动词不定式的用法归纳课件

动词不定式的基本用法归纳动词不定式的基本用法归纳动词不定式的基本用法归纳不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“not/never to do”,不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可以作主语、宾语、宾补、状语、表语和定语，但不能单独作谓语。不定式的逻辑主语有时用“for+名词或代词宾格”构成。不定式不定式不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“not/nev1.作主语作主语2.作宾语作宾语3.作宾语补足语作宾语补足语4.作定语作定语5.作状语作状语6.作表语作表语7.作独立成分作独立成分8.与疑问词等连用与疑问词等连用1.作主语2.作宾语3.作宾语补足语4.作定语5.1 不定式作主语不定式作主语 (subject)To see is to believe.To keep smiling is healthy for you.Its important to learn English well.若不定式太长若不定式太长,往往用往往用itit作形式主语作形式主语,不定式后置。不定式后置。单个不定式作主语时单个不定式作主语时,谓语动词用单数。谓语动词用单数。谓语动词用单数形式谓语动词用单数形式。Early to rise and early to bed is a good habitWhen and where to hold the party hasnt been decided.When to hold the party and where to hold the party _been decided.havent1 不定式作主语 (subject)To see is 2.作宾语v1)不定式作宾语的动词有许多，如want,decide,intend,expect,learn,manage,plan,promise,refuse,threaten,fail,wish,hope,pretend,choose等等。vI mean to go there at once.vI hope to finish the work in time.vI plan to go to Beijing this summer.v2).不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式短语放在宾补之后，而用it作形式宾语。句型为“主语+find(feel,think,believe,consider,etc)+it+形容词/名词+to do sth”。vI think it our duty to obey the laws.vI found it difficult to see him here.2.作宾语1)不定式作宾语的动词有许多，如want,de3)不定式用在介不定式用在介词but,except,后后时,如果如果这些介些介词前有行前有行为动词do的各种形式的各种形式,那么介那么介词后的不定式后的不定式不不带to,相反相反则带to.(1).She could do nothing but cry.(2).There is nothing to do but wait.(3).I have no choice but to go.3)不定式用在介词but,except,后时,如果这些3作表语v不定式作表语不定式作表语常表示解释或表将来的动作，主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词，如wish,idea,task,purpose,duty,job.vTo teach is to learn.vMy job is to help the patient.vMy ambition is to become a teacher.vThe old man seems to be sick.v【注意】如果在主语中（通常在主语从句或修饰主语的定语从句中）有实意动词do时，作表语的动词不定式省略to。vAll I want to do now is fill my stomach.3作表语不定式作表语不定式作表语常表示解释或表将来的动作，4作宾语补足语He asked me to go with him.He didnt allow me to go out alone.【注意】在感官动词（see,hear,feel,listen to,notice,watch,observe等）和使役动词let,have，make 后的补足语中，不定式不带to。但这类句子变成被动语态时，必须带to。I saw him play in the park.He was seen to play in the park.The boss made those men work day and night.Those men were made to work day and night.I heard her sing today She was heard to sing today 4作宾语补足语1.something,anything,nothing,everything,no one 等不定代词或名词后常用不定式做后置定语。e.g.I have something to say.He is not a man to tell lies.We all have a chance to go to college.(5).定语与被修与被修饰词之之间有有动宾关系，如不定式是不及物关系，如不定式是不及物动词，则需加介需加介词。Can you give some paper to _(write)?I have no jewelry to _(wear).He is looking for a room to _(live).He needs a friend to _(play).There are three pairs of shoes for you to _ (choose).write on wearlive inplay withchoose from动宾关系动宾关系 主谓关系主谓关系同位关系同位关系1.something,anything,nothin2.当名词被the first,the last,the only 等词以及形容词最高级修饰时 eg:She is always the first to come and the last to leave.2.当名词被the first,the last,th6.作状语v不定式作状语时，可表示目的，原因，结果或条件。如;不定式作目的状语时，常可与to,in order to,so as to 连用。vI came here to see you.（目的）（目的）vHe got up early so as not to be late.v不定式可以跟在表语的形容词之后作状语。vThe question is difficult to answer.。6.作状语不定式作状语时，可表示目的，原因，结果或条件。如不定式作结果状语常用如下句型vThe room is big enough to hold us.vIt is such a big room as to hold us.vHe is so kind as to help us.v such+（形容词）名词（形容词）名词+as to do sth v so+形容词形容词/副词副词+as to do sth vHe hurried to the school to find nobody v there.（结果）（结果）vHe is too old to lift the box.不定式作结果状语常用如下句型The room is big 3.表示原因表示原因:不定式可以用在作表语的形容词后作不定式可以用在作表语的形容词后作状语状语,sorry,surprised,happy,glad,eager,angry,foolish,right,wrong,slow,quick,rude,cruel,disappointed等。等。eg:Im glad/pleased to see you.We were surprised to hear the news.3.表示原因:eg:Im glad/pleased(4).独立结构作状语独立结构作状语to be frank,to be honest(with you),to make things worse,To tell(you)the truth,I dont agree with you.类似的似的结构构(4).独立结构作状语to be frank,To tel(8)不定式与疑问词who,which,when,how,what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。He didnt know what to say.How to solve the problem is very important.My question is when to start.注意：注意：在与在与whywhy连用时，只用于连用时，只用于whywhy或或why notwhy not开头的简开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带toto。Why not have a rest?(8)不定式与疑问词who,which,when,how(9)不定式的省略不定式的省略 (1).不定式中的动词上文已出现过不定式中的动词上文已出现过,下文要下文要 省略该动词省略该动词.e.g.:-Would you like to go with me?-Yes,Id like to.(2).不定式是不定式是to be 结构结构,be 不可省不可省.(3)I didnt tell him the news.Oh,you ought to have(told him the news).e.g.:-Would you like to be a teacher?-Yes,Id like to be.(9)不定式的省略 (1).不定式中的动词上文已出现过,1.It is good to help others.2.It is my ambition to make sure that the disabled people in our neighborhood have access to all public buildings.3.My ambition is to work in the computer industry when I grow up.Identify its function.(subject)(subject)(predicative)想一想想一想1.It is good to help others.4.I dont have time to sit around feeling sorry for myself.5.I am the only student in my class to have a pet snake.6.A big company has decided to buy it from me.7.My fellow students have begun to accept me for who I am.(attribute)(attribute)(object)(object)4.I dont have time to sit ar8.I have had to work hard to live a normal life.9.Some days I am too tired to get out of bed.10.We must call on local government to give financial assistance to disabled people.(adverbial)(adverbial)(object complement)8.I have had to work hard to Exercise1.I dont know whether you happen _,but Im going to study in the USA this September.(2004 辽宁）辽宁）A.to be heard B.to be hearing C.to hear D.to have heardQuiz II Multiple Choice1.I dont know whether you ha2.This company was the first _ portable radios as well as cassette tape records in the world.(2005 上海春）上海春）A.producing B.to produce C.having produced D.produced2.This company was the first 3._ this cake,youll need 2 eggs,175g sugar and 175g flour.(2006 广东）广东）A.Having made B.Make C.To make D.Making3._ this cake,youll need4.I like getting up very early in summer.The morning air is so good _.(2008 全国卷全国卷)A.to be breathed B.to breathe C.breathing D.being breathed4.I like getting up very earl5.Did the book give the information you needed?Yes.But _ it,I had to read the entire book.(2008 北京卷北京卷)A.to find B.find C.to finding D.finding5.Did the book give the infoPassage1.1.filled pany(keep sb company)3.myself 4.whether ing 6.that/which 7.With 8.saw 9.the pletelyPassage2.1.like 2.them 3.before 4.are being polluted 5.wonder 6.and 7.an 8.strictest 9.to take 10.that/whichPassage3.1.crowded 2.But 3.an 4.eating 5.who/that 6.going .Besides/Moreover ments 9.recommended 10.whateverPassage4.1.It 2.viewers 3.to 4.But 5.which 6.performed 7.the 8.highlighting 9.excited 10.Though/AlthoughPassage5.1.lost 2.a 3.must 4.that/which 5.because 6.worse 7.to stay 8.in/with 9.saying 10.were rescuedPassage1.1.filled Passage6.1.grew 2.As 3.called 4.successful 5.how 6.that/which 7.what 8.organization 9.her 10.thePassage7.1.the 2.it 3.but 4.exactly 5.embarrassing 6.was taking 7.parking 8.when 9.should 10.time Passage8.1.it 2.was asked 3.saying 4.a 5.only 6.physically 7.who 8.strengths 9.whether 10.importantPassage9.1.their 2.useless 3.to make 4.be inspired 5.a 6.playing 7.weight 8.Besides/Moreover 9.that 10.SoPassage6.1.grew Passage10.1.were trained 2.until peting 4.different 5.generally 6.which 7.them 8.with 9.ancestors 10.ThePassage11.1.is created 2.The 3.actually 4.from 5.would（虚拟）6.to figure 7.idea 8.waiting 9.than 10.while/butPassage12.1.introducing 2.problem 3.of 4.to accept 5.a 6.paid petitive 8.when 9.higher 10.that/whichPassage10.1.were t一.结构结构:to do (否定否定)not/never to do 二二.时态与语态时态与语态主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态一般式一般式进行式进行式完成式完成式完成进行式完成进行式不定式不定式 to do to be done to be doing to have done to have been done to have been doing-结构:to do 二.时态与语态主动语态被动语态一般式不定式的时态不定式的时态 不定式的一般式不定式的一般式 to dov I am glad to see you.v He has decided to give her some money.v They are discussing the meeting to take place tomorrow.表示的动作通常与谓语所表示的动作表示的动作通常与谓语所表示的动作 或状态同时或者几乎同时发生，或是或状态同时或者几乎同时发生，或是 在它之后发生。在它之后发生。不定式的时态 不定式的一般式 to do不定式的进行式不定式的进行式to be doingI am very glad to be working with you.He pretended to be working hardwhen his boss passed him.He is said to be studying in America.表示的动作通常与谓语动词表示的动表示的动作通常与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。作同时发生。不定式的进行式to be doingI am very gl不定式的完成式不定式的完成式 to have done He happened to have seen the film before.He is believed to have studied in America.不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动作不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动作或状态之前。或状态之前。不定式的完成式 to have done He happeuHe wanted to have met you at the airport,but he didnt get there in time.表示过去没有实现的期待或者计划表示过去没有实现的期待或者计划hoped,promised,wanted,wished,expected,planned不定式的完成式不定式的完成式 to have doneuHe would like to have played theviolin at the concert.不定式的完成式在不定式的完成式在would like后边表示后边表示未能实现的愿望。未能实现的愿望。He wanted to have met you at tExercises:1.Robert is said _(study)abroad,but I dont know what country he will study in.2.Robert is said_(study)abroad,but I dont know what country he is studying in.3.Robert is said _(study)abroad,but I dont know what country he studied in.Exercises:不定式的语态不定式的语态主动语态主动语态 to do 被动语态被动语态 to be doneIt is an honor for me to be invited to attend the meeting.The next thing to be done is to get our classroom painted.The novel is believed to have been translated into Chinese.He is said to have been praised.不定式的语态主动语态 to do The question is very difficult（for me)to answer.The problem is difficult to deal with.He is hard to talk to.The air is hard to breathe.1.主语主语be+adj.+to do 能用于此句型的形容词有能用于此句型的形容词有:difficult,easy,fit,hard,pleasant,tiresome(使人疲劳的使人疲劳的),comfortable,interesting,nice,heavy,dangerous,light,important,etc.一般一般认为形容词后省去了认为形容词后省去了for sb.主动形式表被动意义的不定式主动形式表被动意义的不定式9）不定式在句中用主动式还是被动式，多数情况下是容易判断的，但有时的确比较复杂 The question is very difficulThe box is light enough to carry.The river water is warm enough to swim in.2.主语主语+be+adj.+enough+to do The books seemed too heavy to carry.The ice is too thin to skate on.3.主语主语+be +too+adj.+to doThe box is light enough to car在在there be结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人强调的事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式。强调的事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式。There is a lot of work to do.（Somebody has to do the work.）There is a lot of work to be done.（The work has to be done.）在there be结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。如：Have you got a key to unlock the door?(A key unlocks the door.)不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。I have got a letter to write.(I write letter.）He needs a room to live in.（He lives in a room.）不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。如：受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。如：He asked to be sent to work in the countryside.It is possible for our hopes to be realized.Do you have anything to wash?Do you have anything to be washed?Do you have anything to be sent to Shanghai?当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，几对易混淆的词组：几对易混淆的词组：stop to do sth.停下来去做某事停下来去做某事 doing sth.停止做某事停止做某事forget to do sth.忘记去做某事忘记去做某事 doing sth.忘记已做了某事忘记已做了某事remember to do sth.记得去做某事记得去做某事 doing sth.记得曾经做某事记得曾经做某事mean to do 打算做某事打算做某事 doing 意味着意味着try to do 尽力做尽力做 doing 试着做试着做consider to be 认为。是认为。是 doing 考虑做某事考虑做某事cant help do 不能帮着做某事不能帮着做某事 doing 忍不住做某事忍不住做某事几对易混淆的词组：remember to do sth.记1.The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation.A.to eat not B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating2.I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.A.to go B.to have gone C.going D.having gone3.Charles Babbage is generally considered _the first computer.A.to invent B.inventing C.to have invented D.having invented1.The patient was warned _4.Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening.A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking5._ late in the afternoon,Bob turned off the alarm.A.To sleep B.Sleeping C.Sleep D.Having sleep6.The teacher asked us _ so much noise.A.dont make B.not make C.not making D.not to make4.Little Jim should love _7.Paul doesnt have to be made _.He always works hard.A.learn B.to learn C.learned D.learning9.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him _.A.not to B.not to do C.not to ride D.do not to7.Paul doesnt have to be mad10.I dont know whether you happen _,but Im going to study in the USA this September.A.to be heard B.to be hearing C.to hear D.to have heard11.The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,_ it more difficult.A.not make B.not to make C.not making D.dont make12.Ive worked with children before,so I know what _ in my new job.A.expected B.to expect C.to be expecting D.expects10.I dont know whether you h13.Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple,but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it.A.to see B.to be seen C.seeing D.see14.It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows _.A.it what to do with B.what to do with it C.what to do it with D.to do what with it13.Having a trip abroad is ce1 爱和被爱都是最大的幸福。爱和被爱都是最大的幸福。_ are both great happiness.2 据说他已经完成了他的工作。据说他已经完成了他的工作。He is said _.3 根据报道他们已安全到达。根据报道他们已安全到达。They are reported _.To love and to be lovedto have finished/completedhis work翻译下面的句子翻译下面的句子to have arrived safely1 爱和被爱都是最大的幸福。To love and to b4 我想叫人立刻修理这辆自行车。我想叫人立刻修理这辆自行车。I want this bike _.5 玛利仿佛已经被告知此事了。玛利仿佛已经被告知此事了。Mary seemed _.6 众所周知，奥运会上他被授予了一枚众所周知，奥运会上他被授予了一枚 金牌。金牌。He is known _ a gold medal at the Olympics.to be repaired at onceto have been told about itto have been given/immediately4 我想叫人立刻修理这辆自行车。to be repaired10不定式符号不定式符号to的保留问题的保留问题 有时为了避免重复，可以用有时为了避免重复，可以用to来代替前面的不定来代替前面的不定式，这种情况常出现下列动词后：式，这种情况常出现下列动词后：expect，prefer，care，mean，forget，want，wish，hope，try以及以及be glad/happy等后。等后。如果在省略的不定式结构中含有如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be，have，have been，这些词要保留，这些词要保留。如：。如：Are you on holiday?No,but Id like to be(on holiday).I didnt tell him the news.Oh,you ought to have(told him the news).Do you want to take a walk with me?Yes,Im glad to.10不定式符号to的保留问题 有时为了避免重复，可以用t Thank You Good bye!Thank You Good5定语v1、不定式与被修饰的名词往往构成逻辑上的关系。如名词为不定式的逻辑主语，构成主谓关系；若名词为逻辑宾语，则构成动宾关系；v He is not a man to tell liesto tell lies.v There will not be enough space to stand to stand in on the earth.in on the earth.v2、作定语的不定式与所修饰的名词之间是动宾关系，不定式动词又是不及物动词时，应在该动词上加上一个介词，如;vHe has a nice pen to write withto write with.vHe is looking for a room to live into live in.vHe is said the best way to travel by is to travel by is on footon foot.5定语1、不定式与被修饰的名词往往构成逻辑上的关系。如名词在在there be结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人强调的事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式。人强调的事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式。There is a lot of work to do.（Somebody has to do the work.）There is a lot of work to be done.（The work has to be done.）请注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的：请注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的：There is nothing to do.（无事可做，感到十分乏（无事可做，感到十分乏味。）味。）There is nothing to be done.（某东西坏了，无（某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常。）法使之恢复正常。）在there be结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某不定式作定语时，应放在不定式作定语时，应放在被修饰词的后面被修饰词的后面，而，而且放在其他后置定语之后。且放在其他后置定语之后。1.不定式做定语与所修饰的词之间有不定式做定语与所修饰的词之间有三种三种关系：关系：(1)动宾关系动宾关系 I have a lot of work to do.Give me a pen to write with.(2)主谓关系主谓关系He is always the first to come.He has no one to take care of him.(3)不定式前的名词是它修饰的对象不定式前的名词是它修饰的对象(同位关系同位关系)。This is the right time to start.We all have a chance to go to college.不定式作定语时，应放在被修饰词的后面，而且放在其他后置定语之