英语A级语法点讲解课件

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,AB级语法知识点,1,AB级语法知识点1,虚拟语气,虚拟语气，用来表达说话人的愿望、请求、,意图建议、惊奇、设想等。而不表示客观存,在的事实。,I wish I were a bird.,Look at those doves flying across the,sky in the strong sunlight.,I wish I were a,white cloud giving them cool shade.,If I were you, I shouldnt do it.,2,虚拟语气虚拟语气，用来表达说话人的愿望、请求、2,虚拟语气在简单句中的用法,虚拟语气用于简单句时，一般表示祝愿，命,令等。谓语动词要用,动词原形,。,1. 表示祝愿：,eg. Long live the Peoples Republic of China!,May you be happy all your life!,2. 表示命令：,eg. Everybody leave the room!,Let one of you go and tell her to come.,3,虚拟语气在简单句中的用法虚拟语气用于简单句时，一般表示祝愿，,虚拟语气在主从复合句中的用法,在,条件状语,从句中的用法：,表示与,现在事实,相反的情况,条件从句的动词形式,主句的动词形式,If I (we, you, he, she,it, they)+行为动词的,过去式（be的过去式,一般用were。在he,she, 或it等后，也可用,was。）,I (we, you, he, she, it,they)+ should/would/might/,could +动词原形,4,虚拟语气在主从复合句中的用法在条件状语从句中的用法：条件从句,If I,had,more time, I,should study,German.,If she,were (was),not so busy, she,would,attend,the meeting this afternoon.,If they,didnt take,the physical exercises every,day, they,wouldnt be,so healthy.,If you,went,to bed earlier, you,would not be,so,sleepy in the morning.,5,If I had more time, I should s,B. 表示与,过去事实,相反的情况,条件从句的动词形式,主句的动词形式,If I (we, you, he, she,it, they)+ had + 过去,分词,I (we, you, he, she, it,they)+ should/would/might/,could + have + 过去分词,6,B. 表示与过去事实相反的情况条件从句的动词形式主句的动词形,If you,had taken,the old experienced,workers advice, you,wouldnt have failed,in the experiment.,I,would have checked,my paper again if I,had had,more time at yesterdays,examination.,He,would have already recovered from,his,illness if he,had seen,the doctor in good,time.,7,If you had taken the old exper,C 表示与,将来事实,相反的情况,条件从句的动词形式,主句的动词形式,1.If I ( we, you, he, she, it, they) + 行为动词过去式(be的过去式一般用were) 通常要与一个表示将来的时间状语连用。,2. If I ( we, you, he, she, it, they) + should+ 动词原形。,3. If I ( we, you, he, she, it, they) + were to+ 动词原形。,I ( we, you, he, she, it, they) + should/could/,might/ would + 动词原形,8,C 表示与将来事实相反的情况条件从句的动词形式主句的动词形式,If it,rained,tomorrow, our picnic,would be put off,.,If I,saw,him tomorrow, I,would pass,your note to,him.,If it,should rain,tomorrow, our picnic,would be,put off.,If it,were to,rain tomorrow, our picnic,would be,put off,.,She,might come back and start off,again the,day after tomorrow if she,were to,miss the train,tomorrow.,9,If it rained tomorrow, our pic,注意,：,用虚拟语气表示条件从句，可以放在主,句之前，也可以放在主句之后，但所表达的意,义侧重点不同。如主句在前，强调“结果”；如,从句在前，强调“条件”。按汉语习惯，通常条,件从句在前，主句在后。不论英文主从句的前,后，汉语翻译不变。,10,注意： 用虚拟语气表示条件从句，可以放在主10,2,. 在,主语从句,中的用法：通常由形式主语it引出,的主语从句来表达虚拟语气。在主语从句中，,谓语动词用should+动词原形，表示什么是必,要，重要，奇怪等具体内容。,It is necessary ( important, natural, strange,essential, urgent, surprising) that we should,clean the room every day.,It is a pity ( a shame, no wonder) that you,should be so careless.,should 意为应该，竟然，可以省去， 但不可换,成would。,11,2. 在主语从句中的用法：通常由形式主语it引出11,3.,在某些欲望动词arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, suggest, advice, prefer, agree, expert, intend, recommend, ask, decide, object, persist, determine等后面的,宾语从句,用(should)+动词原型.,We suggested that we should have a meeting.,We insisted that they go with us.,The doctor ordered that she stay in bed for a,few days.,He demanded that we should start right away.,12,3. 在某些欲望动词arrange, command, de,4,. 在It is (high, about) time that+,宾语从句,中，,从句的谓语动词用过去式，表示该做某事了,的意思，这也是一种虚拟语气。,It is time we got up. (should get up),It is high time our athletes showed,(should show) their best.,It is time (that) we started.,13,4. 在It is (high, about) time t,情态动词,have + p.p.,1.should/ought to +,have done/have been doing,表示本来应该做某事却没有做,You should/ought to have asked my permission first.,You shouldnt have been resting at that time of day.,2.must,+,have + have done/have been doing,表示对过去事态的一种猜测（可对可错）,只用于肯定句。否定句和疑问句需用cant和can.,Her eyes are red. She must have been crying.You must have left your handbag in the theatre.,14,情态动词have + p.p.14,3.may/might/can/could+,have done/have been doing,表示过去的”可能”,She could have missed the train.,might/could+,have done/have been doing,有时可以表示本来可能发生但没有发生，或者,本来可能完成却没有完成的动作。,You might have killed yourself.,I could have passed the examination, but I,failed.,15,3.may/might/can/could+ have do,Ex:,1.The representative of the company demanded,that part of the agreement _ revised.,A. will be B. is C. to be D. be,2. It is required that anyone applying for a,drivers license _ a set of tests.,A. take B. takes C. took D. will take,3. Tom _the party as no one saw him there,yesterday evening.,A. cant attend B. mustnt attend,C. Wont have attended,D. couldnt have attended,D,A,D,16,Ex:DAD16,4.It is most desirable that he _ for the information by himself with a few clicks online.,A. search B. searched,C. has searched D. will search,5.This ATM has been out of service for a few days. It should _ last week.,A. fix B . be fixed,C. have fixed D have been fixed,A,D,17,4.It is most desirable that he,6.The boy passed the final exams. But if he had spent more time on them, the results (be),_,_much better.,7. If he had taken his lawyers advice, he (save),_,_himself a great deal of trouble.,8.He might have been killed in that car accident yesterday if he (take),_,part in that activity with the team.,would have been,would have saved,had taken,18,6.The boy passed the final exa,8.He might not have been killed in the traffic accident yesterday if he (fasten),_,_ the seat belt.,9.It is important that he (be),_,called back immediately.,10.It is required that every employee (come),_,in their uniform before 8:30a.m.,11. Jack must (go),_,_ away we cant,find him anywhere in the factory.,had fastened,be,come,have gone,19,8.He might not have been kille,12. I think its high time we _measures to,protect the environment.,A. took B. will take,C. take D. have taken,13. Youd better take an umbrella in case it _.,A. will rain B. shall rain,C. should rain D. would rain,14. The suggestion that we _ a meeting next,Friday is very good.,A. will have B. would have,C. have D. shall have,A,C,C,20,12. I think its high time we,分词（短语）做状语,分词和分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、行为方式等意义。表示时间和原因的分词短语相当于对应的状语从句。例如：,Seeing the teacher entering the room, the students stood up.(=when the students saw the teacher entering the room, they stood up.) 表示时间。,21,分词（短语）做状语分词和分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因,现在分词与过去分词的区别,1. 语态不同：-ing形式表示主动概念，及物动词,的过去分词表示被动概念。,an exciting speech,振奋人心的演讲,the excited boy,感到兴奋的男孩,2. 时间关系不同：现在分词所表示的动作一般,是正在进行中的动作，而过去分词所表示的,动作，往往是已经完成的动作。,the changing world,正在发生改变的世界,the changed world,已经起了变化的世界,22,现在分词与过去分词的区别1. 语态不同：-ing形式表示主动,作原因状语,作原因状语时,相当于as, since, because引导的从句.,(这类状语通常放在句子的,前半部分,.),Deeply,shocked, I decided never to speak to her again.,Annoyed,by the way she spoke to me, I left the office.,Not knowing how to deal with the trouble of the computer, Martin had to ask his brother for help.,Frightened by the sudden voice, her face,turned pale.,23,作原因状语作原因状语时,相当于as, since, beca,作条件状语,作条件状语时,相当于if, unless引导的从句.,(这类状语通常放在句子的,前半部分,.),Given,another chance, he will do it much better.,(if he was given another chance, ),Turning,to the right, you will find the bank,. (If you turn to the right, ),United we stand, divided we fall.,24,作条件状语24,作时间状语,作时间状语时,相当于when引导的从句.,(这类状语通常放在句子的,前半部分,.),Hearing,the news, they immediately set off for Shanghai. (When they heard the news, ),Seen,from the hilltop, the view is fantastic.,When leaving,the airport, they waved again and again to us.,Hearing,a strange sound, they stopped talking.,Seeing,a car coming, they stepped aside.,25,作时间状语作时间状语时,相当于when引导的从句. (这类状,如果分词表示的动作紧接着谓语动作之后发生，则分词应放在句尾,He opened the door, greeting his guests.,She sat down, listening to their talk.,26,如果分词表示的动作紧接着谓语动作之后发生，则分词应放在句尾,作结果状语,作结果状语时,相当于so that引导的从句.,(这类,状语通常放在句子的,后半部分,.常译为“于是，,所以，因而”）,He turned off the lamp,seeing,nothing.,the Chinese filled every inch of space with products and sales people,leaving,little or no room for potential customers.,The old scientist died all of a sudden,leaving,the project unfinished.,27,作结果状语作结果状语时,相当于so that引导的从句. (,作让步状语,作让步状语时,相当于though, even if引导的从句.,(这类状语通常放在句子的,前半部分,.),Granting,his honesty, we still cant employ him.,Wounded, the brave soldier continued to fight.,Admitting,what she has said, I still think that she hasnt tried her best.,Left alone, the boy will get into trouble.,Working hard as he did, he was still unable to earn enough money to buy a car.,28,作让步状语作让步状语时,相当于though, even if,作方式伴随状况状语,此时不能用状语从句替换，但可改写成并列句,He turned away,disappeared,.,The old man walked down the hill,singing,softly to himself.,He hurried to the hall,followed,by two guards.,He stood by the door,looking,out.,They boy ran home,crying,.,He was sitting at the window,reading,a newspaper.,I stood at the bus stop,waiting,for her.,29,作方式伴随状况状语此时不能用状语从句替换，但可改写成并列句,1.,_,to find the proper job, he decided to give up job-hunting in this city.,A. Failed B. Being failed,C. To fail D. Having failed,2. The proposal,_,well have to make another,decision about when to start the project.,A. accepted B. accepting,C. to accept D. be accepted,D,A,30,1. _to find the proper job,3.,_,that Bob had got promoted, his friends came to congratulate him.,A. Heard B. Having heard,C. Hear D. To hear,4.,_,how to deal with the trouble of the computer, Martin had to ask his brother for help.,A. Not know B. Not known,C. Not to know D. Not knowing,B,D,31,3. _that Bob had got promote,5.(take)_ the financial difficulties into consideration, wed better put off the plan till next year.,6.(Judge) _from last years experience, the coach knows he should not expect too much of his team.,7. (watch),_,by a crowd of people, Charles felt embarrassed and couldnt say a word.,8. (impress),_,by the young mans good qualifications, they offered him a job in their film.,Taking,Judging,Watched,Impressed,32,5.(take)_ the financial d,分词（短语）做定语,分词（短语）做定语放在名词或代词后面起修饰作用，-ed分词表示被动，-ing分词表示主动,1. The tall building (complete) _ last month is our new classroom building.,2. The children (play) _ the violin over,there will go on the stage next week.,3. The professor, (know)_ as a splendid speaker, was warmly received by the students.,completed,playing,known,33,分词（短语）做定语completedplayingknown,4. Thousands of products _ from crude,oil are now in daily use.,A. to make B. be make,C. making D. made,5.Its said the agreement _between the two companies last month will become effective from May 1st.,A. to sign B. signed,C. to be signed D. signing,D,B,34,4. Thousands of products _ fr,独立主格结构,分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语应该一致，否则，分词应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立结构。独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，所以在语法上不是句子。一般位于句首，有时也居句尾，表示伴随情况时，常位于句尾。,独立结构：逻辑主语（名词，代词）+分词，可以表示时间，原因，条件，方式或伴随情况等。,35,独立主格结构分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语应该一致，否,Mary coming back, they discussed it together.,All being well, the project will be finished in five months.,Weather permitting, we shall go there on foot.,Advice failing, we have to use force.,She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks.,She walked along the path, her daughter following close behind.,36,Mary coming back, they discuss,This done, they went home.,The table set, they began to dine.,Good luck given, I will earn more money than all of you.,Health and persistence given, one can do great things.,He was lying on the grass, his hand crossed under his head.,He returned three days later, his face covered with mud and his clothes torn into pieces.,37,This done, they went home.37,1. _, we went swimming in the river.,A. The day being very hot,B. It was a very hot day,C. The day was very hot,D. Being a very hot day,2. _, we shall go to the park.,A. Time permitted B. Time is permitting,C. Time permitting D. Permit time,3. She watered the flowers, her husband _ the birds.,A. is feeding B. feeding,C. was feeding D. feed,A,C,B,38,1. _, we went swimming,倒装,英语句子的自然语序是主语在前，谓语,动词在后。把谓语动词放在主语之前，,就叫做倒装结构。,39,倒装英语句子的自然语序是主语在前，谓语39,1.当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，引起倒装。,On no account should you tell lies.,Rarely does he go to the movies.,Not often do they meet.,Never in all my life have I heard such nonsense.,Not only was Churchill a statesman, but also a poet. Churchill.,40,1.当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，引起倒装。40,1. Not for a moment,_,the truth of your,explanation about the event.,A.we have doubted B. did we doubt,C. we had doubted D. doubted we,2. Not until yesterday _anything about the,project that will be completed soon.,A. did I learn B. have I learnt,C. I learnt D. that I learnt,3. He is used to flying by air and on no occasion _ frightened.,A. he has ever felt B. he ever feels,C. ever does he feel D. has he ever felt,B,A,D,41,1. Not for a moment _the trut,常见的词组：,never rarely scarcely not,not often not until on no account,hardly when on no consideration,in no circumstances,under no circumstances,in no way at no time by no means,not infrequently not only but also,seldom little hardly nowhere,not a bit still less not on any account,no sooner than neither (nor),not on ones life in no case in vain,not once or twice,42,常见的词组：42,2.句首状语若由“only副词”、“only介词词组”、“only状语分句”构成，引起倒装。,Only by being with you can I feel the meaning of life.,Only because of a minor mistake has he been fired.,Only in this way can we learn English well.,Only after the accident did he become cautious.,Only when one falls ill does one know the value of health.,Only once have I seen him.,Only by working hard can one succeed.,43,2.句首状语若由“only副词”、“only介词词组”、,1. Only when class began _ that he,had left his book at home.,A. will he realize B. he did realize,C. did he realize D. should he realize,2. Only when you have acquired a good,knowledge of grammar _ write correctly.,A. you will B. you can,C. can you D. cant you,C,C,44,1. Only when class began _ t,3.在sothat和suchthat的句型中， so和such在句首时句中需要进行倒装,So fast did he walk that none of us was his equal.,Such was the force of explosion that all the window were broken.,So dark was it that he couldnt see the faces of his companions.,45,3.在sothat和suchthat的句型中， so,1. So loudly _ that people could hear it,out in the street.,A. did the students play the music,B. the students playing the music,C. the students played the music,D. have the students played the music,2. So _ after she learned the good news,that she could hardly fall asleep that night.,A. excited the mother was,B. was the mother excited,C. the mother was excited,D. excited was the mother,A,D,46,1. So loudly _ that people c,强调句,The man killed the president yesterday.,It was the man who killed the president,yesterday.,It was the president who was killed by the,man yesterday.,It was yesterday that the man killed the,president.,It was because I wanted to buy a dictionary,_ I went downtown yesterday.,A. but B. and C. why D. that,D,47,强调句D4,形容词和副词的比较等级,表示一方随着另一方的变化而变化时，用the+,比较级（主语+谓语），the+比较级（主语+谓,语）结构。,The harder he works, the happier he feels.,The more old he is, the more wise he,becomes.,48,形容词和副词的比较等级表示一方随着另一方的变化而变化时，用t,1. The harder I tried, _it seemed to solve,that math problems.,A. the impossible,B. most impossible,C. the most impossible,D. the more impossible,2. The more challenging the journey is, the,_(happy) the young people will feel.,D,happier,49,1. The harder I tried, _it s,比较级和最高级的构成：,1. 大多数单音节形容词和副词，以词尾加,-er, -est构成比较级和最高级；,2. 以e结尾的单音节形容词和副词直接加。,3. 以一个辅音结尾的单音节形容词，其前的元,音字母发短元音，该辅音字母要双写，然后,在加：,hot-hotter-hottest big-bigger-biggest,50,比较级和最高级的构成：50,4. 以辅音加y结尾的形容词和副词要将y改成i在加-er, -est: easy-easier-easiest happy-happier-happiest,注意,：靠加后缀构成的形容词和副词的比较级必须加more和most构成比较级和最高级：slowly, quickly,5. 一般双音节，多音节形容词和副词在原级前加more和most.,6. 少数单音节词也加more和most构成比,较级和最高级：tired, pleased,51,4. 以辅音加y结尾的形容词和副词要将y改成i在加-er,