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(一)前缀（Prefixes）：除了个别的前缀，如a-be-之外，一般的前缀不会造成词类的转变，只是引起意思上的变化。前缀语义例词表示贬义mal-恶、坏、不良、不Maltreat虐待Malcontent不满的Malpractice渎职Malnutrition营养不良mis-误、错、恶、坏Misspell拼错Mishear误闻Misuse误用Mistranslate错译表示反向或反义de-反向Decode破译密码Deforest砍伐森林Defrost除霜Demilitarize非军事化un-相反动作Unlock开锁Untie解开Unbind解开Unbutton解开纽扣表示大小、程度arch-首要的Archbishop大主教Archduke大公Archenemy头号敌人Archfascist头号法西斯co-共同、平等Cooperation合作Coeducation男女同校Coaction共同行动Coagent共事者表示否定a-无、不、非Asocial不好社会的Amoral非道德的an-无、不Anarchism无政府主义Anharmonic不和谐的dis-不、无、相反Dislike不喜欢Disagree不同意Disbelieve不相信Dispraise贬低il-不、无、非Illegal非法的Illogical不合逻辑的Illiterate不识字的Illimitable无限的im-不、无Impossible不可能的Immoral不道德的Impure不纯洁的Impolite不礼貌的in-不、无、非Inglorious不光彩的Incapable无能力的Incorrect不正确的Incomparable无比的ir-不、无Irregular不规则的Irresistible不抵抗的Irremovable不可移动的Irrelative无关系的non-不Nonsmoker不抽烟的人Nonstop中途不停的Nondrinker不喝酒的人Nonexistent不存在的un-不Unreal不真实的Unclear不清楚的Unhappy不快乐的Unequal不平等的micro-微Microscope显微镜Microbilolgy微生物学Microelement微量元素Microwave微波mini-小Minibus小型公共汽车Minisub小型潜水艇Miniskirt超短裙minicab微型计里车out-胜过、超过Outdo胜过、超过Outrun跑过、追过Outlive活得比长Outbrave以勇胜过sub-下Subconscious下意识的Subnormal低于正常的super-超、超级Superspeed超高速的Supertrain超高速火车Supersized超大型的Superpower超级大国ultra-超、极端Ultra-left极左的Ultra-right极右的Ultramodern超现代化的Ultrasonic超音速的under-不足、少Underpay付资不足Underestimate估计不足Undersized不够大的Underpopulated人口少的表示时间、次序ex-前任的，以前的Ex-president前任总统Ex-nazis前纳粹分子Ex-mayor前任市长Ex-premier前任总理fore-先、预先Foretell预言Foresee预见Foreknow预知Foreword序言、前言post-后Postwar战后的Postface刑后语Postgraduate大学毕业Postscript编后记pre-A.前Prewar战前的Prefix前缀Preschool学龄前的Prehistory史前期B.预先Prpeay预付Preheat预热（炉灶等）Premade预先做的Precook预煮re-再、重新Reprint重印Rearm重新武装Restart重新开始Remarry再婚表示位置fore-先、前Forearm前臂Foreleg前腿Foreground前景Forfront最前线gind-后Hindleg后腿Hindbrain后脑Hindgut后肠Hindwheel后轮inter-在中间International国际的Interlay置于其间的Intercity城市之间的Interline写于行间sub-在之下Sub-zero零度以下Subway地下铁道Substructure下层建筑Subsurface表面下的super-在之上Superstructure上层建筑Superimpose放在上面trans-越过、横过Transoceanic横渡大洋的Transfrontier在国境外的Transpacific横渡太平洋的Transcontinental横贯大陆的表示方向、态度anti-反对、防Antiwar反战Antitank反坦克Anti-imperialist反帝的Antiageing防衰老的counter-反对Counterrevolution反革命Counterattack反攻Countermarch反方向行进Countercurrent逆流pro-pro-在前、向前Progress向前进、进步Prospect向前看、展望Prolong向前延伸Protrude向前伸出拥护、亲、赞成pro-British亲英的pro-America亲美的Proslavery赞成奴隶制度Prolife反对人工流产的代理、代表Pronoun代词Procurator代理人Pro-consul代理领事Proocutor代言人表示数量bi-两、二Biweekly双周刊Bilingual双语的Bicolour两色的Bimonthly双月刊di-二、双Diatomic二原子的Dichromatic二色的Disyllable双音节词Dioxide二氧化物hemi-半Hemisphere半球Hemiparasite半寄生物Hemicycle半圆形Hemipyramid半锥面semi-半Semiofficial半官方的Semiconductor半导体Semicommercial半商Semi-colony半殖民地mono-单一，独Monosyllable单音节词Monodrama单人剧Monotone单音、单调Monoplane单翼飞机uni-一、单Unilateral单方的Unidiretional单向的poly多Polycentric多中心的Polytechnical多种工艺的Polyclinic多科医院Polygon多角形multi-多Multiparty多党的Multicentric多中心的Multinational多国的Multiform多种形式的tri-三Triangle三角形Tricycle三轮车Tricolour三色的Triatomic三原子的表示其它意思的auto-自己、自动Autocriticism自我检讨Autorotaion自动旋转Autobiography自传 Autoalarm自动报警器extra-已外、超过Extraofficial职权以外的Extrapolitical政治外的Extra-special特别优秀的Extracurriculum课外的neo-新Neorealism新现实主义Neocolonialism新殖民主义Neofascism新法西斯主义的Neo-Nazi新纳粹tele-远Telescope望远镜Trelvision电视Telegram电报Telephone电话vice-副、次Vice-chairman副主席Vice-governor副总督Vice-president副主席Vice-principle副校长有个别前缀可引起词类的变化en-和名词、形容词构成动词Endanger危及、危害Enslave奴役Encage关入笼中Entrain上火车be-和一些词构成动词Belittle使缩小Befriend以朋友相待Becalm使镇静Befool欺骗a-和名词构成形容词或副词Asleep在熟睡中Ahead在前头Ashore上岸、在岸上Aside在一边和动词构成另一动词arise起来、升起awake唤醒、使醒*前缀*a，an无，不，非astable不稳定的acentric无中心的含有in,on,at,by,with,to等意义asleep在熟睡中ahead向前ab脱离abnormal不正常的abaxial离开轴心的anti反抗antiwar反战的antiimperialist反帝的auto自动，自己autobiography自传autostable自动稳定be使加强belittle使缩小befriend友好相待bi二，双biweekly双周刊biligual两种语言的co,col,com,con,cor共同cooperation协作collaboration协作，勾结combine联合,correlation相互关系counter,contra反，对应counteraction反作用contrast对比,对照di,dif,dis否定，相反diffident不自信的dislike不喜欢en,em使enlarge扩大enable使能empower使有权力e,ex外，出external外部的erupt喷出extra以外，超过extraordinary格外的extrasolar太阳系以外的hyper在上，超hyperfrequency超高频hypersonic超声的il,im,in,ir否定illogical不合逻辑的impossible不可能的invisible不可见irrational不合理的inter互相interchange交换interlock连锁intra,intro在内，内部intrapersonal个人内心的introspect内省mal恶，不良maltreat虐待malfunction机能失常micro微microscrope显微镜microware微波mid中，中间midair半空中midstream中流mini小minibus小公共汽车ministate小国mis错，坏mistake错误misspell拼错multi多multiparty多党的multilingual多种语言的non否定nonsmoker不抽烟的人nonexistent不存在的out超过，过度，外，出，除去outgo走得比远outgrow长得太大outdoor户外的outroot除根over上，过度overwork工作过度overbridge天桥post后postwar战后postnatal诞生后的pre前，领先prewar战前的prefix前缀re回，再return返回restart重新开始semi半semicircle半圆semiconductor半导体sub,suc,suf,sup次，亚，在下，低于substandard低于标准规格的succeed继承suffix后缀supplement增补trans转换，变换，横过，越过transmit传送transatlantic横渡大西洋的tri三tricar三轮车triangle三角(形)un否定unstable不稳定的unknown未知的under下，内(指衣服)，不足underground地下的underskirt衬裙underpay付资不足uni单一uniform均匀的unipolar单极的*后缀*able,ible可的，能的readable可读的sensible可觉察的age表状态，性质，行为breakage破损shortage缺乏al(adj)具有性质的，如的personal个人的regional地区的al(n)表动作，人，事物proposal提案professional专业人员ance,ence表状态，行为，性质importance重要性confidence自信ancy,ency表状态，行为，性质constancy一惯性urgency紧迫性ant,ent表人，物，行为applicant申请人correspondent通信者arian表各种年龄，派别，主义，职业的人humanitarian人道主义的utilitarian功利主义者crat支持，参与者democrat民主人士bureaucrat官僚dom表性质，状态，行为freedom自由wisdom智慧ee表动物的承受者employee雇员trainee受训练的人eer从事的人pioneer开拓者volunteer志愿者en(v)使变成harden使硬shorten使短en(adj)有质的，似的golden金色的woolen毛的er,or表人，物singer歌唱家survivor幸存者ery表状态，性质，行为，活动地点nursery托儿所robbery掠夺slavery奴隶身份ese某国(地)的，某国(地)的人及语言Chinese中国人(汉语)Portuguese葡萄牙人(语)ess表女性，雌性hostess女主人actress女演员ful充满的，具有性质的cupful一满杯fearful可怕的hood表身份，状况，性质neighborhood邻里manhood男子气概ic,ical类似的，具有的heroic英雄般的logical合逻辑的ify使成，使化magnify放大purify提纯ion,tion表情况，状态，性质，行为fashion时髦decision决定ish似的，有的selfish自私的childish儿童般的ism表示主义，行为，学，派realism现实主义tourism旅游fatalism宿命论modernism现代派ist从事工作的人socialist社会主义者dentist牙科医生ity表行为，性质，状态unity团结一致maturity成熟性ive有性质的，有作用的，属于protective保护的productive生产的active积极主动的ize,ise,yze,yse以方式对待，化realize实现analyze分析modernize现代化less没有的fearless无畏的useless无用的let小booklet小册子leaflet传单like有性质的，像的dreamlike梦一般的humanlike像人类的logy论，研究biology生物学technology技术ly如的，有特性的manly男子气的lovely可爱的ment表行为，状态，性质movement运动management管理ness表状态，性质darkness黑暗kindness仁慈ous,eous,ious充满的dangerous危险的famous著名的ship表状况，状态，身份，技艺，技能hardship苦难doctorship博士学位workmanship手艺，工艺some像的，引起的troublesome讨厌的lonesome孤独的ster表示人youngster年轻人gangster歹徒ward(s)表方向upward(s)向上outward(s)向外y(n)表状态，性质，行为difficulty困难victory胜利(adj)充满，包含hairy多毛发的irony钢铁般的身边card知多少birthdaycard生日卡Christmascard圣诞卡New-Yearcard贺年卡 postcard明信片identitycard身份证reditcard信用证guestcard贵宾卡preferentialcard优惠卡expensecard消费卡get-wellcard慰问卡recordcard记录卡scorecard记分卡playingcards扑克牌bankcards信用卡membershipcard会员卡intelligencecard（IC）IC智能卡entrycard入境卡phonecard电话卡studentscard学生证visitingcard名片1.花钱Sb. spend .on sth. Sb. spend.on doing sth.Sb. pay .for sth. Sth. cost sb. money /time/patience. Sth.is worth. Sth. is at the price of.Each student spends about 120yuan a month on food/buying food.I paid $2000 for the color TV.It cost us thirty-six thousand francs.It cost us a lot of work.2.花时间It takes sb.to do sth. Sb.spend.in doing sth.Sb spend .on sth.It will take time to change peoples minds. It took courage to become a flyer because planes were small and not very strong.Mr Wang spent much time in correcting the students papers.3.强调句 It is (was)+被强调部分+that.It is (was)+被强调的人+who.Sb. do (did/does) do sth.It was I who met your sister in the park yesterday. It was your sister who I met in the park yesterday. It was in the park that I met your sister yesterday. It was yesterday that I met your sister in the park.I did meet your sister in the park yesterday.4.形式主语It is adj. for(of) sb. to do sth. It is adj. that. It is no use (no good) doing sth.It seems impossible to solve the problem. It happened that they were out when we called on them that evening.It is a pity to hear that.Its not easy to master a foreign language. It is a big mistake for her to have bought the clothes. It was hard for him to support such a big family.It is no use going there today.It is useless keeping books without reading them. It is true that he has passed the examination. 5.形式宾语 . think /find/consider/make/feel it adj./n.for sb.to do sth. . think it no good /no use doing sth. I think it necessary for him to learn a foreign language.I think it foolish of him to believe her. He had made it a rule never to cast his net more than four times a day.I consider it a pity that he has given up studying English.6.It is time for sth. It is time for sb. to do sth. It is time that sb. did/should do sth.Its time for class/breakfast. Its time to set out/start. Its time for you to go to bed. Its time that I were off. Its time I went and picked up my little girl from school.7.It is said that. .is said to do /be/have done/been. They say that.People say that. It is reported that.It is well-known that. It is known to all that. It is announced that.It is said that we ll have a sports meeting next week. He is said to go to Shanghai in a week. He is said to be the tallest boy in his class. Tom is said to have been to China three times. Its reported that twelve people were killed in the traffic accident yesterday. It is well-known that Shanxi is rich in apples. It is announced that we wont be on holiday on May1st.8.A is +比较级+than B A is much still/yet/even/rather/far/a lot/a bit/a little/yet/hardly 比较级+than B A is 比较级by far. A is by far the最高级/比较级. A is no 比较级than B A is as 原级as B A is not as/so 原级as B A is the same n. as B the more. the more. A is the 最高级 in /among. A is the 最高级/比较级 of 代词/数词 A is 比较级 than any other n.A is 比较级 than usual/ever A is 比较级than it used to be. A is the 序数词+最高级+n.+范围.I have many/far more books than you. He has much/far more money/time than you.My car is rather cheaper than yours. She is three years older than you. This is better by far.This is by far the better of the two. This is by far the best.She is no cleverer than you.Jane left as suddenly as she came.Sound doesnt travel so fast as light.The more you listen to English,the easier it becomes.The harder you work,the more knowledge you will get. Mary is the tallest among the girls here. She studies (the) best in our class.Of all the books I like this one best. Tom is the most diligent of all the boys.Tom is taller than any other boy in his class. Jack runs faster than (any of) the other boys in the school. She never spent a more worrying day. This morning ZhangMing got up ealier than usual/ever. The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.9. A is X times比较级 than B A is X times as 原级 as B A is X times the size( height,length,width,amount.) of BThe population in and around San Francisco is now ten times larger than it was in 1906. Line AB is 3 times longer than Line CD. Bob is twice as heavy as Jack. The new building is five times the height of the old one. I have ten times more books than you. We have produced four times as many cars as we did last year.10. go on to do sth./ go on doing sth. /go on with sth. keep on doing sth. /keep doing sth. continut to do sth. /continue doing sth.Once you begin, you must go on. After a little pause he went on with his speech. After the rain stopped,they went ahead with their word. We go on working after dark by the lights of tractors. Lets go on to read Lesson56. Dot keep on asking silly questions. People kept on seeing the old man in hospital. He kept speaking for one hour. The student kept sleeping for a whole class. They continued to work /working in the fields in spite of the rain.11.None of.Neither of .No one. Not all.=(All.not.) Not every.=(Every.not.) Not many.=(Many.not.) Not both.=(Both.not.)Nobody can work it out. None of the students is from Shanghai. All the answers arenot rignt. Everything doesnt go well. 12.It wasnt long before. It wasnot hours/years before. Before long. Soon. It was long before.It was long before I went to sleep again. I wasnot years before we finished the difficult task.It wont be long before we meet again.Before long he was forced to leave his homeland for some political reasons.Soon word came that our team won the football match.13.“一.就.”的句型：as soon as. No sooner had.than. /Hardly.when. /Scarcely had.when. Once. . the moment/the minute/the instant. .directly/immediately/instantly. On doing .I told him the news as soon as he came back. Hardly had I left my office when it began to rain. No sooner had I entered the entrance to the valley than I lost my way. The moment I saw him I knew them was no hope. On arriving there, we started to work.14.have no choice but to do. have nothing to do. but do sth. have nothing but+n. can do nothing but do sth. There is nothing left to do but do sth. Ive eaten nothing but/exept bread since Sunday.We had no choice but to wait for her.I couldnt do anything but/execpt sit there and hope.15.祈使句+ and/and then +陈述句 祈使句+or/or else/otherwise+陈述句 Work hard,and youll succeed. Hurry up,or /or else/otherwise youll be late.16.It is ones turn to do sth. It comes to sb. to do sth. Whose turn is it to do sth? Wait until it is ones turn. Sb. miss his turn.Take turns to do./at doing.It is your turn to clean the blackboard. It comes to you to buy your breakfast.Whose turn is it to be on duty today? Tom has missed his turn to buy the ticket.The two drivers took turns at driving the truck. We take turns to make dinner.17.be worth n. be worth doing. be worthy of n. /be worthy of being done. /be worthy of to be done.The necklace is worth three hundred francs at the most. The book is well worth reading. Beijing is a city worth visiting. The film is worthy to be seen/of being seen. It is worthwhile going there / to go there. It is not worth your while reading this book. 18.How do you like.? What do you think of.? How do you find. What do you make of. What is sth. /sb.like? How is sth./sb.? What about/How about.?What did you think of the lecture? How did you find the film?How was your trip? Whats the weather like today? Whats Tom like? 19.物+need/want/require+ doing /to be done. The classroom needs cleaning./to be cleaned.The text required to be recited /reciting.20.It is +时间+since/ that/when/before. It was seven oclock when he went to school. It was at seven oclock that he went to school. It was about 600 years ago that the first clock was made.It is seven years since he left here. It is years since I enjoyed myself so much.It was the second time that I had been to Beijing. It is time that I went to bed./I should go to bed. It wasnot long before I left for the south. It will be long before I leave for the south. It will be long before he arrives. It was for the second time that Abraham Lincoln was elected President.21. have difficulty/trouble/problem/fun/a pleasure/ a good time/ a hard time in doing. It is no use doing sth./of no use to do. doing sth. It is no good doing sth. It is any use doing sth. It is a waste of time doing sth. It is fun doing sth. It is worthwhile to do sth./doing sth. There is no need/use/harm/hurry/point(need) in doing sth.Susan had a time trying to get the children to go to bed. We had a hard time making a living. I have some difficulty in pronouncing some of the words in English. There is no trouble in doing such a thing. Dont waste time explaining to him.22.be like /look like/seem like/feel like Jack is very much like his father about the eyes and the jaw. It was like being on a boat. It looks like rain. It seems like yesterday. I felt like a fool. Today feels like spring. Do you feel like a cup of tea? I feel like seeing a film. 23. too. to./enough.to. The smoke from the fire was too thick for them to be able to land on the roof. Mary is too willing to study Chinese. Lei Feng is too ready to help others. We are but(only/all) too glad to do so. This lesson is not too hard to understand.Its never/not too late to learn. They arrived early enough to get everything ready for the conference. He doesnt have enough money to travel by air. You should write carefully enough to let others understand. There arent beds enough for so many paitents in our hospital. It is not cold enough to wear such a heavy coat. Do you have enough time to translate this article into English? 24.so.that./such.that. She is so weak that wind can blow her down. In fact, his English in one of these articles was so good that Engels wrote him a letter and praised for it. He spoke so fast that nobody could follow him. A worker drove a small handtruck so carelessly that it hit the back of Mr Kings legs. I made so great a mistake that Father gave me a good beating. There were so many people in the street watching the fire that firefighters couldnt get close to the building. Mary had so few friends that she felt lonely. The fellow has so little knowledge that he couldnt answer the question. He was such a kind teacher that he was loved by his students. He made such rapid progress that he began to talk freely with a foreigner. The Frenchman caught such a bad cold that he coughed day and night. There were such good books here that I couldnt decide which to take.25.be/get ready for sth. be prepared for. make/get sth.ready for sth. prepare sth. prepare for sth. prepare to do sth. make preparations for be ready/prepared to do . prepare sb. for sth./ to do sth. The end-term exam is coming. Please get ready for it. We are ready for the picnic. Have you got everything ready for the conference? Make the room ready for the meeting. Mother is busy preparing lunch for us. After a short rest, they prepared to climb up the hill. The students are preparing for the exam. Are you prepared to answer the question? He is always ready to help others. The teacher prepared his students for the mid-term exam. 26.be sure/certain of n./pron./doing. be sure/certain to do sth.be sure/certain about. be sure /certain +
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