lecture2 Age of Reason

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,Chapter Two,Revolutionary Period (1775-1783),“The Age of Reason”,“American Enlightenment”,In the 18th century,people believed in mans own nature and the power of human reason.With Franklin as its spokesman,the 18th century America experienced an age of reason.Indeed,the 18,th,century in America is known as the Age of Reason and Enlightenment.,The idea of Enlightenment intellectually shaped the transition of the American nationhood to the status of independence and federation.Words had never been so useful and so important in human history.People wrote a lot of political writings.Numerous pamphlets and printings were published.These works agitated revolutionary people not only in America but also around the world.After all,it was in this period that American nationhood,with the United States as its name,began to emerge.,The 18th-century American Enlightenment was a movement marked by an emphasis on rationality rather than tradition,scientific inquiry instead of unquestioning religious dogma,and representative government in place of monarchy.,Enlightenment thinkers and writers were devoted to the ideals of justice,liberty,and equality as the natural rights of man.,The colonists who would form a new nation were firm believers in the power of reason;they were ambitious,inquisitive,optimistic,practical,politically astute,and self-reliant.,Literature in the period of American Revolution was predominantly public and utilitarian.The more characteristic forms of writing include essays,pamphlets,and political documents for purpose of social reform,revolutionary agitation,and philosophical declaration.,Leading writers and their works,Thomas Jefferson(1743-1826):,The Declaration of Independence,(1776),Thomas Paine(1737-1809):,Common Sense,(1776),Benjamin Franklin,:,Autobiography,Philip,Freneau,:,“The Wild Honey Suckle”,1.Benjamin Franklin(1706-1790),Benjamin Franklin(17061790),Franklin,-a scientist,-a printer,-a public serviceman,-a statesman,-a literary man,自传,格言历书,2.Life,Benjamin Franklin came from a Calvinist background.,He was born into a poor candle-makers family.He had very little education.He learned in school only for two years,but he was a voracious reader.,At 12,he was apprenticed to his elder half-brother,a printer.,At 16,he began to publish essays under the pseudonym“Silence Do good”.,At 17,he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune.,He set himself up as an independent printer and publisher.In 1727 he founded the,Junto,club.,1.Works,The Autobiography,Poor Richards,Almanack,-4 parts,1771,1784,1788 and 1790 respectively.,-Franklins idea was basically Puritan.,-Franklin believed in Deism.,-style:simple,direct and concise.,-It celebrates the fulfillment of the American dream.,The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin:,The,Autobiography,is a record of self-examination and self-improvement.,Benjamin Franklin was a spokesman for the new order of the 18th century enlightenment,The,Autobiography,is a how-to-do-it book,a book on the art of self-improvement.(for example,Franklins 13 virtues,),Through telling a success story of self-reliance,the book celebrates,in fact,the fulfillment of the American dream.,The Autobiography,is in the pattern of Puritan simplicity,directness,and concision.,3.Evaluation,Franklins Contributions to Science,He was also remembered for volunteer fire departments,effective street lighting,the Franklin stove,bifocal glasses and efficient heating devices.,And for his lightning-rod,he was called“the new Prometheus who had stolen fire from heaven.”,Franklins Contributions to the U.S.,He was the only American to sign the four documents that created the United States:,The Declaration of Independence,The Treaty of Alliance with France,The Treaty of Peace with England,The Constitution,Franklins Contributions to Society,He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital.,He founded an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania.,And he helped found the American Philosophical Society.,Thirteen virtues by Franklin,Temperance,Silence,Order,Resolution,Frugality,Industry,Sincerity,Justice,Moderation,Cleaniness,Tranquillity,Chastity,Humility,Some wise sayings by the wise man,Be civil to all;sociable to,many;familiar,with,few;friends,to,one;ennemy,to none.,Drive thy business or it will drive thee.,He that is of the opinion money will do everything may well be suspected of doing everything for money.,I am a strong believer in,lucj,and I find the harder I work the more I have of it.,Never leave that till tomorrow,thich,you can do today.,Search others for their virtues,thyself for thy vices.,Well done is,betther,than well said.,Three may keep a secret,if two of them are dead.,You may delay,but time will not.,Creditors have better memories than debtors.,Lost time is never found again,A penny save is a penny earned,Fish and visitors stink in three days,Thomas Jefferson:,a powerful advocate of liberty,Represented Virginia in the Second Continental Congress in 17