非谓语动词(动名词)

动 名 词,如果一个动词加上了ing变成了名词，那么这个词称动名词。 动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等，有时态和语态的变化。,Reading is an art. 读书是一种艺术。,It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk.,覆水难收 。,There is no joking about such matters.,对这种事情不是开玩笑。,一、作主语,动名词作主语的几种类型：,1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如：,Swimming is a good sport in summer.,2. 用 it 作形式主语，把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。,动名词做主语时，不太常用 it 作先行主语，多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如：,It is no use telling him not to worry.,注意,：important，essential，necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。,3. 用于“There be”结构中。例如：,There is no saying when hell come.很难说他何时回来。,4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如：,No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). （禁止吸烟）,No parking. （禁止停车）,5. 动名词的复合结构作主语,当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格，构成动名词的复合结构,Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.,动名词作主语与动词不定式作主语的比较,动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语。在意义上相近。但动名词多用来表示,泛指或抽象动作,，不定式多用来表示,特指或具体动作,。比较：,Smoking is not good for health.,It is not good for you to smoke so much.,注意：,1)在口语中，用动名词作主语位于句首的较不定式多见。,2)在“It is no use.”，“It is no good.”，“It is fun.”，“It is a waste of time.”等句型中，通常用动名词作真实主语：,It is no use/good/a waste of time talking about that.,It is no use/good/a waste of time to talk about that.,3)在疑问句中，通常用动名词的复合结构，而不用不定式的复合结构作主语：,Does your saying that mean anything to him?,Does for you to say that mean anything to him?,4)在“There be”句型中，只能用动名词，而不能用不定式作主语：,There is no telling what will happen.,It is impossible to tell what will happen.,5)当句子中的主语和表语都是非限定动词时，要遵循前后一致的原则，主语和表语在形式上要求统一：,Seeing is believing.,To see is to believe.,如：,They went on walking and never stopped talking.,他们继续走，说个不停。,I found it pleasant walking along the seashore.,在海滩上走真是乐事。,Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations.,每当马克违反交通规则时，他常常企图逃避罚款的处分。,二、作宾语,（1）作动词的宾语,某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有：advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, put off, delay, practice, resist, suggest, depend on, think about, set about, succeed in, worry about, burst out, insist on, cant stand, be used to, get used to, devote to, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to, escape 等。,（2）作介词的宾语,We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。,Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活？,（3）作形容词的宾语,The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很值得多听几遍。,We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。,三、作表语,动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。,Your task is cleaning the windows.,你的任务就是擦窗户。(Cleaning the windows is your task.),What I hate most is being laughed at.,我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。 (Being laughed at is what I hate most.),四、作定语,动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如：,a walking stick a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking,a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing,a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading,a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring,五、动名词的时态和语态,动名词的时态和语态如下：,时态 主动语态 被动语态,一般式 writing being written,完成式 having written having been written,其否定形式是在doing前加上not,1、,动名词一般式,表示的动作通常是一般性动作，即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作，或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作。,如：,I hate talking with such people. 我讨厌与这样的人说话。,Being careless is not a good habit. 粗心不是一个好习惯。,2、,动名词的完成式,表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。如：,I dont remember having met him before. 我记不得以前见过他。,Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help. 谢谢你费力帮忙。,3、动名词的逻辑主语同时也是动名词动作的承受者，动名词用被动语态。,（1）它的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，或在其前发生。如：,I dont like being laughed at in public. 在公共场合下，我不喜欢被别人嘲笑。,（2）它的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如：,I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal. 我很高兴你能获得这样的奖牌。,（3）在某些动词，我们常用动名词的一般式表示完成式，尽管动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，这似乎是一种强大的习惯。如：,Excuse me for being late. 我来晚了请你原谅。,I dont remember ever meeting somewhere. 我记不得原来在什么地方见过。,Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢给我们这么大的帮助。,（4）在多数情况下都避免使用动名词被动语态完成式，而用一般式代替，以免句子显得累赘，尤其是在口语中。如：,I forget once being taken (having been taken) to the city zoo. 我曾被带到过这个动物园，可我忘了。,（5）动名词被动语态一般式与现在分词被动语态一般式同形，但无进行意义，being不可省略。如：,She is afraid of being taken to the public. 她怕被领到大众面前。,六、动名词与现在分词的同与不同,动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同，都是在动词原形的词末加-ing。在现代语法中，这两种形式同视为-ing形式。 这两种形式的另一个相同之处是：它们都是由动词变化而成的，它们都保留了动词的某些特征，它们都能带自己的宾语、状语，而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分。例如：,Speaking in the public, he will surely be very cheerful.,（现在分词短语，作状语）他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。,She hates speaking in the public.,（动名词短语，作宾语）她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。,区别：,1、动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是:,作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事,此时系动词相当于“是”,通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变,例如:,My hobby is swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换),现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质,不能与主语互换位置,例如:,The story is interesting .不可改为:Interesting is the story.,2、动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于:,动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时名词与现在分词之间存有逻辑上的主谓关系，试比较：,a swimming boy和a swimming suit,前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming ,现在分词swimming 表示被修饰名词boy的动作;而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming , 动名词swimming表示suit 的用途?,a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car,前者的意思是“一个正在睡觉的孩子”,即a child who is sleeping ,现在分词sleeping 表示被修饰名词 child 正处于的状态;而后者的意思是“卧车(被用来睡觉的车厢)”,即 a car which is used for sleeping ,动名词 sleeping 表示car 的用途。,