生长肥育猪的蛋白质与氨基酸营养.ppt

Protein and Amino Acid Nutrition of Growing and Finishing Pigs生长肥育猪的蛋白质与氨基酸营养,Robert A. Easter, Ph.D. Professor of Swine Nutrition Dean, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois,Introductory Facts:,Proteins are made up of amino acids 蛋白质由氨基酸组成 Amino acids are either essential (must be present in the diet) or nonessential (can be made by the animal). 氨基酸分为必需（日粮中必须有） 和非必需（动物可自体合成） The 10 essential amino acids are 十种必需氨基酸是: - Lysine 赖氨酸- Leucine 亮氨酸 - Tryptophan 色氨酸- Isoleucine 异亮氨酸 - Methionine蛋氨酸- Histidine 组氨酸 - Threonine苏氨酸- Phenylalanine 苯丙氨酸 - Valine 缬氨酸- Arginine 精氨酸,Introductory Facts:,Pigs do not require protein per se but rather the amino acids that make up protein 猪本身不需要蛋白质，而是需要组成蛋白质的氨基酸 Amino acids in the diet are provided by protein-containing feeds (corn, soybean meal, sorghum, fish meal etc) 日粮中的氨基酸由含蛋白质的饲料组分(如玉米,豆粕,高粱,鱼粉等)提供 Amino acid progression:,Dietary protein,Free amino acids 游离氨基酸,Small intestine 小肠,Blood 血液,Protein synthesis,Feces 粪,Urine 尿,日粮蛋白质,蛋白质合成,Typical Grower Diet 典型生长猪日粮,The value of a protein source is dependent on its capacity to contribute digestible amino acids to the animal. The Chemical Score is a simple approach to assessing value蛋白质来源的价值取决于为动物提供可消化氨基酸的能力，化学评分是评定蛋白价值的简单方法,The performance of an animal can be no greater than that made possible by the amino acid in least supply. This is commonly called the first limiting amino acid最少量被提供的氨基酸制约了动物的生产性能，这种氨基酸通常称作第一限制性氨基酸,(First),(Second),Protein Synthesis,Limiting Amino Acids in Some Common Feedstuffs 一些饲料原料中的限制性氨基酸,Comparison of Amino Acid Sources(Lysine as a percent of total protein)氨基酸来源的比较（赖氨酸占总蛋白质的百分比）,棉籽粕,芝麻粕,Estimation of Limiting Amino Acids from Growth Data(A hypothetical example)由生长性能数据估计限制性氨基酸,Amino Acid Balance 氨基酸平衡,Amino acid balance refers to the proportional relationships among the amino acids 氨基酸平衡指氨基酸之间的比例关系 An amino acid imbalance reduces feed intake and growth rate. 氨基酸不平衡导致饲料采食量和生长速度下降,Performance of Chicks Fed Diets Formulated to a Lysine Requirement with Either an Imbalanced Protein or Crystalline Lysine饲喂蛋白质不平衡或添加晶体赖氨酸日粮鸡的生长性能,Baker and Easter (1976),Ideal Protein 理想蛋白质,The term, IDEAL PROTEIN, is used to describe the profile of dietary amino acids that would be perfectly in harmony with the pigs requirements. That is a perfect balance. The concept of ideal protein originated in the 1930s in Dr. H. H. Mitchells laboratory at the University of Illinois. 所谓理想蛋白质，指日粮中的氨基酸组成完全符合猪的氨基酸需要，氨基酸之间完美平衡。理想蛋白质的概念由伊力诺大学Mitchell博士的实验室于1930年提出。 An optimum balance of amino acids 氨基酸之间的最佳平衡 Exactly in the proportions in which the amino acids are required by the pig 氨基酸之间的比例关系与猪所需要的氨基酸比例完全一致 Fully utilizable 可被完全利用 A balance that cannot be improved by addition or substitution 这种平衡不能通过添加或替代而改善,From: M.F. Fuller, Rowett Res. Inst.,Variations on Ideal Protein 各种理想蛋白质,Chung and Baker, 1992,Growth Response to Different Amino Acid Patterns 不同氨基酸模型的生长反应,Chung and Baker (1992),Digestible Ideal Amino Acid Patterns for Pigs 猪的可消化理想氨基酸模型,From Baker (1997),Utilization利 用,The pig cannot absorb intact proteins, except just after birth. Proteins are broken down by enzymes in the small intestine and individual amino acids are absorbed. 除非刚出生，否则猪不能吸收完整蛋白质。蛋白质在小肠被酶降解，以个别氨基酸的形式被吸收 AVAILABILITY- the portion of the chemically present amino acids that are used for growth 利用率用于生长的氨基酸占摄入氨基酸的百分比 DIGESTIBILITY - the portion of the chemically present amino acid that disappears in the small intestine. 消化率在小肠被吸收的氨基酸占摄入氨基酸的百分比,Not all amino acids in the diet are absorbed, not all amino acids that are absorbed are used for protein synthesis. 日粮中并非所有 氨基酸都能被吸收，并非所有被吸收的氨基酸都能用于蛋白质合成,Definitions 定 义,Apparent amino acid digestibility (Amino acid consumed / amino acid passed from ileum) x 100 氨基酸表观消化率，（采食的氨基酸 / 经过回肠的氨基酸 ） 100 True amino acid digestibility amino acid consumed / (amino acid passed from ileumendogenous secretions) x 100 氨基酸真实消化率， 采食的氨基酸 / （经过回肠的氨基酸体内分泌的氨基酸） 100,From Kidder and Manners (1978),Some Apparent Ileal Digestibilities, % 某些回肠表观消化率,NRC, 1998,高蛋白豆粕,True Ileal Amino Acid Digestibilities 回肠氨基酸真实消化率 (Bellaver, 1989),Lab Tests for Digestibility 消化率的实验室测定,FDNB - 2,4 flurodinitrobenzene (Carpenter method) FDNB binds with the epsilon amino group of lysine, if it is not bound to some other moiety, to form a color. It is assumed that non-bound amino nitrogen is correlated with higher digestibility. 2,4 氟二氮苯（卡本特法），FDNB与赖氨酸分子中未与其它基团结合的 - 氨基结合，产生颜色反应。据认为未被结合的氨基氮与较高的消化率有关。 Pepsin digestibility - Incubate a sample of feed with pepsin and monitor nitrogen release. 胃蛋白酶消化率将饲料样品与胃蛋白酶共同培养，检测氮的释放量。,Time, hours时间，小时,Nitrogen release, % 氮释放，,Lab Tests for Digestibility 消化率的实验室测定,Multienzyme assay Incubate sample with a mixture of peptidase, trypsin and chymotrypsin and monitor pH change over time. Liberated carboxyl groups release hydrogen ions resulting in a pH drop 复合酶法将样品与肽酶，胰蛋白酶，胰凝乳蛋白酶共同培养 ，观察pH值随时间的变化。游离的羧基基团释放氢离子，导致pH下降。,Multienzyme pH True lysine Feed Ingredientchange (units) digestibility Casein酪蛋白 2.36 99 Soybean meal豆粕 1.52 92 Poultry by-product禽副产品1.37 84 Meat meal 肉粉 1.37 85 Cottonseed meal 棉籽粕 1.23 72 Feather meal羽毛粉 0.90 68,Bellaver (1989) and Parsons (unpublished),饲料组分,赖氨酸真消化率,复合酶 pH 变化,Lab Tests for Digestibility 消化率的实验室测定,Protein Solubility Assay - 1.5 mg of protein placed in a 250 ml beaker with 75 ml of 0.2% KOH, stir for 20 minutes at 22o C, collect supernatant, centrifuge at 1250 x G for 10 minutes and analyze for protein. Express as percent of protein in original sample. 蛋白质溶解性法,Protein solubility, %,Autoclaving time, minutes 自溶时间，分钟,Lab Tests for Digestibility 消化率的实验室测定,Prediction equations - based on correlations of physical and chemical measurements to digestiblity 预测方程 - 以对消化率的物理和化学检测之间的相关关系为基础 Near-infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy - based on comparison of the reflectance spectra of an unknown sample to a standard (calibration data set) 近红外反射光谱法 - 比较未知样品与标准品的反射光谱,Wavelength (nm) 波长，纳米,Reflectance - Log (1/R),Standard,Unknown,Formulation with True Digestible Amino Acids,Bellaver (1989),Formulation with True Digestible Amino Acids根据真可消化氨基酸配制的日粮,Bellaver (1989),Synthetic Amino Acids 合成氨基酸,Rapid advances occurring in production technology particularly through the use of genetically modified microbes. 生产技术发展迅速，尤其通过遗传改良的微生物生产合成氨基酸 Most are made by microbial fermentation but chemical synthesis of intermediate products may be involved 多数由微生物发酵生产，但也可能通过中间产品进行化学合成 Commercially of interest today:养猪生产中可用 L-lysine, DL-methionine, L-tryptophan, L-threonine L赖氨酸，DL蛋氨酸，L色氨酸，L苏氨酸 The rest are expensive and likely to remain so. 其余氨基酸很昂贵，可能持续如此,Growth of Pigs (9.0-97.8 kg) Fed Reduced-Protein Diets with Lysine, Tryptophan and Threonine9. 0-97.8 kg 阶段猪饲喂低蛋白日粮添加赖氨酸，色氨酸和苏氨酸的生长性能,Easter and Baker (1980),Effect of Lysine Addition to a Diet Formulate with Cottonseed Meal and Sorghum 以棉籽粕和高粱配制的日粮添加赖氨酸的效果,Knabe et al., 1980,Chemical Score of a 11% and 15.5% Crude Protein, Corn-Soybean Meal Diet for the 50-80 kg Pig,Based on the NRC (1998),Growth of Pigs Fed Reduced-Protein Diets with Lysine9.097.8 kg 阶段猪饲喂低蛋白日粮添加赖氨酸，色氨酸和苏氨酸的效果,Kerr (1987),Effect of Amino Acid Supplementation on Heat Production by Growing Pigs添加氨基酸对生长猪产热的影响,Kerr (1987),玉米豆粕日粮，蛋白水平 16,玉米豆粕日粮，蛋白水平 12,12 的玉米豆粕日粮赖氨酸，苏氨酸和色氨酸,Effect of Reduced-Protein Diets with Lysine, Tryptophan and Threonine on N Excretion低蛋白日粮添加赖氨酸，色氨酸和苏氨酸对氮排出的影响,Kerr et al. (1995),Effect of Amino Acid Addition to a Fortified Sorghum Gestation Diet补充了维生素预混料的高粱妊娠日粮中添加氨基酸的效果,Cuaron and Easter (1982),氮储留,Differential Absorption of Intact-protein and Unbound Lysine完整蛋白质与非结合赖氨酸的区别吸收,全部完整蛋白质,合成赖氨酸,Effect of Meal Frequency on the Response of Pigs to Supplemental Lysine饲喂次数对猪的添加赖氨酸生长反应的影响,Batterham and ONeill (1978),Meal Frequency and Synthetic Amino Acids 饲喂次数与合成氨基酸,Assume that ad libitum-fed pigs eat frequent meals and blood levels are constant. 假定自由采食的猪采食频繁，血液氨基酸水平保持稳定 A concern in animals fed only once each day, eg., gestating sows. 关注那些每天只饲喂一次的猪，如妊娠母猪,Nutrient Requirements for Swine 猪的营养需要量,NRC (1988),The only classification criterion is weight. Gender, genotype and environment are ignored 仅以体重为分级标准，性别，遗传型和环境因素忽略不计,氨基酸,精氨酸,组氨酸,异亮氨酸,亮氨酸,赖氨酸,Fact about Requirements 关于需要量Expressed as a percent of the diet 以占日粮百分比形式表示,Decrease with age 随年龄增加而降低 Increase with increasing caloric density of diet 随日粮热量浓度增加而增加 Are greater for gilts than barrows 母猪的需要量大于阉公猪的需要量 Are greater for more muscular animals 肌肉型猪的需要量更大 Are greater for maximal leanness than maximal gain 达到最大瘦肉量的需要量比获得最大增重所需更大 Are affected by the protein level in the diet 受日粮蛋白水平影响,Effect of Dietary Lysine on Growth Performance and Carcass Traits of Late Finishing Gilts 日粮赖氨酸水平对肥育后期小母猪生长性能和胴体性状的影响,Hahn (1994),Effect of Dietary Lysine on Growth Performance and Carcass Traits of Late Finishing Barrows日粮赖氨酸水平对肥育后期阉公猪生长性能和胴体性状的影响,Hahn (1994),可消化赖氨酸,Lysine Requirement for Late Finishing Pigs肥育后期猪的赖氨酸需要量,Breakpoints: 转折点 Barrow = .56% lysine 阉公猪 Gilt = .64% lysine 后备母猪,Hahn, 1994,Lysine Requirement for Late Finishing Pigs肥育后期猪的赖氨酸需要量,Breakpoints: 转折点 Barrow = . 57% lysine Gilt = .64% lysine,Hahn, 1994,Performance and Carcass Composition of Pigs Housed Two per Pen and Fed Two Protein Regimes in Early & Late Finishing 肥育早期和后期，每圈两头，喂以两种蛋白水平日粮猪的生长性能和胴体组成,Hahn (1994),性别,粗蛋白,日增重,日采食量,增重饲料比,瘦肉增加量,胴体产量,眼肌面积,第十肋背膘,Performance and Carcass Composition of Pigs Housed Nine per Pen and Fed Two Protein Regimes in Early & Late Finishing 肥育早期和后期，每圈九头，喂以两种蛋白水平日粮猪的生长性能和胴体组成,Hahn (1994),瘦肉增加量,Using Ideal Protein to Estimate Requirements for Amino Acids利用理想蛋白质估计氨基酸需要量,1. Conduct an experiment to determine the requirement 进行试验确定需要量,Amino Acid Concentrations 氨基酸浓度,Response (gain, lean growth etc) 反应水平（增重，瘦肉生长等）,Using Ideal Protein to Estimate Requirements for Amino Acids利用理想蛋白质估计氨基酸需要量,氨基酸,苯丙酪氨酸,蛋胱氨酸,苏氨酸,需要量,Effect of Energy Level and Lysine:Energy Ratio on Piglet Growth (0-14 days postweaning)日粮能量水平以及赖氨酸与能量比对仔猪生长的影响（断奶后 014 天阶段）,Nam and Aherne (1994),Maximum gain achieved at 3.41 Mcal/kg energy density and 3.07 g Lys/Mcal dietary energy 当日粮能量浓度为 3.41 Mcal/Kg，赖氨酸能量比为 3.07 g Lys/ Mcal 日粮能量时，获得最大增重。,Deductive Requirements 推定的需要量,Based on first principlegs: 以第一条原则为基础 IPR = ACef + MTeff Where: 其中： -IPR = daily ideal protein requirement 理想蛋白质的日需要量 -ACeff = daily protein accretion corrected for efficiency of utilization of dietary protein for accretion 根据日粮蛋白质的沉积效率进行校正后的蛋白质日增加量 -MTeff = daily protein need for maintenance corrected for the efficiency of utilization of dietary protein for maintenance 根据日粮蛋白质的维持效率进行校正后的每日蛋白质维持需要量 Mathematical models can be constructed, using relationships based on first principles, to estimate requirements for pigs under specific circumstances 利用第一条原则中的关系，可建立数学模型，估计猪在特定条件下的需要量,Requirement for an Individual Amino Acid 对个别氨基酸的需要量,R = (A)(EA) + (M)(EM),Where: 其中： R = Requirement in “amount per day”每日需要量 A = Daily protein accretion (accretion = synthesis breakdown) 每天的蛋白质增加量（= 合成量分解量） EA= Efficiency of use for accretion 用于蛋白质增加的效率 M = Daily requirement for maintenance 每天的维持需要量 EM= Efficiency of use for maintenance 用于维持的效率,Percent of diet = (amount required/feed intake) x 100 占日粮百分比 = 需要量 / 采食量100,DE Intake 消化能摄入量,Environmental temperature 环境温度,Energy density 能量浓度,Antibiotic 抗生素,Pigs/pen 每圈饲养头数,Pen density 圈的密度,Sex ratio 性别比例,M.E. Intake 代谢能摄入量,Protein accretion 蛋白质增加量,Maintenance 维持,Fat,AA required for Protein accretion,Amino acids required for maintenance,Requirement for absorbed AA,Requirement for digestible AA,脂肪,用于增加蛋白质的氨基酸,用于维持的氨基酸,可吸收氨基酸的需要量,可消化氨基酸需要量,Predicted daily lean gain,Amino Acid Concentrations and Heat Stress氨基酸浓度与热应激,Protein accretion is an exothermic process 蛋白质合成是产热的过程 Thus, does the reduce protein growth under conditions of heat stress as a means of reducing the thermal load? 如此，在特定热应激条件下减少蛋白合成意味着降低热负荷？ IF TRUE 如果这是真的 Does it make sense to increase amino acid concentrations in summer when feed intake is reduced? 在夏季采食量下降时，提高日粮中氨基酸浓度有意义吗？ Does it make sense to add fat to diets in summer when the only component of growth that increases is fat growth? 夏季，当增长的唯一生长组分是脂肪的生长时，应否在日粮中添加脂肪？,Effect of Lysine Level on Performance of Pigs in Summer and Fall 夏季和秋季赖氨酸水平对生产性能的影响,Myer and Bucklin (1994) U of Florida, AnS Res. Rept. MA-1994-1,Effect of Lysine Level on Carcass Characteristics of Pigs in Summer and Fall 夏季和秋季赖氨酸水平对胴体品质的影响,Myer and Bucklin (1994) U of Florida, AnS Res. Rept. MA-1994-1,