高中英语语法_名词

20172017高中英语语法高中英语语法_ _名词名词Proper Nouns:专有名词专有名词指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称Diana;Beijing;Americans;English;May;New Years Day注意：注意：专有名词的第一个字母要大写专有名词的第一个字母要大写Common Nouns：专有名词以外的名词都是普通名词专有名词以外的名词都是普通名词集体名词集体名词army;audience;crew;family;team;police;government;public1.His family_ large.2.His family _ all music lovers.他的家不是个大家庭。他的家不是个大家庭。他的家人都是音乐爱好者。他的家人都是音乐爱好者。isntare在不少情况下，集体名词后单复数动词都可以在不少情况下，集体名词后单复数动词都可以用，没什么差别。用，没什么差别。The audience _ excited by the show.was/were集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为看。一般来说，视为整体整体时作时作单数单数看，看，突出它的突出它的成员成员时作时作复数复数看。看。Material Nouns(物质名词):指无法分为指无法分为个体的东西。个体的东西。beer;cloth;cotton;fur;ice;paint;paper;soil一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：1)表示表示“一份一份”、“一杯一杯”、“一种一种”时时,物质名词可用作可数名词。物质名词可用作可数名词。Two strong black coffees,please.Three beers,please.It was a special tea.2)个别物质名词的复数形式表示特别的意个别物质名词的复数形式表示特别的意义。义。rains snows waters(两份）两份）(三杯）三杯）(一种）一种）（雨季）（雨季）(积雪）积雪）(海域海域)Abstract Nouns(抽象名词抽象名词):表示一些抽表示一些抽象的概念。象的概念。education;love;policy;trust;nature;fashion;relief;silence;truth,etc.多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。不加任何冠词。1.Hes learning French for fun.2.I wish you good luck.当这类词具体化时，可以加冠词。当这类词具体化时，可以加冠词。1.He works hard for the welfare(福福利利)of the poor.2.After a brief peace,war broke out again.有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。glass(玻璃玻璃)copper(铜铜)tin(锡锡)paper(纸纸)iron(铁铁 )wood(木头木头)gold(金子金子 )youth(青春青春 )power(力量力量)beauty(美美)pleasure(愉快愉快)relation(关系）关系）a glass(玻璃杯玻璃杯)a copper(铜板铜板)a tin(罐头罐头)a paper(报纸，证件，论文报纸，证件，论文)an iron(熨斗熨斗 )a wood(树林树林)a gold(金牌金牌 )a youth(年青人年青人 )a power(大国大国)a beauty(美人，美的东西美人，美的东西)a pleasure(使人感到愉快的事使人感到愉快的事)a relation(亲戚）亲戚）英语中有许多对词，英语中有许多对词，一个一个可数可数，一个一个不可数不可数。a poem(一首诗一首诗)a machine(一台机器一台机器)a job(一件工作一件工作)a laugh(一个笑声一个笑声)a permit(许可证许可证)a garment(一件衣裳一件衣裳)a bag(case)(一件行李一件行李)a loaf(一只面包一只面包)a hair(一根头发一根头发)poetry(诗歌总称诗歌总称)machinery(机器总称机器总称)work(工作工作)laughter(笑声笑声)permission(允许允许)clothing(衣裳总称衣裳总称)luggage,baggage(行李行李)bread(面包面包)hair(头发头发)1.一般情况一般情况加加-s1)清辅音后读清辅音后读/s/mapsbooks2)浊辅音和元音后读浊辅音和元音后读/z/bagscars名词复数的名词复数的规则变化及读音规则变化及读音重点重点名词复数名词复数2.以以s,sh,ch,x 等结尾的词等结尾的词加加 es,读读/iz/buses dishes watches boxes 特例：特例：以以 ch 结尾的名词发音为结尾的名词发音为 k时，只时，只加加 s，读读/s/。stomachs 3.以以ce,se,ze,(d)ge 等结尾的词等结尾的词加加 s,es 读读/iz/cases bridges exercises changes 名词复数的名词复数的规则变化及读音规则变化及读音5.以以y结尾的专有名词结尾的专有名词，或，或元音字母元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时，直接加结尾的名词变复数时，直接加-s变复数：变复数：读读/z/twoMarystheHenrysmonkeysholidays4.以以辅音字母辅音字母+y结尾的词结尾的词变变y为为i再加再加es,ies读读/iz/party-partiesbaby-babies名词复数的名词复数的规则变化及读音规则变化及读音6.以以f或或fe结尾的名词变复数时：结尾的名词变复数时：a.加加-s读读/s/roofsgulfschiefssafescliffsbeliefsb.去去f,fe加加-ves,读读/vz/half-halvesknife-knivesself-selvesleaf-leaveswolf-wolvesshelf-shelveslife-livesthief-thieveswife-wivesc.均可均可handkerchief-handkerchiefs/handkerchieves hoof(蹄蹄)-hoofs/hooves名词复数的名词复数的规则变化及读音规则变化及读音妻子妻子(wife)在书架在书架(shelf)上拿了一片叶子上拿了一片叶子(leaf)当做小刀当做小刀(knife)把小偷把小偷(thief)当做狼当做狼(wolf)劈成劈成两半两半(half)后自己后自己(self)逃命逃命(life)了。了。一个首领一个首领(chief)带着一个信念带着一个信念(belief)在海湾在海湾(gulf)的悬崖的悬崖(cliff)上发现一个屋顶上发现一个屋顶(roof)上面有上面有个保险箱个保险箱(safe)。7.字母字母o结尾，有生命的加结尾，有生命的加es，无生命的加无生命的加s，读读/z/。tomatoespotatoesheroespianosphotoskilostobaccosradioszoosbamboos名词复数的名词复数的规则变化及读音规则变化及读音foot-feettooth-teeth名词复数的不规则变化名词复数的不规则变化(1)goose-geeseoo eechild-childrenmouse-miceox-oxen+enouse iceman-menwoman-womenmendoctorswomenteachers只要是含只要是含man的的,复数为复数为men,如名词有如名词有man或或woman修饰的，变成复修饰的，变成复数时两个词都要变成复数。数时两个词都要变成复数。单数单数复数复数basisanalysisbacteriumdatummediumphenomenonbasesanalysesbacteriadatamedia phenomena名词复数的不规则变化名词复数的不规则变化(2):(2):单复数形式相同单复数形式相同sheepdeermeans（方法）（方法）series(系列系列)speciesworks（著作，（著作，工厂）工厂）ChineseJapanese国家人的名词需要记住三种情况：国家人的名词需要记住三种情况：1、单复数同形：、单复数同形：Chinese;Japanese;Swiss2、需要变形：、需要变形：English-Englishman3、加、加 s 或或-es：German Germans中日不变英法变，其余中日不变英法变，其余S加后面。加后面。1.6 不同国家的人的单复数不同国家的人的单复数 名称名称 总称总称(谓语用复数）一个人谓语用复数）一个人 两个人两个人中国人中国人the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese日本人日本人the Japanesea Japanese two Japanese瑞士人瑞士人the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss英国人英国人 the English an Englishmantwo Englishmen法国人法国人 the French a Frenchmantwo Frenchmen美国人美国人the Americans an Americantwo Americans德国人德国人the Germansa Germantwo Germans加拿大人加拿大人the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians澳大利亚人澳大利亚人the Australians an Australian two Australians 俄国人俄国人the Russians a Russiantwo Russians印度人印度人the Indians an Indian two Indians意大利人意大利人the Italians an Italian two Italians希腊人希腊人the Greek a Greektwo Greeks瑞典人瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes _ will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas.A.The Evens B.The Evens C.The Evenses D.The Evenses专有名词的复数与定冠词连用，常用专有名词的复数与定冠词连用，常用来表示来表示“一家人一家人”或一家之中的两个或一家之中的两个或几个重要的人。或几个重要的人。Mr Smith has two _,both of whom are teachers in a school.Abrothers-in-law Bbrother-in-laws Cbrothers-in-laws Dbrothers-in law以连字符号连接的合成名词一般将中心名以连字符号连接的合成名词一般将中心名词变成复数，如：词变成复数，如：managers-in-chief;fathers-in-law。如果没有中心名词就在该。如果没有中心名词就在该合成词的最后加合成词的最后加 s。如：。如：grown-ups。1.以以s结尾的复数名词后只加撇号不加结尾的复数名词后只加撇号不加s。如：如：teachersoffice。2.表示两个或多人共有的，在最后一个名词后加表示两个或多人共有的，在最后一个名词后加s。如：如：TomandJohnsroom。3.在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：如：thebarbers理发店。理发店。名词的所有格名词的所有格名词的所有格有两种形式：名词的所有格有两种形式：s式和式和of式式。一般说来，。一般说来，表示有生命的名词和表示时间、国家、距离等的名词的表示有生命的名词和表示时间、国家、距离等的名词的所有格用所有格用s，但还须注意以下几点：，但还须注意以下几点：1.MissSmithisafriendof_.A.MarysmothersB.MarysmotherC.MothersofMaryD.Marymothers2.Wheresyourbrother?At_.A.Mr.GreensB.Mr.GreenC.theMr.GreensD.theMr.Green3.Iwonderwhosebicycleitis.Itmightbemy_A.neighboursB.neighbourC.neighbours1.Tom is a worker.()2.The Childrens Palace is near Janes home.()3.She gave me some good advice.()主语，介词宾语主语，介词宾语动词宾语动词宾语名词在句中所做的成分名词在句中所做的成分主语，表语主语，表语4.He didnt go there because of his illness.()5.We made Tom our monitor.()6.We students should study hard.()介词宾语介词宾语宾语补足语宾语补足语同位语同位语7.The authors name is on the cover of the book.()8.This book is of great use.()主语，介词宾语主语，介词宾语主语，介词宾语主语，介词宾语可数与不可数名词的修饰语1.只修饰可数只修饰可数名词的有名词的有each,either,neither,another,these,those,both,(a)few,several,many,agreat/goodmany,alargenumberof,scoresof,dozensof等。等。2.只修饰不可数只修饰不可数的有的有(a)little,much,abitof,agreatdealof,alargeamountof等。等。3.修饰可数和不可数修饰可数和不可数名词的有名词的有some,any,half,most,all,alotof,lotsof,plentyof,alargequantityof,quantitiesof等。等。名词在高考中的运用1.Divorced men must pay money for their children and sometimes pay alimony to their wives.A.money B.dresses C.attention D.visits2.Please answer the questions in the questionnaire and write down the advice if youve got any.A.book B.picture C.exam D.a written list of questions_名词在名词在阅读阅读中的猜词中的猜词上下文上下文词根词根_名词在完型填空中的运用：名词在完型填空中的运用：1.Weve missed the last bus.Im afraid we have no _ but to take a taxi.A.way B.choice C.possibility D.selection 2.I am sure David will be able to find the library he has a pretty good _ of direction.Aidea Bfeeling Cexperience Dsense3.When the bell rang and the teacher closed his book,it was a _for everyone to stand up.A.chance B.mark C.way D.signal4.Carelessness is the usual _of fire.A.reason B.cause C.excuse D.origin意思意思?搭配搭配?内涵区别内涵区别?1.(16.全国全国I)But for tourists like me,pandas are its _(attract).2.(16.全国全国I)The nursery team switches him every few _(day)with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed.3.(16.全国全国II)Then,handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of _(achieve).attraction days achievement 名词在语法填空中的运用：名词在语法填空中的运用：4.(16.全国全国II)Recent _(study)show that we are far more productive at work if we take short break regularly.5.(16.四川四川)Any smell might attract natural _(enemy)that would try to eat the little panda.6.(16.浙江浙江)It is important to pay your electricity bill on time,as late _(pay)may affect your credit.studies enemies payments 7.(16.浙江浙江)We can achieve a lot when we learn to let our _ (different)unite,rather than divide us.8.(15.全国全国I)Id skipped nearby Guilin,a dream place for.the Li River that are pictured by artists in so many Chinese _(painting)in which you laugh at her.differencespaintings 可数，不可数？单数，复数可数，不可数？单数，复数？所有格？所有格？看句中的相关冠词和谓语的单复数和句意看句中的相关冠词和谓语的单复数和句意来判断。来判断。1.(16.全国全国I)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.2.(16.全国全国II)If we go on a trip abroad,we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.3.(16.四川四川)Mom has a full-time job,but she has to do most of the houseworks.名词在名词在改错改错中的运用中的运用honestyknowledgehousework4.(15.全国全国I)The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.5.(15.全国全国II)One day,little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent.he turned around and found that his parents were missing.6.(14.全国全国I).since then-for all these year-we have been allowing tomatoes to self seed where they please.airparentsyears1.Here I will give you some advices on how to build up friendship.2.Teacher and parent express their congratulations and expectation.3.I hope all the person have good table manners.名词在名词在写作写作中的运用中的运用peopleadvice1.可数可数不可数不可数?2.单数单数复数复数?3.复数形式复数形式?ss看一轮，二轮复习练习一、完成句子根据汉语提示一、完成句子根据汉语提示,完成下列句子。完成下列句子。1.Two _(月月)ago，three _(英雄英雄)caught four _(小偷小偷).They made them plant some _(土豆土豆)and _(竹子竹子)in two _(动物动物园园).They also made their _(妻子们妻子们)return the four big _(箱子箱子)with some precious _(照片照片)and _(刷子刷子)in them.monthsheroesthieves potatoesbambooszooswivesboxes photosrevisionbrushes2.Two _(主编主编)，three _(男教师男教师)and five _(女医生女医生),together with their _(孩子孩子们们)，went to the market.They decided to buy two _(绵羊绵羊),three _(鹿鹿)，four _(公牛公牛)，five _(鹅鹅)and six white _(老鼠老鼠)with three _(脚脚)and six _(牙齿牙齿).teetheditors-in-chiefmen teacherswomen doctors children sheepdeer oxengeesemice feet1.All the teacher and student attended the grown-up ceremony.2.A Student made a speaking for us.3.Good listen can show respect and promote understanding .改一改改一改 slisteningspeechs名词所有格的一些俚语：名词所有格的一些俚语：1.Ill take the risk for friendships sake.2.She was at her wits end.3.Now they could sing at their hearts content.4.We should get the children out of harms way.5.We had best keep them at arms length.6.For goodness sake,stop arguing.7.Jane got the moneys worth out of the coat.(为了友谊）为了友谊）（黔驴技穷）（黔驴技穷）（尽情地）（尽情地）（不受损害）（不受损害）（保持距离（保持距离）（看在上帝的份上）（看在上帝的份上）（很合算）（很合算）主谓一致主谓一致。语法形式上的一致。语法形式上的一致（主单谓单；主复谓复）。意义上的一致。意义上的一致（主语形单意复，谓语用复数。Eg:people;police)（主语形复意单，谓语用单数。Eg:news;economics)3.就近原则：就近原则：eitheror;neithernor;not onlybut also4.单复数视情况而定。单复数视情况而定。）集体名词作主语：强调整体，用单数；强调个体，用复数）集体名词作主语：强调整体，用单数；强调个体，用复数）单复数同形名词作主语，按意义一致原则。）单复数同形名词作主语，按意义一致原则。Eg:means,species）中心词是）中心词是all,most,half,rest时，按意义一致原则。即主语时，按意义一致原则。即主语单数意义，谓语用单数；主语复数意义，谓语用复数。单数意义，谓语用单数；主语复数意义，谓语用复数。）主语是）主语是and连接两个名词时，指一样东西，谓语单数；指两样连接两个名词时，指一样东西，谓语单数；指两样东西，谓语复数。东西，谓语复数。Eg:A knife and fork is on the table.5)代词作主语，取决于它代替的是单数还是复数。意义一致原则。代词作主语，取决于它代替的是单数还是复数。意义一致原则。Eg:ours,yours;such,the same;who,that,which;any,either,neither,(单独作主语，谓语单数）单独作主语，谓语单数）none,all,some,more,）分数，量词，）分数，量词，half of,part of作主语，于中心词保持一致。作主语，于中心词保持一致。）what 引导的主语从句。通常用单数；所指的具体内容为复引导的主语从句。通常用单数；所指的具体内容为复数时，谓语用复数。数时，谓语用复数。）主谓倒装，谓语与其后主语一致。）主谓倒装，谓语与其后主语一致。谓语用单数的情况。谓语用单数的情况。）名词所有格之后的名词被省略。（指商店，工场，住宅）名词所有格之后的名词被省略。（指商店，工场，住宅等）作主语。等）作主语。Eg:The doctors,my uncles,the bakers2)中心词是时间、距离、金额、度量、书名等复数名词。中心词是时间、距离、金额、度量、书名等复数名词。Eg:three years;The selected poems of Li Bai;3)each,every,no 所修饰名词，即使以所修饰名词，即使以and 或逗号连接。或逗号连接。Eg:each boy and each girl;every man and woman4)主语有主语有more than one;many a 5)a kind of;a pair of;a series of6)This kind of7)The number of8)A great deal of;a large amount of+un9)One and a half+可数名词复数可数名词复数eg:One and a half bananas is left on the table.10)The departed(死者）意义上指个体死者）意义上指个体11)the only one of+可数名词复数定语从可数名词复数定语从句。从句中的谓语用单数。句。从句中的谓语用单数。谓语用复数的情况。谓语用复数的情况。）police,;people;cattle;militia(民兵）作主语。民兵）作主语。）有两个部分构成的名词。（表示衣物或工具）有两个部分构成的名词。（表示衣物或工具）eg:glasses;chopsticks3)these kind of men（口语（口语);men of this kind 作主语作主语）bothand.修饰主语修饰主语5)A number of;large quantities of;large amounts of修饰主语修饰主语）the+形容词作主语，一般情况下形容词作主语，一般情况下）one of the+可数名词复数定语从句，从句中谓可数名词复数定语从句，从句中谓语动词用复数。语动词用复数。Assignment:1.Try to learn these words by heart:(通常用于复数形式的词）scissors剪刀;pants裤子;contents目录compasses两脚规;cords灯心絨裤;arms武器earphones耳机;pyjamas睡衣裤;ashes灰烬scales天平;overalls工装裤;tropics热带spectacles眼镜;braces背带;stairs楼梯nail-clippers指甲刀；slacks便装裤;brains头脑belongings所有物；savings积蓄；tidings消息doings行为；writings作品；findings调查结果Add the words in your note paper.Some _ visited our school last Wednesday.AGerman BGermen CGermans DGermens 1.Heresmycard.Letskeepin_.A.touchB.relationC.connectionD.friendship2.Youcantakeasmanyasyoulikebecausetheyarefreeof_.A.fareB.chargeC.money D.pay3.Ikeepmedicinesonthetopshelf,outofthechildrens_.AreachBhandCholdDplace