直译和意译英语翻译相关

(一)Literal translation, free translation1） Literal translation直译直译直译(Literal translation)指不仅忠实于原文内容,而且忠实于原文形式的翻译方法.第一位：忠于原文内容；第二位：忠于原文形式要求在保持原文内容的前提下，力求使译文与原文在选词用字、句法结构、形象比喻及风格特征等方面尽可能趋同(无限接近)。第三位：通顺的译文形式。汉译英: 感：sense责任感，安全感，自卑感，优越感，A sense of responsibility , A sense of safety, A sense of inferiority, A sense of superiority,节奏感，正义感，羞耻感，幽默感，A sense of rhythm, A sense of justice, A sense of shame, A sense of humor,无助感，方向感，紧迫感，归属感A sense of hopelessness, A sense of direction, A sense of urgency, A sense of belonging2） Features of Literal translation A. to be faithful to the original ideological content. A literal translator makes great efforts to transplant the original word order, sentence structure, etc, in the TL（target language ）.B. be faithful to the form of the original work;It is of less importance for translators to maintain a smooth TL form;鲁迅： rather to be faithful (in thought) than smooth (in language).宁信而不顺【赵景琛：rather to be smooth (in language) than faithful (in thought).宁顺而不信】注意1) A qualified translation must be not only faithful in thought but smooth in language, which is a basic demand of a translator.2) literal translation & word-for-word translation3) literal translation & dead translation3）When should we depend on 直译法直译法 ?（1） Common civilization core, 某些习语和短语的翻译 ,例如：cold war 冷战hot line 热线hot girls in cool suit, spicy girl 辣妹Hot-selling books 热销书/畅销书black market 黑市pillar industry 支柱产业 Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水（2）含义广为流传，读者较为熟悉的短语、习语）含义广为流传，读者较为熟悉的短语、习语等等,直译可以丰富译语语言。直译可以丰富译语语言。例如： 1) He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief. 他走在送葬队伍的前头，还不时用一条大手绢抹去那鳄鱼的眼泪鳄鱼的眼泪。 2) The Senate Foreign Relations Committee today extended the olive branch to the Clinton Government by pleading for cooperation in developing foreign policy. 参议院外交委员会今天向克林顿政府伸出了橄榄枝橄榄枝，要求在发展外交政策上合作。 3) In the court action, Alain sprang his trump card by calling a surprise witness. 在法庭诉讼中，阿兰突然打出了他的王牌王牌 请出一位意想不到的证人。(杀手锏)4）海内存知己，天涯若比邻。Bosom friends there are within four seas, even the remotest regions are like close neighborsA bosom friend afar brings a distant land near.In wine there is truth. 酒后吐真言。（ 3）英语句子结构与中文较为接近时，直译能使）英语句子结构与中文较为接近时，直译能使译文显得通顺自然。译文显得通顺自然。 例如： 1) “Merry”, as you may know, has two meanings: happy and drunk. 你可能知道“MERRY”有两层意思：快乐和醉酒。 2) Ill always remember Thanksgivings as the times we ate good food, sang old-fashioned songs, and shared a lot of love with family and friends. 我将永远记得，感恩节是我们吃美食、唱老歌、与家人朋友分享爱的时刻。 to show ones cards 摊牌shuttle diplomacy 穿梭外交a gentlemans agreement 君子协定to strike somebody when he is unprepared 攻其不备Soon got, soon gone. 来得容易，去得快。Speech is silver, silence is golden. 雄辩是银，沉默是金。二、意译法二、意译法 free translation1）意译(归化法)指只忠实原文内容，不拘泥原文结构形式与修辞手法的翻译方法。信息的传递为第一位。第一位忠于原文内容第二位通顺的译文形式要求在保持原文内容的前提下，力求使译文在选词用字、句法结构、形象比喻及风格特征等方面尽可能符合译语读者的阅读习惯和审美心理。通用、联用、惯用第三位忠于原文形式John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.约翰为人可靠，他既忠诚又正直。 例证分析三口之家 nuclear family 三世同堂 the extended family with three generations under the same roof. 爸爸，感谢您对我们的爱，你的辛勤工作让我和妈妈衣食无忧。 Dear dad, thank you for your affection on us, your hard work always keeps bread on the table and roof over our head.bread-winner2） Features of free translation A. be faithful to the original ideological content. B. to make the TL form as smooth as possible3） 使用意译的五个条件：由于语言的差异，有时很难保持逐字对等且保持原文结构和语义，在这种情况下，就得借助意译。奈达（Nida）提出在翻译中改变形式，1）literal trans will cause misunderstanding； 2）an adopted expression has not taken root in the TL so that the TL readers will offer a free interpretation； 3）a corresponding TL form will make the TL version seriously vague and gloomy； 4）a corresponding TL form will make the TL version seriously ambiguous； 5）a corresponding TL form will conflict with the sociolinguistic norm of the TL in style, communicative modes, etc.4）主要有以下几种情况需要意译：1包含典故的文化习语：包含典故的文化习语：英语和中文表达的语义有较大差异，需要按英语和中文表达的语义有较大差异，需要按照汉语习惯进行表达，以避免违反文化习惯。照汉语习惯进行表达，以避免违反文化习惯。例如：(1)Two heads are better than one.(2)你不要班门弄斧了.Remain modest before an authority.Dont display your axe at Lu Bans door. 联想对应Dont teach a fish how to swim. Dont teach your grandmother how to suck eggs.as timid as a hareat a stones throw wet like a drown rat as stupid as a goose as stubborn as a mule seek a hare in a hens nest as dumb as an oyster胆小如鼠一箭一箭之遥湿如落汤鸡鸡蠢得像猪猪犟得像牛牛缘木缘木求鱼鱼守口如瓶瓶lead a dogs life过着牛马牛马一样的生活cry up wine and sell vinegar 挂羊头羊头，卖狗肉狗肉put back the clock 开倒车车talk horse 吹牛牛 kill the goose that lays the golden eggs 杀鸡鸡取卵卵drink like a fish 牛牛饮Once the wife of a parson, always the wife of a parson.嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗。Last night I heard him driving his pigs into market.昨夜我听见他鼾声如雷。情人眼里出西施.Love is blind.Love makes the beloved lovely in the loves eye.收红包 receive glove money.Receive a red envelope with some money inside as a Chinese New Year gift.穿新衣Put on your Sunday best说曹操，曹操就到。 Talk of the devil and he will appear. 老马识途。Sense comes with age. 一花独放不是春。 One swallow does not make a summer.2英译汉时能找到汉语的对等含义，但是语英译汉时能找到汉语的对等含义，但是语义有所差异，必须按照汉语的语言习惯表达义有所差异，必须按照汉语的语言习惯表达. 例如： Every dog has his day. 人人都有得意的日子。风水轮着转。三十年河东，三十年河西。It is a long lane that has no turning.One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。人多互打乱，鸡多不下蛋。Everyones business is nobodys business.beauty times brains equals a constant”的意思为：的意思为：漂亮乘以智力等于一个常数。这话意味着，漂亮乘以智力等于一个常数。这话意味着，一个人越漂亮，智商就越低。一个人越漂亮，智商就越低。汉语讲究对仗汉语讲究对仗美者不慧，慧者不美美者不慧，慧者不美The more in love a woman (man) is with a man (woman) , the more physically attractive she (he) finds him (her).3根据上下文语境，对有些词汇、句式进行根据上下文语境，对有些词汇、句式进行适当调整、转换。适当调整、转换。例如： chain stores 连锁商店非请莫入。Staff only.Everyman is the architect of his own fate.每个人都是自己命运的主宰者。天不生人上之人，也不生人下之人。A virtuous wife is a mans best prize.贤惠的妻子是对一个男人最大的奖赏。妻贤夫祸少。(1)My master is dear to me, but still dearer is the truth.吾爱吾师,我更爱真理(2)生命诚可贵，爱情价更高，若为考研故，二者皆可抛。Love is dearer to me than life, but for the sake of the success in the postgraduate entrance examinations, both of them may be ignored.(3）They seemed to be perfectly compatible, both intellectually and spiritually. 他们才情并茂，精神融洽。The relationship between literal translation and free translation1) Both should be faithful to the original idea of the original work. 2) Literal translation and free translation are complementary to each other3)There are some limitations for both直译和意译的比较：例如：三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。Wits of three cobblers combined equal those of Zhu Geliang, our master mind.As wise as SolomonLiteral Translation and Free Translation例句例句: I talked to him with brutal frankness.（1）我同他谈话用粗暴的坦率。（逐词翻译）我同他谈话用粗暴的坦率。（逐词翻译）（2）我同他谈话时，使用了令人不快的真诚的语言。）我同他谈话时，使用了令人不快的真诚的语言。（直译）（直译）（3）我对他讲的话，虽然逆耳，却是忠言。（意译）我对他讲的话，虽然逆耳，却是忠言。（意译）2. His irritation could not withstand the silent beauty of the night. （1）他的烦恼不能承受夜晚宁静的美丽。（逐词翻译）他的烦恼不能承受夜晚宁静的美丽。（逐词翻译）（2）他的烦恼经不起这宁静的良宵美景的感染。（直）他的烦恼经不起这宁静的良宵美景的感染。（直译）译）（3）面对这宁静的良宵美景，他的烦恼不禁涣然冰释）面对这宁静的良宵美景，他的烦恼不禁涣然冰释了。了。(意译）意译） 第二种译法（见后页）不拘泥于原文形式，处理得比较灵活。它根据上下文的意思加了一些字，把句子联结得十分自然，如在翻译时加了“雾散”，成为“云消雾散”。在第二句话的前面加了“这一带充满着”。这些意思符合原文精神实质，这种加法是容许的。第一种译法太机械了，一字对一字，不敢越出原文一步。根本原因在于对原文食而不化，没有完全吃透。Literal Translation or Free Translation? When I had satisfied the first sharpness of hunger, I could eat no more. 意译在最初的强烈饥饿感满足以后，我就再也吃不下去了。Thus, I imagine, must the pious feel cleansed on leaving the confessional after the solemnity of absolution. 意译我想，虔诚的信徒在参加庄严的忏悔仪式之后离开忏悔室时，一定也是这样感到自己圣洁了。Free Translation or Free TranslationThe great scientists are often men of supernormal vitality which enables them to retain a freshness of outlook and enterprise even into their old age. 意译伟大的科学家往往具有超人的活力，因此，即令到了晚年，他们还保有新颖的观点和朝气蓬勃的事业心。Watch out for Harlow, hes full of Mickey mouse ideas.直译要小心哈洛，他满脑子都是米老鼠的想法。意译要提防着点哈洛，他满脑子歪门邪道。（下流、不高明的看法）Literal Translation or Free TranslationHer father was very fond of Hughie, but would not hear of any engagement.直译她的父亲很喜欢休希，但不愿意听到任何订婚的事。意译她的父亲很喜欢休希，但一提到订婚的事他就不干。A good teacher should have his head in the clouds sometimes, but his feet always on the ground. 字面意义一个好老师的头有时要放在云层中，但他的脚应该永远站在地上。意译好老师有时应该富于幻想，但时时刻刻必须从实际出发。