2022年考博英语-中国地质大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解26

2022年考博英语-中国地质大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题This European geologist turned out to be good company and knew a lot about the country we were in, so we benefited talking with him. He gave us several very useful tips.问题1选项A.ThisB.turned outC.good companyD.benefited talking with himE.没有错误【答案】D【解析】语法题。介词遗漏。在benefited后加上from。Benefit为不及物动词,常后面接from，表示 “受益于”。2. 填空题After I （1）the university entrance exam, I was extremely upset, because I was almost sure I had（2） the test. To my（3） , it （4）out that I had gotten the highest score inthe province!句意: 大学入学考试考完，我感到非常沮丧，因为我几乎确信自己考试没有通过。 然而令我感到意外的是自己最后的实际成绩是省里的最高分。【答案】1.finished2.failed3.surprise4.tumed【解析】1.语义题。句意为高考结束，动词finish合适，根据时态为过去式，故用finished。2.固定搭配。fail the exam 考试失败。这里用过去完成时。3.固定搭配。to ones surprise 令某人惊讶的是。4.固定搭配。It turns out that 结果是。3. 填空题My grandfathers heavy Fujian accent（1） his Chinese hard to understand（2）times. I love to talk to him, but I often（3） to understand things he says, so I have to ask him to（4）. This doesnt（5）him, but it does me. When my mother is around, she helps when she（6）that Im having trouble. The problem is that Ive never（7 ） any time in the small town（8）the Fujian oast where my grandfather （9）up. My mother, who also lived there till shewas eight, says its a beautiful place. She and I have discussed the possibility of（10 ）the town while my grandfather is still healthy（11） to make the trip. He is in（12） late seventies now but he leads a very active life and his mind is as sharp as ever. 大意:有时，我祖父明显的福建口音使他的中文很难让人理解。我喜欢和他说话，但是， 我经常不理解他说的，所以我会要他再重复一遍。这并不困扰他，但是困扰我。当我妈妈在旁边时，当她发现我陷入麻烦时，她会帮我。问题是我从未在祖父长大的福建海岸附近的小镇上度过多少时光。我的妈妈也在那住到8岁，她说那个地方很美。我和妈妈己经讨论拜访这个小镇的可能性了，在我祖父的身体仍然很健康，能出去旅游的时候。但是，在他快80岁的时候，他的生活过得非常积极，他的思维和以前一样敏锐。【答案】1.makes2.at3.fail4.repeat5.trouble6.find7.spent8.near9.grew10.visiting11.enough12.his【解析】1.词汇题。句意: 我祖父明显的福建口音使他的中文让人很难理解。2.固定搭配。At times 有时候。3.固定搭配。Fail to 不能/未能。4.词汇题。句意: 我经常不理解他说的，所以我会要他再重复一遍。5.词汇题。前文说到听不懂祖父说的话, 空格后面说 “but it does me”，可知前文是说这件事并不困扰他祖父。6.词汇题。句意: 当她发现我陷入麻烦时，她会帮我。7.词汇题。此处应填动词,宾语是any time，根据前面的have判断时态为现在完成时, 故填spent。8.词汇题。句意: 问题是我从未在祖父长大的福建海岸附近的小镇上度过多少时光。因此此处缺少表示地点的介词。9.固定搭配。Grow up 长大。此处应为一般过去时。10.词汇题。句意:我和妈妈己经讨论拜访这个小镇的可能性了。11.词汇题。句意: 在我祖父的身体仍然很健康。这里用enough修饰healthy,表示很健康。12.固定搭配。In ones late seventies 在快八十岁的时候,这里主人公为祖父,因此填入his。4. 填空题Who（1） you how to prepare specimens for analysis? You do it so well! I（2）that I could do it as skillfully as you. Unfortunately I wasnt given very good training（3） lab techniques when I was a student. Although I know you*re too（4） to be my teacher, I would appreciate it if youd （5）out any mistakes I make. Im always （6）to improve.大意: 是谁教你如何去准备这个分析样本的？你做得这么好！我希望我能和你一样做得精巧。不幸的是，当我是个学生的时候，我在实验技术方面没有受过很好的培训。尽管，我知道你太忙而不能成为我的老师，但是如果你能指出我犯的错误，我会很感激。 我总渴望进步。【答案】1.taught2.wish3.in4.busy5.point6.eager【解析】1.词汇题。根据后面的how to prepare推测空格处应表示 “告诉,教”,且此处应为一般过去时。2.词汇题。句意:我希望我能和你一样做得精巧。3.词汇题。In表示 “在方面”。4.词汇题。句意: 我知道你太忙而不能成为我的老师。5.固定搭配。Point out 指出(错误等)。6.固定搭配。Be eager to 渴望。5. 填空题A: Are you going to tell your boss today that youre quitting your（1） ?B: I cant make up my mind（2） to tell him today or not.A: Id tell him today if I （3）you. Why delay?B: But what if I （4）my mind?A: I （5）that youd made a firm decision.B: Well, yesterday I had a conversation with someone who（6）to work for the company that wants to hire me.（7） to him, theres alot of dissatisfaction among the employees.A: Did he say what the （8）of the dissatisfaction was?B: He mentioned a number of things. Ill stay with my current firm if the alternative is a company with major management problems. Theyre offering me a higher，but is the additional pay enough to make up for a bunch of new（9）headaches?A: It sounds to me as if youd（10）talk to some（11） current or past employees before you accept the new firmsoffer.大意:A. 你会今天告诉老板，你要离职的事吗？B. 我不确定是否今天告诉他。A. 如果我是你，我会今天告诉他。为什么推迟呢？B. 但是，要是我改变主意了呢？A. 我觉得你己经决定了。B. 昨天，我和一个之前在想雇我的那个公司中工作过的人谈话。据他所说，员工间有很多不满。A. 他有说不满的原因是什么吗？B. 他说了很多事。如果这个公司主要是管理问题的话，我会呆在现在的公司。他们会给我提供更高的薪水，但是，这额外的工资足以弥补一连串新的麻烦吗？A. 这听起来，在接受新工作之前，好像，你最好和现在或者之前的雇员多谈谈。【答案】1.job2.whether3.were4.change5.thought6.used7.According8.cause9.salary10.better11.more【解析】1.词汇题。根据上下文推测此处填job。Quit ones job 辞职。2.固定搭配。Whether or not 是否。3.语法题。考查虚拟语气。根据If以及主句中动词时态 “would/should tell”可知,此处是if引导的虚拟语气。而且,根据today判断,这是对现在的虚拟,故填4.词汇题。句意: 但是，要是我改变主意了呢？5.词汇题。句意:我觉得你已经做好了决定。再根据后面的youd made判断此处为think的过去式thought。6.词汇题。此处为定语从句修饰someone。此处的someone指在这个公司工作或曾经工作过的人,所以此处填used，与后面的to搭配表示 “曾经”。7.固定搭配。According to 根据。8.词汇题。句意: 他有说不满的原因是什么吗？9.词汇题。根据语境推测此处填salary(工资,薪水)。10.固定搭配。Youd better 你最好是。11.词汇题。A希望B能在接受新公司邀请之前和目前或之前的员工谈谈。此句已经完整,因此应填入程度副词，故填more，即多了解情况。6. 单选题Even though cultures widely assume that boys are stronger and sturdier than girls, basic biological weaknesses are built into the male of our species. First of all, human males seem to be slowly disappearing. Mother Nature has always acknowledged and compensated for the fragility and loss of boys by arranging for more of them: 106 male births to 100 female newborns over the course of human history. But in recent decades, from the United States to Japan, from Canada to northern Europe, wherever researchers have looked, the rate of male newborns has declined. Examining US birth records for the years between 1970 and 1990, they found 1.7 fewer boys per 1,000 than in decades and centuries past; Japans loss in the same decades was 3.7 boys.Boys are also more than two-thirds more likely than girls to be bom prematurely before the 37th week of pregnancy. And, despite advances in public health, boys in the 1990s faced a 30 percent higher chance of death by their first birthday than girls; in contrast, back in the 1750s, they were only 10 per cent more likely than girls to die so early in their lives.Once they make it to childhood, boys face other challenges. They are more prone to a range of neurological disorders. Autism 自闭症 is notoriously higher among boys than girls: now nearly five times more likely, as tallied by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. They are more susceptible than girls to damage from very low-level exposure to lead. Yet another problem: boys suffer from asthma at higher rates. Theres also a stronger link between air pollution and autism in boys.Why do boys face such a burden of physical challenges? The answer is that the males problems start in the womb: from his more complicated fetal development, to his genetic makeup, to how his hormones work. The nine-month transformation from a few cells to an infant is a time of great vulnerability. Many chronic illnesses are seeded in the womb. In our species, the female is the default gender, the basic simpler model: Humans start out in the womb with female features (that is why males have nipples). The complicated transformation in the womb from female to male exposes the male to a journey packed with special perils. When the first blast of testosterone 睾酮 from the Y gene comes along at about the eighth week, the unisex brain has to morph into a male brain, killing off some cells in the communication centers and growing more cells in the sex and aggression centers. The simpler female reproductive system has to turn into the more complex male reproductive tract, developing tissues such as the testis and prostate 前列腺.Further, it takes a greater number of cell divisions to make a male; with each comes the greater risk of an error as well as the greater vulnerability to a hit from pollutants.On top of that challenge, the human males XY chromosome 染色体 combination is simply more vulnerable. The two XXs in the female version of our species offer some protection: In disorders where one X chromosome has a genetic defect, the females healthy backup chromosome can take over. But with his single X chromosome, the male lacks a healthy copy of the gene to fall back on. The X chromosome, which never shrank, is also a larger chromosome “with far more genetic information than the Y chromosome， finds Irva Hertz-Piciotto, a University of California at Davis autism researcher, “so there may be some inherent loss of key proteins for brain development or repair mechanisms in boys.” This is a clue to the higher autism rate among boys, she asserts.Females also have a stronger immune system because they are packed with estrogen 雌激素，a hormone that counteracts the antioxidant process. “Estrogen protects the brain,” explains Theodore Slotkin, professor of neurobiology at Duke Universitys School of Medicine. “It repairs and replaces, even after neural injury,” Low estrogen even leaves boys more sensitive to head injuries. The male brain “is simply a more fragile apparatus, more sensitive to almost all brain insults,” says lead poisoning expert Herbert Needleman.It is the high levels of testosterone in the womb at critical times in gestation, according to British psychopathologist Simon Baron-Cohen, that are responsible for what he calls “the extreme male brain” - the kind exhibited by autistic boys - low in empathy, high in systematizing. And in fact US researchers in recent decades have found unusually low estrogen and high testosterone levels among boys with autism.If the balance of hormones is out of whack in males, what made that happen? Researchers are coming up with some clues. In the New York City neighborhoods near Columbia Universitys Center for Childrens Environmental Health, families for years routinely sprayed their apartments with a popular insecticide, chlorpyrifos, until it was banned from household use in 2001. The researchers found that prenatal exposure to the chemical seemed to have more of an effect on reducing the IQs of boys than girls. Disruption of their male hormones may be the reason, “One possible explanation for the greater sensitivity of boys to chlorpyrifos is that the insecticide acts as an endocrine disruptor 肉分泌干扰素 to suppress sex-specific hormones,” said study leader Megan Horton of Columbia.Similarly, pregnant mothers exposure to phthalates 邻苯二甲酸酉旨一used in making some vinyl 乙矯基 products and toys as well as some personal care products - has been linked to bigger changes in the behavior, such as aggression and attention problems, of their sons than their daughters. Phthalates also may feminize male genitalia.Boys also seem to be more vulnerable to bisphenol A, an estrogenic substance used to make polycarbonate plastics as well as the linings of food and beverage cans. Boys, but not girls, exposed to higher bisphenol A levels in the womb or during childhood had more hyperactivity, aggression and anxiety problems, according to a University of California at Berkeley study. In addition, pregnant women exposed to higher levels of the chemical gave birth to baby boys with lower thyroid hormones 甲状腺激素.No such effect was detected in the baby girls. No one knows what these lower levels may mean for the boys health because they remained within normal boundaries, but it could have important effects because thyroid hormones guide brain development.Some of these chemicals act like fake estrogens, others like fake testosterone, but both types seem to disrupt normal development. Animal tests show that a dose of these chemicals inflict the most damage when it hits a fetus. And, because of their biological vulnerabilities, it is boys who may experience the most effects. While not forgoing the push for fairness and equality, it seems wise to accept the scientific reality of male weaknesses. This likely wont mean the end of men, but their vulnerability to environmental contaminants and diseases could have serious ramifications for the future of the entire human race unless we find ways to protect them from harm.1.If text B is accurate, then the evidence for the assertion that human males are gradually disappearing is（ ） .2.Compared with girls, boys are（ ） .3.Nipples in humans are found on the（ ） .4.In paragraph 10 the author asserts that chronic diseases（ ） .5.Backup in paragraph 11 means something that （ ）.6.The levels of thyroid hormones in new bom males, mentioned in paragraph 16, （ ）.7.Imagine that environmental pollution continues at current or higher levels in China. If the information in text B is correct, then Chinese doctors should expect to observe （ ）.问题1选项A.incontrovertibleB.so weak as to call the assertion into questionC.largely from advanced industrial societies and needs to be supplemented with data from other types of societiesD.strong enough to warrant future research into the post-masculine world that lies ahead问题2选项A.about equally able to survive to their first birthday.B.still less likely to survive for a year after birth, but the gap is narrowing.C.less likely to survive till their first birthday, and the gap is wider than in earlier centuries.D.much likelier to survive to their first birthday, though the gap is not so wide as it was in the 1700s.问题3选项A.head.B.chest.C.hips.D.limbs.问题4选项A.begin before birth but only become apparent over time.B.are less characteristic of women than of men.C.originate, as a rule, before children are bom.D.are often the eventual result of prenatal conditions and stresses.问题5选项A.can step in and take over the function of something that is not working properly.B.destroys a malfunctioning part, thus benefiting the overall system or organism.C.prevents a system from continuing along a path that may end in breakdown or destruction.D.can reverse and change its direction when it encounters a problem, thus enabling a process to continue.问题6选项A.are not alarming in themselves, but significant because they are so different for males and females.B.will definitely lead to more brain-damaged boys than girls,C.seem certain to produce a marked gap in brain development that will favor girls over boys.D.lead to more hyperactivity, aggression and anxiety among male children than among females.问题7选项A.a decline in the rates of autism, asthma and brain damage from lead poisoning among Chinese childrenB.a roughly similar pattern of increasing incidence of autism, asthma and lead-linked brain damage among all mainland childrenC.fewer cases of asthma among boys growing up in mainland cities and towns but more cases of autism and lead-linked brain damage among all Chinese childrenD.more autism, asthma and lead-linked brain damage among Chinese boys growing up in cities than among other groups of young people in the PRC【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A第6题:C第7题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。第十七段: This likely wont mean the end of men(但这将不可能意味着男性的消失)。由此可知B 项“说服力不强，以致对此观点仍存怀疑”正确。2.细节事实题。第八段: .in the 1990s faced a 30 percent higher chance of death by their first birthday than girls; back in the 1750s, they were only 10 per cent more likely than girls to die so early in their lives (在 20 世纪 90 年代，男婴相比女婴在他 们一岁生日前的死亡率高出30%,而在18世纪50年，这个比例只有10%)。由此可知C项 “更不可能存活到他们的一岁生日，且相比早些的世纪，这个死亡率的差距变得更大”正确。3.推理判断题。根据常识乳头在人的胸部，所以选择B项“胸部”。4.细节事实题。第十段指出: Many chronic illnesses are seeded in the womb (许多慢性疾病在子宫内就产生), 由此可知C项 “一般说来，产生于孩子出生之前”正确。5.词义题。根据题干定位至第十三段: In disorders where one X chromosome has a genetic defect, the females healthy backup chromosome can take over(在一个X染色体有遗传缺陷的疾病中，女性健康的备用染色体可以取代)。由此可知A项 “可以介入并接管无法正常工作的部分的功能”正确。6.细节事实题。第十六段指出: No one knows what these lower levels may mean for the boys health because they remained within normal boundaries, but it could have important effects because thyroid hormones guide brain development(没有人知道甲状腺激素水平低下可能会对男孩身体健康产生哪些影响，因为它们仍处在正常水平范围之内，但是它会导致重大影响，因为甲状腺激素引导大脑的发育)。由此可知C项 “在大脑发育上似乎肯定会产生明显差距，而这种差距将更有助于女孩子的大脑发育”正确。7.推理判断题。第九段: Boys suffer from asthma哮喘at higher rates （男孩子得哮喘的机率更高）, Theres also a stronger link between air pollution and autism in boys (这些与空气污染和男孩易得自闭症有很大关系)。由此可知D项“与在中国成长的其他年轻人相比，中国男孩得自闭症、哮喘与铅中毒致脑损伤的几率更高”正确。7. 填空题A new graduate student （1）our research group yesterday. （2）enough, he has the same name （3）our professor. （4）of them arenamed Michael Wilson. Professor Wilson is only 39, and were always called him “Mike”. To （5）confusion, weve decided to call the new member of our research group “Michael”，（6） though it does sound a bit formal especially when we use a nickname to address the professor who （7）our group.大意: 昨天，一个新毕业生加入了我们的研究团队。奇怪的是，他和我们的教授同名，他们两个都叫迈克威尔逊。威尔逊教授只有39岁，所以我们经常叫他“Mike”。为了避免混乱，我们还是决定叫新成员为“Michael”一一尽管这听起来有些正式，尤其是当我们用昵称称呼领导我们团队的教授时候。【答案】1.joined2.Funny3.as4.Both5.avoid6.even7.leads【解析】1.词汇题。句意: 昨天，一个新毕业生加入了我们的研究团队。2.词汇题。后文说:新来的成员和教授同名, 可推断前文应为 “有趣的是”。所以此处填入形容词funny。3.固定搭配。The same as 与一样。4.固定搭配。Both of A and B 两者都。5.词汇题。句意: 为了避免混乱，我们还是决定叫新成员为“Michael”。6.逻辑分析。句意: 尽管这听起来有些正式,而且空格后为though，因此此处填even表示让步。7.词汇题。这里是who引导的定语从句,修饰先行词the professor，所以空格处的动词应与宾语our group搭配，而且定语从句中主语为the professor,因此填leads。8. 填空题I （1）to speak Russian fluently, but thats not true now. In fact, I can no （2）carry on even a simple conversation in the language. I （3）be able to get back my former fluency if I stayed in Russia for a （4）months.句意: 过去我能很流利地讲俄语，但是现在不能了。实际上，我现在甚至连简单的俄语对话都进行不了。如果能在俄国待几个月，我想自己应该可以再次流利地说俄语。【答案】1.used2.longer3.should4.few【解析】1.固定搭配。Used to 过去常常。2.固定搭配。No longer 再也不能。3.语法题。考查虚拟语气。这里用情态动词should。4.固定搭配。A few months 几个月。9. 填空题Is （1）a car really such a good idea? Think of how much fuel it would need, and of the cost of maintenance and insurance. In this neighborhood youd probably have to pay a fee to （2）it at night. On your salary I really （3）that you can（4） it. As a friend, I would（5） you to wait until your financial situation improves.大意: 买车真的是个好想法吗？想想它需要多少油耗，维修和保养要多少花费。在这附近，晚上，你可能需要付费停车。以你的工资，我真怀疑你能买得起。作为朋友，我建议，等你经济状况有所提高后再买。【答案】1.buying2.park3.doubt4.afford5.advise【解析】1.词汇题。此处应填一个动词的ing形式, 宾语为a car。本段讲的应该是关于 “购买一辆车”。2.词汇题。句意: 在这附近，晚上，你可能需要付费停车。因此此处填入动词原形park。3.词汇题。句意: 以你的工资，我真怀疑你能否买得起。4.词汇题。此处应填一个动词,而且表示 “买得起”,故填afford。5.词汇题。空格处应填一个谓语动词, 根据后面的内容推测此处应该是给与建议。因此填advise，advise sb. To do sth. 建议某人做某事。10. 填空题John has a great voice, but with that cold he wont （ ）very good if he tries to sing.【答案】sound【解析】语法分析。考查系动词。he wont very good是个主系表结构，空白处应填入一个系动词, 此处填sound合适。11. 填空题Im（1） a birthday party on Friday and I hope you（2） join us.【答案】1.having;2. will【解析】固定搭配。第一空需要填一个现在分词，用进行时态表示将来，故having合适。have a birthday party 举办生日派对。12. 填空题Yesterday afternoon, while John and Linda were both at work, thieves （1）into their flat and （2）money, jewelry and an expensive new computer.【答案】1.broke;2.took【解析】1.固定搭配。break into 闯入。因此此处填break的过去式broke。2.语义题。第二空也填动词的过去式, 由其宾语money可知填 took (带走了)。13. 单选题Since the data from the experiments are not easy to be analysed, it will be several weeks before we know whether we are free to proceed with the second part of our research program.问题1选项A.fromB.are not easyC.to be analysedD.free to proceed with【答案】B【解析】语法错误。主谓不一致。are改成is。主语the data为单数，故系动词应该用is。14. 单选题The border guards made us to get out of the car while they checked itfor drugs, weapons and other forbidden items.问题1选项A.border guards made us toB.get out of the carC.while they checked it for drugsD.other forbidden itemsE.没有问题【答案】A【解析】介词误用。去掉to。make “使得；进行”为使役动词,后面一般跟动词原形。15. 填空题“Dida” is（1） people usually call this university.（2） it is a comprehensive university, the earth sciences are still its main research focus. There is（3）university associated with it, in Wuhan.