美国法学院入学考试LSAT阅读真题9含答案

美国法学院入学考试LSAT阅读真题9（含答案）SECTION IITime 35 minutes 27 QuestionsDirections: Each passage in this section is followed by a group of questions to be answered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. For some of the questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer, that is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question, and blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.The extent of a nations power over its coastal ecosystems and the natural resources in its coastal waters has been defined by two international law doctrines: freedom of the seas and adjacent state sovereignty. Until the mid-twentieth century, most nations favored application of broad open-seas freedoms and limited sovereign rights over coastal waters. A nation had the right to include within its territorial dominion only a very narrow band of coastal waters (generally extending three miles from the shoreline), within which it had the authority but not the responsibility, to regulate all activities. But, because this area of territorial dominion was so limited, most nations did not establish rules for management or protection of their territorial waters.Regardless of whether or not nations enforced regulations in their territorial waters, large ocean areas remained free of controls or restrictions. The citizens of all nations had the right to use these unrestricted ocean areas for any innocent purpose, including navigation and fishing. Except for controls over its own citizens, no nation had the responsibility, let alone the unilateral authority, to control such activities in international waters. And, since there were few standards of conduct that applied on the “open seas”, there were few jurisdictional conflicts between nations.The lack of standards is traceable to popular perceptions held before the middle of this century. By and large, marine pollution was not perceived as a significant problem, in part because the adverse effect of coastal activities on ocean ecosystems was not widely recognized, and pollution caused by human activities was generally believed to be limited to that caused by navigation. Moreover, the freedom to fish, or overfish, was an essential element of the traditional legal doctrine of freedom of the seas that no maritime country wished to see limited. And finally, the technology that later allowed exploitation of other ocean resources, such as oil, did not yet exist.To date, controlling pollution and regulating ocean resources have still not been comprehensively addressed by law, but international lawestablished through the customs and practices of nationsdoes not preclude such efforts. And two recent developments may actually lead to future international rules providing for ecosystem management. First, the establishment of extensive fishery zones extending territorial authority as far as 200 miles out from a countrys coast, has provided the opportunity for nations individually to manage larger ecosystems. This opportunity, combined with national self-interest in maintaining fish populations, could lead nations to reevaluate policies for management of their fisheries and to address the problem of pollution in territorial waters. Second, the international community is beginning to understand the importance of preserving the resources and ecology of international waters and to show signs of accepting responsibility for doing so. As an international consensus regarding the need for comprehensive management of ocean resources develops, it will become more likely that international standards and policies for broader regulation of human activities that affect ocean ecosystems will be adopted and implemented.1. According to the passage, until the mid-twentieth century there were few jurisdictional disputes over international waters because.(A) the nearest coastal nation regulated activities(B) few controls or restrictions applied to ocean areas(C) the ocean areas were used for only innocent purposes(D) the freedom of the seas doctrine settled all claims concerning navigation and fishing(E) broad authority over international waters was shared equally among all nations2. According to the international law doctrines applicable before the mid-twentieth century, if commercial activity within a particular nations territorial waters threatened all marine life in those waters, the nation would have been(A) formally censured by an international organization for not properly regulating marine activities(B) called upon by other nations to establish rules to protect its territorial waters(C) able but not required to place legal limits on such commercial activities(D) allowed to resolve the problem at it own discretion providing it could contain the threat to its own territorial waters(E) permitted to hold the commercial offenders liable only if they were citizens of that particular nation3. The author suggests that, before the mid-twentieth century, most nations actions with respect to territorial and international waters indicated that(A) managing ecosystems in either territorial or international waters was given low priority(B) unlimited resources in international waters resulted in little interest in territorial waters(C) nations considered it their responsibility to protect territorial but not international waters(D) a nations authority over its citizenry ended at territorial lines(E) although nations could extend their territorial dominion beyond three miles from their shoreline, most chose not to do so4. The author cites which one of the following as an effect of the extension of territorial waters beyond the three-mile limit?(A) increased political pressure on individual nations to establish comprehensive laws regulating ocean resources(B) a greater number of jurisdictional disputes among nations over the regulation of fishing on the open seas(C) the opportunity for some nations to manage large ocean ecosystems(D) a new awareness of the need to minimize pollution caused by navigation(E) a political incentive for smaller nations to solve the problems of pollution in their coastal waters5. According to the passage, before the middle of the twentieth century, nations failed to establish rules protecting their territorial waters because(A) the waters appeared to be unpolluted and to contain unlimited resources(B) the fishing industry would be adversely affected by such rules(C) the size of the area that would be subject to such rules was insignificant(D) the technology needed for pollution control and resource management did not exist(E) there were few jurisdictional conflicts over nations territorial waters6. The passage as a whole can best be described as(A) a chronology of the events that have led up to present-day crisis(B) a legal inquiry into the abuse of existing laws and the likelihood of reform(C) a political analysis of the problems inherent in directing national attention to an international issue(D) a historical analysis of a problem that requires international attention(E) a proposal for adopting and implementing international standards to solve an ecological problem参考答案：1-6 BCACCDThe human species came into being at the time of the greatest biological diversity in the history of the Earth. Today, as human populations expand and alter the natural environment, they are reducing biological diversity to its lowest level since the end of the Mesozoic era, 65 million years ago. The ultimate consequences of this biological collision are beyond calculation, but they are certain to be harmful. That, in essence, is the biodiversity crisis.The history of global diversity can be summarized as follows: after the initial flowering of multicellular animals, there was a swift rise in the number of species in early Paleozoic times (between 600 and 430 million years ago), then plateaulike stagnation for the remaining 200 million years of the Paleozoic era, and finally a slow but steady climb through the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras to diversitys all-time high. This history suggests that biological diversity was hard won and a long time in coming. Furthermore, this pattern of increase was set back by five massive extinction episodes. The most recent of these, during the Cretaceous period, is by far the most famous, because it ended the age of the dinosaurs, conferred hegemony on the mammals, and ultimately made possible the ascendancy of the human species. But the cretaceous crisis was minor compared with the Permian extinctions 240 million years ago, during which between 77 and 96 percent of marine animal species perished. It took 5 million years, well into Mesozoic times, for species diversity to begin a significant recovery.Within the past 10,000 years biological diversity has entered a wholly new era. Human activity has had a devastating effect on species diversity, and the rate of human-induced extinctions is accelerating. Half of the bird species of Polynesia have been eliminated through hunting and the destruction of native forests. Hundreds of fish species endemic to Lake Victoria are now threatened with extinction following the careless introduction of one species of fish, the Nile perch. The list of such biogeographic disasters is extensive.Because every species is unique and irreplaceable, the loss of biodiversity is the most profound process of environmental change. Its consequences are also the least predictable because the value of Earths biota (the fauna and flora collectively) remains largely unstudied and unappreciated; unlike material and cultural wealth, which we understand because they are the substance of our everyday lives, biological wealth is usually taken for granted. This is a serious strategic error, one that will be increasingly regretted as time passes. The biota is not only part of a countrys heritage, the product of millions of years of evolution centered on that place; it is also a potential source for immense untapped material wealth in the form of food, medicine, and other commercially important substance.7. Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?(A) The reduction in biodiversity is an irreversible process that represents a setback both for science and for society as a whole.(B) The material and cultural wealth of a nation are insignificant when compared with the countrys biological wealth.(C) The enormous diversity of life on Earth could not have come about without periodic extinctions that have conferred preeminence on one species at the expense of another.(D) The human species is in the process of initiating a massive extinction episode that may make past episodes look minor by comparison.(E) The current decline in species diversity is human-induced tragedy of incalculable proportions that has potentially grave consequences for the human species.8. Which one of the following situations is most analogous to the history of global diversity summarized in lines 10-18 of the passage?(A) The number of fish in a lake declines abruptly as a result of water pollution, then makes a slow comeback after cleanup efforts and the passage of ordinances against dumping.(B) The concentration of chlorine in the water supply of large city fluctuates widely before stabilizing at a constant and safe level.(C) An old-fashioned article of clothing goes in and out of style periodically as a result of features in fashion magazines and the popularity of certain period films.(D) After valuable mineral deposits are discovered, the population of a geographic region booms then levels off and begins to decrease at a slow and steady pace.(E) The variety of styles stocked by a shoe store increases rapidly after the store opens, holds constant for many months, and then gradually creeps upward.9. The author suggests which one of the following about the Cretaceous crisis?(A) It was the second most devastating extinction episode in history.(B) It was the most devastating extinction episode up until that time.(C) It was less devastating to species diversity than is the current biodiversity crisis.(D) The rate of extinction among marine animal species as a result of the crisis did not approach 77 percent.(E) The dinosaurs comprised the great majority of species that perished during the crisis.10. The author mentions the Nile perch in order to provide an example of(A) a species that has become extinct through human activity(B) the typical lack of foresight that has led to biogeographic disaster(C) a marine animal species that survived the Permian extinctions(D) a species that is a potential source of material wealth(E) the kind of action that is necessary to reverse the decline in species diversity11. All of the following are explicitly mentioned in the passage as contributing to the extinction of species EXCEPT(A) hunting(B) pollution(C) deforestation(D) the growth of human populations(E) human-engineered changes in the environment12. The passage suggests which one of the following about material and cultural wealth?(A) Because we can readily assess the value of material and cultural wealth, we tend not to take them for granted.(B) Just as the biota is a source of potential material wealth, it is an untapped source of cultural wealth as well.(C) Some degree of material and cultural wealth may have to be sacrificed if we are to protect our biological heritage.(D) Material and cultural wealth are of less value than biological wealth because they have evolved over a shorter period of time.(E) Material wealth and biological wealth are interdependent in a way that material wealth and cultural wealth are not.13. The author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about the consequences of the biodiversity crisis?(A) The loss of species diversity will have as immediate an impact on the material of nations as on their biological wealth.(B) The crisis will likely end the hegemony of the human race and bring about the ascendancy of another species.(C) The effects of the loss of species diversity will be dire, but we cannot yet tell how dire.(D) It is more fruitful to discuss the consequences of the crisis in terms of the potential loss to humanity than in strictly biological loss to humanity than in strictly biological terms.(E) The consequences of the crisis can be minimized, but the pace of extinctions can not be reversed.参考答案：7-13 EEDBBACWomens participation in the revolutionary events in France between 1789 and 1795 has only recently been given nuanced treatment. Early twentieth century historians of the French Revolution are typified by Jaures, who, though sympathetic to the womens movement of his own time, never even mentions its antecedents in revolutionary France. Even today most general histories treat only cursorily a few individual women, like Marie Antoinette. The recent studies by Landes, Badinter, Godineau, and Roudinesco, however, should signal a much-needed reassessment of womens participation.Godineau and Roudinesco point to three significant phases in that participation. The first, up to mid-1792, involved those women who wrote political tracts. Typical of their orientation to theoretical issuesin Godineauss view, without practical effectis Marie Gouzes Declaration of the Right of Women. The emergence of vocal middle-class womens political clubs marks the second phase. Formed in 1791 as adjuncts of middle-class male political clubs, and originally philanthropic in function, by late 1792 independent clubs of women began to advocate military participation for women. In the final phase, the famine of 1795 occasioned a mass womens movement: women seized food supplies, hold officials hostage, and argued for the implementation of democratic politics. This phase ended in May of 1795 with the military suppression of this multiclass movement. In all three phases womens participation in politics contrasted markedly with their participation before 1789. Before that date some noblewomen participated indirectly in elections, but such participation by more than a narrow range of the populationwomen or mencame only with the Revolution.What makes the recent studies particularly compelling, however, is not so much their organization of chronology as their unflinching willingness to confront the reasons for the collapse of the womens movement. For Landes and Badinter, the necessity of womens having to speak in the established vocabularies of certain intellectual and political tradition diminished the ability of the womens movement to resist suppression. Many women, and many men, they argue, located their vision within the confining tradition of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who linked male and female roles with public and private spheres respectively. But, when women went on to make political alliances with radical Jacobin men, Badinter asserts, they adopted a vocabulary and a violently extremist viewpoint that unfortunately was even more damaging to their political interests.Each of these scholars has different political agenda and takes a different approachGodineau, for example, works with police archives while Roudinesco uses explanatory schema from modern psychology. Yet, admirably, each gives center stage to a group that previously has been marginalized, or at best undifferentiated, by historians. And in the case of Landes and Badinter, the reader is left with a sobering awareness of the cost to the women of the Revolution of speaking in borrowed voices.14. Which one of the following best states the main point of the passage?(A) According to recent historical studies, the participation of women in the revolutionary events of 1789-1795 can most profitably be viewed in three successive stages.(B) The findings of certain recent historical studies have resulted from an earlier general reassessment, by historians, of womens participation in the revolutionary events of 1789-1795.(C) Adopting the vocabulary and viewpoint of certain intellectual and political traditions resulted in no political advantage for women in France in the years 1789-1795.(D) Certain recent historical studies have provided a much-needed description and evaluation of the evolving roles of women in the revolutionary events of 1789-1795.(E) Historical studies that seek to explain the limitations of the womens movement is more convincing than are those that seek only to describe the general features of that movement.15. The passage suggests that Godineau would be likely to agree with which one of the following statements about Marie Gouzes Declaration of the Rights of Women?(A) This work was not understood by many of Gouzes contemporaries.(B) This work indirectly inspired the formation of independent womens political clubs.(C) This work had little impact on the world of political action.(D) This work was the most compelling produced by a French woman between 1789 and 1792.(E) This work is typical of the kind of writing French women produced between 1793 and 1795.16. According to the passage, which one of the following is a true statement about the purpose of the womens political cubs mentioned in line 20?(A) These clubs fostered a mass womens movement.(B) These clubs eventually developed a purpose different from their original purpose.(C) These clubs were founder to advocate military participation for women.(D) These clubs counteracted the original purpose of male political clubs.(E) These clubs lost their direction by the time of the famine of 1795.