(最后一个原因).或者foronething_.Foranother_.,.综合叙事型作文模板,第二段Thepictureimpliesaprevailingtrendinoursocietytodaywhichis_(图画总体概括)./Fromthecartoon,wecanconcludethatthecartoonistwantstoconveyamessage:_.AsfarasIamconcerned,numerousinstancescanbegiventoexplainthisphenomenon.ThefirstoneIcanthinkofis_.Acaseinpointisthat_,.综合叙事型作文模板,第三段Tosumup,_(结论句).(两个建议)Ontheonehand,_(建议一).Ontheotherhand,_(建议二).(结论句)Onlyinthiswaycanwepromote_.,.图表型特点及写作要求,图表型作文要求根据图表上的数据，找出所反映的某个趋势或某一个问题、现象，并对该问题、趋势所产生的原因进行分析。常见的图表型作文有表格（table）、曲线图（linechart）、条形图/柱状图（barchart）、饼形图（piechart）和图片（picture）。图表型作文的写作误区：有些考生习惯在第一段罗列所有数据，形式单调，没有重点，篇幅又长，容易让人厌倦，而第二、三段受篇幅和时间限制，未能充分展开。,.图表型写作注意事项,写图表型作文的注意事项：1.看懂并理解图表的含义，这是写好图表型作文的前提；2.选择能充分说明图表主题的典型数据；3.根据分析结果和文章的题目写出各段的主题句并展开论述。合理的结构安排是：第一段简明扼要，尽量少引数据，重在点明趋势；二、三段的分析是重点，应展开。,.图表型写作流程,第一段：描述图表反映的总情况。(总体说明图表所反映的趋势、问题、现象，并选用典型数据进行说明。)第二段：分析原因。(分析该问题或该现象的原因或后果。)第三段：结论。(提出解决问题的办法、建议或进行展望。),.图表型句子模板,1.图表内容总括性描述：Ascanbeseenfromthetable,greatchangeshavebeentakingplacein.Fromtheabovetableitcanbeseenthat.Asitisshowninthetable,.Accordingtothegraph,.,.图表型句子模板,1.图表内容总括性描述：Itisclearfromthetablethat.Thesurvey/studyshows/suggeststhat.Accordingtothefiguresgiveninthetable.Asyoumayseefromthediagram,.Thetwochartsabovetellussomethingabout.,.图表型句子模板,2.图表内容具体数据变化描述：increase/decreaseby2.increasefromto3.increasesteadilyfrom4.Therewasamarkedincreasein5.Therehasbeenarapidincreasein6.anincreaseof7.declinein8.fourtimesasmuchas9.amountto,.图表型句子模板,(2)图表内容具体数据变化描述：10.fallfromto11.appearstable12.reach(+数字)paredwith18.thenumberofremainsthesameas,.图表型句子模板,(3)分析原因：1.Therearemany/plentyof/anumberof/numerousreasonsexplaining/for.2.Thereasonsoflieinseveralaspects.3.Manyfactorscontributeto.4.Therearemanyreasonsthatmanyaccountfor.5.Thereasonsfor/whyareasfollows:.6.Therearemanyreasonsforit,butgenerally,theycomedowninthreemajorones.,.图表型句子模板,(3)分析原因：7.ismainlycausedby.8.Whatcausedthesechanges?.9.Therearemanyfactorsthathavestimulatedthishugechange.10.Thereasonsthatcausedchangesarediverse.Ontheonehand,.Ontheotherhand,.11.Therapidgrowthof.owesmuchto.,.图表型句子模板,(4)总结归纳/说明影响/表明作者态度/以作者个人为例：1.Throughtheanalysis,wecandrawaconclusionthat.2.Inshort/Inbrief,.3.Tosolvetheproblemof,we.4.Fromallthefactsgivenabove,wecansee.5.Consideringallthese/Takingalltheseintoconsideration/account,Ibelieve.6.Asto/forme,Ibelieve.7.Takemeasanexample/Inmyowncase,I.,.图表型作文模板,1Accordingto/Asshowninthetable/chart/graph,theperiodfromto,increasedsignificant,whiledecreased/droppedsharply.2Thereareahugenumberofreasonsbehindthisphenomenon./Thereasonsofthechangeslieinseveralaspects.3Firstofall,(原因1).4Secondly,(原因2).5Thirdly,(原因3).,.图表型作文模板,6Allinall,wecanseethatinthepastyears/months/weeks,has/havebeenrising/droppingyearbyyear.7Wecanalsoexpectthat(展望发展趋势).第三段或为以下模式：6Fromtheabovediscussions,wehaveenoughreasontopredictwhatwillhappeninthenearfuture.7Thetrenddescribedinthetable/chart/graphwillcontinueforquitealongtime(ifnecessarymeasuresarenottaken).,