物料衡算和能量衡算概述

制药工程设计课程,Design of,Pharmaceutical,Engineering,化学工程系化工与制药教研室,二、直接推算法,1.,无化学反应的物料衡算,料浆 滤饼,过滤机,F,1,=2000kg/h F,3,=,？,kg/h,75%,液体,90%,固体,25%,固体,10%,液体,滤液,F,2,=,？,kg/h,1%,固体,99%,液体,【,例2,】,过滤过程物料衡算,解：,总平衡：,F,1,=2000=F,2,F,3,固体平衡：,20000.25=0.01F,2,0.9F,3,联解上两式可得：,F,2,=1460.7kg/h,F,3,=539.3kg/h,【例3】,某蒸发过程及已知条件如下图所示 求：母液量；蒸发水分量；结晶出的,NaCl,量,蒸 发 器,原料液,F,1,1000kg,NaOH X,11,=0.10,NaCl X,12,=0.10,H,2,0 X,13,=0.80,NaCl,晶体,F,3,X,41,=0.50,X,42,=0.02,母液,F,4,X,43,=0.48,水蒸汽,F,2,解：本题为间歇过程 总平衡：,F,1,=F,2,F,3,F,4,NaOH,平衡：,0.1F,1,=0.5F,4,NaCl,平衡：,0.1F,1,=0.02F,4,F,3,联解上三式可得：,F,4,=200kg F,2,=704kg F,3,=96kg,粗,品,溶,解,碳,滤,两,级,过,滤,溶,析,结,晶,罐,1,4,3,6,5,9,7,14,10,2,8,11,13,15,16,12,物料衡算计算框图,1,粗品；,2,注射用水；,3,溶解液；,4,活性炭；,5,滤渣；,6,滤液；,7,洗涤水；,8,两级滤渣；,9,两级滤液；,10,溶析剂；,11,结晶料液；,12,丙酮；,13,母液；,14,湿品；,15,水；,16,产品,系统衡算组分编码表,组分名称,头孢曲松钠,杂质,水,活性炭,丙酮,编 码,1,2,3,4,5,产,品,干,燥,洗,涤,过,滤,2.,有化学反应的物料衡算,【例4】,甲醇氧化制甲醛,（,甲醇转化率,x,A,=0.75),CH,3,OH+1/2 O,2,HCHO+H,2,O,CH,3,OH,CH,3,OH HCHO,催化反应器 H,2,O,空气,O,2,（过量,50%,）,N,2,采用直接计算法进行物料衡算,:,CH,3,OH,（输入）,=1 mol,（基准）,O,2,（需要）,=0.5mol,；,O,2,（输入）,=1.50.5=0.75mol,；,N,2,（输入）,=N,2,（输出）,=0.75,（,79/21,）,=2.82mol,；,HCHO,（输出）,=0.75mol,；,CH,3,OH,（输出）,=1,反应的,CH,3,OH,=,1,0.75=0.25mol,；,O,2,（输出）,=0.75,0.750.5=0.375mol,；,H,2,O,（输出）,=0.75mol,N,2,（输出）,=2.82mol,列出物料衡算表,(,见附表,),输入量：,输出量：,反应器,C,6,H,5,C,2,H,5,C,6,H,5,CH,3,H,2,O,C,6,H,5,C,2,H,5,、,C,6,H,6,、,C,6,H,5,CH,3,H,2,O,、,CH,4,、,C,2,H,4,、,C,、,H,2,【,例5,】,苯乙烯的反应器，年生产能力为,10000t,，年工作时间为,8000h,，苯乙烯收率为,40%,，以反应物乙苯计的苯乙烯选择性为,90%,，苯选择性为,3%,，甲苯选择性为,5%,，焦油选择性为,2%,。原料乙苯中含甲苯,2%,（质量分数），反应时通入水蒸气提供部分热量并降低乙苯分压，乙苯原料和水蒸气比为,1:1.5,（质量比），要求对该反应器进行物料衡算，即计算进出反应器各物料的流量。,解,：反应器中发生了以下化学反应：,C,6,H,5,C,2,H,5,C,6,H,5,C,2,H,3,+H,2,（1）,C,6,H,5,C,2,H,5,+H,2,C,6,H,5,CH,3,+CH,4,（2）,C,6,H,5,C,2,H,5,C,2,H,4,+C,6,H,6,（3）,C,6,H,5,C,2,H,5,7C+3H,2,+CH,4,（4）,各物料的摩尔质量汇总列于表3-1。,物料,C,6,H,5,C,2,H,5,C,6,H,5,C,2,H,3,C,6,H,6,C,6,H,5,CH,3,H,2,O,CH,4,C,2,H,4,C,H,2,摩尔质量/(g/mol),106,104,78,92,18,16,28,12,2,表,3-1,各物料的摩尔质量,基准：,选,1000kg/h,乙苯原料为计算基准,进反应器纯乙苯量1000kg/h98%=980kg/h，即为9.245kmol/h,原料中甲苯量1000 kg/h2%=20kg/h，即为0.217kmol/h,水蒸气量980 kg/h1.5=1470kg/h，即为81.667kmol/h,乙苯的转化率为0.4/0.9=0.4444,参加反应的总乙苯量980 kg/h0.4444=435.11kg/h，即为4.109kmol/h,未反,应,应的,乙,乙苯,量,量（980-435.11,）,）kg/h=544.89kg/h，,即,即为5.140kmol/h,由苯,乙,乙烯,选,选择,性,性，,生,生成,苯,苯乙,烯,烯量4.109kmol/h,90%=3.698kmol/h，,即为384.60kg/h,由各,物,物质,的,的选,择,择性,，,，有,输出,的,的甲,苯,苯量4.109kmol/h,5%+0.217kmol/h=0.423kmol/h,，,，即,为,为38.92kg/h,生成,的,的苯,量,量4.109kmol/h3%=0.123kmol/h,，,，即,为,为9.60kg/h,生成,的,的乙,烯,烯量4.109kmol/h,3%=0.123kmol/h，,即,即为3.44kg/h,生成,的,的碳,量,量4.109kmol/h2%,7=0.575kmol/h,，,，即,为,为6.9kg/h,生成,的,的甲,烷,烷量4.109kmol/h,（5%+2%）=0.288kmol/h,，,，即,为,为4.61kg/h,输出,的,的氢,量,量4.109kmol/h,（,（90%-5%+2%,3,）,）=3.739kmol/h，,即,即为7.48kg/h,输出,水,水量=输,入,入水,量,量（,不,不参,与,与反,应,应）1470kg/h,，,，即,为,为81.667kmol/h,实际,每,每小,时,时要,求,求苯,乙,乙烯,的,的产,量,量10000,1000kg/8000h=1250kg/h,比例,系,系数1250/384.60=3.25,表3-2,乙,乙,苯,苯,脱,脱,氢,氢,反,反,应,应,器,器,物,物,料,料,衡,衡,算,算,表,表,组分,输 入,输 出,摩尔流量/(kmol/h),质量流量/(kg/h),摩尔流量/(kmol/h),质量流量/(kg/h),C,6,H,5,C,2,H,5,30.046,3185,16.705,1770.89,C,6,H,5,CH,3,0.705,65,1.375,126.49,H,2,O,265.418,4777.5,265.418,4777.5,C,6,H,5,C,2,H,3,12.019,1249.95,C,6,H,6,0.004,31.20,C,2,H,4,0.004,11.18,CH,4,0.936,14.98,C,1.869,22.43,H,2,12.152,24.31,合计,296.169,8027.5,310.482,8028.93,三,、,、,原,原,子,子,平,平,衡,衡,法,法,【,例6,】,将,碳,碳,酸,酸,钠,钠,溶,溶,液,液,加,加,入,入,石,石,灰,灰,进,进,行,行,苛,苛,化,化,，,，,已,已,知,知,碳,碳,酸,酸,钠,钠,溶,溶,液,液,组,组,成,成,为,为,NaOH0.59%,（,质,质,量,量,分,分,数,数,）,）,，,，,Na,2,CO,3,14.88%,，,H,2,O84.53%,，,反,反,应,应,后,后,的,的,苛,苛,化,化,液,液,含,含,CaCO,3,13.48%,，,Ca(OH),2,0.28%,，,Na,2,CO,3,0.61%,，,NaOH10.36%,，,H,2,O75.27%,。,计,计,算,算,：,：,1,）,每,每,100kg,苛,化,化,液,液,需,需,加,加,石,石,灰,灰,的,的,质,质,量,量,及,及,石,石,灰,灰,的,的,组,组,成,成,；,；,2,）,每,每,100kg,苛,化,化,液,液,需,需,用,用,碳,碳,酸,酸,钠,钠,溶,溶,液,液,的,的,质,质,量,量,。,。,苛化,反应器,F,NaOH 0.59%,Na,2,CO,3,14.88%,H,2,O 84.53%,CaCO,3,13.48%,Ca(OH),2,0.28%,Na,2,CO,3,0.61%,NaOH 10.36%,H,2,O 75.27%,CaCO,3,x/W,CaO y/W,Ca(OH),2,z/W,图,3-2,物,料,料,流,流,程,程,示,示,意,意,图,图,解,:,设,碳,碳,酸,酸,钠,钠,溶,溶,液,液,的,的,质,质,量,量,为,为,F,（,kg,）,石,灰,灰,的,的,质,质,量,量,为,为,W,（,kg,）,石,灰,灰,中,中,CaCO,3,、,CaCO,3,及,Ca(OH),2,的,质,质,量,量,分,分,别,设,设,为,为,x,、,y,和,z,，,则,则,石,石,灰,灰,中,中,各,各,物,物,质,质,的,的,组,组,成,成,可,可,表,表,示,示,为,为,：,：,x/W,，,y/W,，,z/W,基,准,准,：,：,100kg,苛,化,化,液,液,画,出,出,物,物,料,料,流,流,程,程,示,示,意,意,图,图,（,（,图,图,3-2,）,Ca(OH),2,+Na,2,CO,3,CaCO,3,+2NaOH,表,3-3,各,种,种,物,物,料,料,质,质,量,量,和,和,物,物,质,质,的,的,量,量,计,计,算,算,结,结,果,果,Na,2,CO,3,溶液中,苛化钠溶液中,物料,摩尔质量,（g/mol）,质量,（kg）,物质的量,（kmol）,物料,摩尔质量（g/mol）,质量,（kg）,物质的量（kmol）,NaOH,40,0.59%F,0.000148F,NaOH,40,10.36,0.2590,Na,2,CO,3,106,14.88%F,0.001404F,Na,2,CO,3,106,0.61,0.00575,H,2,O,18,84.53%F,0.04696F,H,2,O,18,75.27,4.18,Ca(OH),2,74,0.28,0.00377,CaCO,3,100,13.48,0.1347,列,元,元,素,素,平,平,衡,衡,式,式,Na,平,平,衡,衡,：,：0.000148F+0.001404F,2=,（,（0.00575,2+0.2590,）,）kmol,C,平,平,衡,衡,：,：,Ca,平,平,衡,衡,：,：,总,物,物,料,料,平,平,衡,衡,：,：F+W=100kg/mol,石,灰,灰,总,总,量,量,等,等,于,于,各,各,物,物,质,质,质,质,量,量,之,之,和,和W=x+y+z,计,算,算,结,结,果,果,汇,汇,总,总,列,列,入,入,表,表3-4,表,3-4,计,算,算,结,结,果,果,汇,汇,总,总,组分,输 入,输 出,物质的量/kmol,质量/kg,物质的量/kmol,质量/kg,NaOH,0.0135,0.54,0.2590,10.35,Na,2,CO,3,0.1285,13.62,0.00575,0.61,H,2,O,4.2973,77.35,4.182,75.27,CaCO,3,0.012,1.2,0.137,13.48,CaO,0.015,6.44,Ca(OH),2,0.01