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Unit 4 Earthquakes,知识清单,(一) 基本单词 1. _ vi. 爆裂；爆发 n.突然破裂；爆发 2. _ v. 破坏；毁坏；消灭 3. _ v.(使)震惊；震动 n.休克；打击；震惊 4. _ n. 爆发 e.g. There was a burst in the water pipe.,On seeing Jay Chou appear on the stage, the audience _ cheering. burst in B. burst into C. burst on D. burst out,2. ruin n. U 毁坏; 毁灭; 崩溃 n. C (pl.) 废墟; 遗迹 v. (使)破产; (使)堕落; 毁灭 【教材原句】 In fifteen terrible seconds a large city lay in ruins. 在可怕的15秒钟内, 一座大城市就沉沦在一片废墟之中。,【归纳】 in ruins 严重受损；破败不堪 fall in/into ruin 灭亡；荒废 bring.to ruin 使毁灭; 使没落 go/e to ruin 毁灭；落空 ruin oneself 毁掉自己 ruin ones health/fame 毁坏某人的健康/名誉,ruin多指因外部原因而受到严重破坏或毁灭，侧重破坏的彻底性，也可用于引申意义； destroy多指彻底地、毁灭性地破坏，含导致无用，不能或很难再修复的意味； damage多指对无生命物体的损害，造成降低价值、破坏功能等后果。,ruin destroy damage,用以上单词完成句子。 1) The rainforests are being _ at a frightening rate. 2) Many buildings were badly _ during the war. 3) Her injury _ her chances of winning the race.,destroyed,damaged,ruined,3. injure vt. 损害; 伤害 【教材原句】 Two-thirds of them died or were injured during the earthquake. 2/3的人在地震中死去或受伤。,【拓展】 injured adj. 受伤的 the injured 伤员 injury n. 伤; 伤口; 伤害 do sb. an injury / do an injury to sb. 伤害某人,injure多指意外事故中受伤，也可指健康、名誉、感情等的伤害； hurt常指伴有强烈疼痛的创伤，也可指别人的言行给某人的情感造成无意的、较小的伤害；hurt比injure更为通俗，injure比hurt语气强。,injure hurt wound harm,wound常指有意的伤害，尤其指在战斗或攻击中受伤，身体上出现明显的伤口，wound也可指对感情上的伤害； harm 用于表示精神或肉体上的伤害均可，有时也可指引起不安或不便。还可用于抽象事物，尤其是指不道德的事情。,用以上单词完成句子。 1) Angus _ his leg playing football yesterday. 2) Gunmen killed two people and _ six others in an attack today. 3) I have never _ anyone. 4) It _ me when you talk like that.,injured,wounded,harmed,hurts,4. shock v. (使)震惊; 震动 n. 休克; 打击; 震惊 【教材原句】 People shocked. 人们惊呆了。,【归纳】 be shocked at. 对感到震惊 be shocked to do sth. 做某事很震惊 be shocked that. 对很震惊,5. bury vt. 埋葬；掩埋；隐藏；使沉浸； 使专心；插入；刺入 【教材原句】 The army organized teams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead. 部队人员组成小分队, 将受困的人们挖出来, 将死者掩埋。,【归纳】 bury oneself in sth. 使陷入；埋头(工作、学习) be buried in (doing) sth. 专心致志于某事 be buried in thought 在沉思中 bury in=put (sb./sth.) into (a grave, earth) 把埋入,6. judge v. 判定；判断 n. 裁判员；法官 【教材原句】 Your speech was heard by a group of five judges, all of whom agreed that it was the best one this year. 评委会的五位评委听了你的演讲, 他们都认为你的演讲是今年最好的。,【归纳】 judging from/by 从上看，根据判断 as far as I can judge 据我判断，我认为 judge sb./ sth. from/ by. 从来判断 【提醒】 judging from/ by “从上看, 根据来判断”。句首时, 为独立成分, 不受句子主语和时态影响, 只用现在分词作状语。,短语,1. at an end 终结; 结束 【教材原句】 It seemed as if the world was at an end. 世界似乎到了末日。,【拓展】 at the end of 在尽头; 在末端 e to an end 结束 make ends meet 使收支相抵; 量入为出,by the end of 到结束时；到时候为止 (常与完成时态连用) bring sth. to an end 使某事结束，终止 in the end 最后；终于；最终 end up 结束；告终,2. dig out 挖掘出; 发现; 翻找出 【教材原句】 The army organized teams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead. 部队人员组成小分队, 将受困的人们挖出来, 将死者掩埋。,【拓展】 dig into 调查; 钻研; 通过翻土把 掺入土壤 dig up 挖出; 掘出; 发现; 揭露 dig for sth. 挖寻某物,3. a great number of 许多; 大量的 【教材原句】 Such a great number of people died because the quake happened while they were sleeping. 那么多人丧生是因为地震发生时人们正在睡觉。,a great/ large number of a great/ good many quite a few/ a good few,+ 可数名词复数,many a more than one,+ 单数可数名词 + 单数谓语动词,【归纳】,【拓展】,a great/ good deal of a great/ large amount of quite a little,+ 不可数名词,a lot /lots of a great/ large quantity of large quantities of,+ 可数名词复数 或不可数名词,1. It seemed as if the world was at an end. 世界似乎到了末日。 It seems as if/as though. 似乎是 as if/as though引导的是表语从句, 从 句中可用陈述语气或虚拟语气。,句式,【提示】 如果as if/as though引导的从句是“主语系动词”结构，且主/从句中主语相同，可省略从句主语和系动词，as if后就只剩下名词/不定式/形容词(短语)/介词短语或分词形式。,2. Thousands of families were killed and many children were left without parents. 成千上万个家庭遇难, 许多孩子变成了孤儿。 many children were left without parents为被动语态, without parents为主语补足语, 表主语的状态。 句中leave表示使某人或某物处于某种状态。,3. All hope was not lost. 不是所有的希望都破灭了。 表示部分否定的句型: all .not.= not all. 并非所有的都,1) all, both, each, every, everybody, everything, pletely, always, whole, entirely 等具有总括意义的代词、形容词和副词与否定词not连用，无论not位置如何，均构成部分否定，表示“并非都”的意思。,2) no, none, never, nobody, nothing, neither, no one, nowhere, no more, no longer, no way 等表否定意义的词(组)与肯定式谓语一起使用构成“全部否定”。,定语从句是在复合句中起定语作用，修饰某一名词、代词或整个主句的从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。引导定语从句的关系词有 关系代词（that, which, who, whom, whose等）和关系副词(where, when, why等)。,语法,定语从句关系代词,1. 关系代词that与which 定语从句中, 关系代词that既可指人也可指 物；which一般用于指物。 e.g. My cousin is no longer the man that he used to be. The old town has narrow streets and small houses that / which are built close to each other. Parents should pay attention to the books which / that their kids read.,通常使用that引导定语从句的情况： 先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, much, little，none等不定代词或先行词被only, few, little, no, all, every, very修饰时。 e.g. Dont believe everything that he tells you. All the presents that your friends give you on your birthday should be put away., 当先行词同时包括人和物时。 e.g. Then they talked of the persons and things that interested them. 当先行词前有序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。 e.g. The first thing that must be done now is to put up a tent. Mount Huangshan is one of the most beautiful mountains in China that Ive ever visited.,2. 关系代词who与whom who指人，主格，作主语，一般可用that替换；whom指人，宾格，作宾语，非正式文体中可用who/that替换，也可省略。 e.g. The man who/ that spoke to the headmaster just now is our physics teacher. The woman (who/ whom/ that) we met at the school gate is Wei Fangs mother.,3. 关系代词whose whose是who的所有格，作定语，起限定作用。whose引导定语从句时，先行词可以是人，也可以是物。 e.g. This is the famous doctor whose daughter teaches in our school. Would you please pass me the book whose cover is blue?,用正确的关系代词填空。 1) This is the village _ I ever visited last year. 2) I will always remember the days _ I spent with my grandmother. 3) I will never forget the boy _ ever helped me. 4) Mr. Smith lives in the room _ door is green. 5) This is the best movie _ we have seen this year.,that / which,that/which,who / that,whose,that,新闻报道是对最近发生的事实的报道。 【新闻报道五要素】 写新闻报道时，要交代清楚新闻的五要 素，五个“W”：事件（What）、人物（Who）、时间（When）、地点（Where）和原因（Why）。有时还要写明“H”（How）。,写作,如何用英语写新闻报道,【新闻报道的构成】 新闻报道一般分为四个部分：标题、 导语、正文、结语。 1. 标题是新闻的题目，是编辑对最有新闻价值的内容所做的浓缩、概括、提炼和再创造。撰写标题是为了获取新闻要 点、诠释新闻意义、吸引读者阅读。英语新闻标题常用一般现在时，以增强报道的新鲜感、现实感和直接感。,2. 导语一般置于报道开头，作用是吸引读者的注意力，因此要求导语能高度概括文章内容，让读者一看就能了解整篇报道。新闻导语常用一句话描述主要的事实。,3. 正文是新闻报道的主要部分，它用充足的事实展现主题，对导语内容的进一步阐 释。既要简洁，又要生动。,同时应注意： 避免使用被动语态，多用富含行为动词的陈述句。要简洁生动，省去不必要的词 汇。 抓住显著的细节进行深入描写。 语法正确。作为一种媒体写作应特别讲究语法的准确性，以免产生不好的影响。要确保句子的完整性，主谓一致，形容词、副词、虚拟语气及从句等的使用要恰当。,4. 结语一般是最后一句或最后一段话，通常对全文内容作概括性的总结，或对新闻事件的发展趋势作出预测。有时，作者根据报道的事实在结语中提出令人深思的问题。,【写作任务】 5月25日，你校学生会组织了为西藏地震灾区捐款的活动。同学们踊跃参加，共筹得善款35000元。假如你是校英语报的记者李华，请按以下要点用英语写一则新闻报道。 1. 时间、地点、任务、活动； 2. 同学们的反应。,注意： 1. 词数100左右； 2. 报道的标题和记者姓名已给出(不计入总词数)； 3. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 Students Donate Money to Disaster Area _,【参考范文】 Students Donate Money to Disaster Area On May 25, an activity to donate money to the disaster area in Tibet was held by the Students Union in our school. As we know, a big earthquake hit Nepal on April 25. And some houses in Tibet, which is close to Nepal, were destroyed in the accident.,Therefore, to show our concern to the victims, all of the students in our school took part in the donation activity held in our library. It started from eight oclock and lasted two hours. In the end, 35,000 yuan was collected and given to the Red Cross in our city. We were very glad to give our pocket money away. By Li Hua, School Newspaper,高考链接,1. I live next door to a couple _children often make a lot of noise. (2016年北京卷) A. whose B. why C. where D. which 这是一个定语从句。先行词是a couple，后面的定语从句中名词children前面缺少定语修饰，所以使用关系代词whose引导起这个定语从句，并在句中做定语。BCD三项通常都不能在定语从句中做定语的。Whose children相当于the children of whom。,A,2. Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of _ has been proved. (2016年江苏卷) A. whom B. which C. what D. that 句意：关于人类为什么哭的时候会流泪， 科学家已经提出了很多理论，没有一个被 证明了。这是定语从句，先行词是 theories，指物，定语从句中用代词+介词 +关系代词which引导。故选B。,B,2. Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, _ lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks. （2016年全国 III卷） 非限定从中缺主语，且先行词是 Confucius,指人，故用who。,who,巩固练习,I. 用括号内单词的正确形式填空。 1. We tried all sorts of medicine but they were all _ (use). 2. Go and play football if you like, but dont get _ (dirt)! 3. These negotiations will be _ (extreme) difficult for the pany.,useless,dirty,extremely,4. The newspaper _ (report) wrote an account of the accident for the newspaper. 5. She was _ (frighten) that the plane would crash. 6. We offered our _ (congratulate) to Pat on winning the singing contest.,reporter,frightened,congratulations,II. 选用方框内合适的短语并用其正确形式填空（每个短语限用一次）。 1. Weve gotten _ contributions for the campaign. 2. He was shaking with fright _ he had seen something frightening.,dig out, in ruins, a great number of, at an end, as if, right away,a great number of,as if,3. It seemed that the world was _ when he learned that all his savings were gone. 4. Just wait a few minutes. Well be back _. 5. More than a dozen people _ of the ruins alive after the earthquake. 6. The whole city lay _ after the earthquake.,dig out, in ruins, a great number of, at an end, as if, right away,at an end,right away,were dug out,in ruins,III. 用适当的介词填空。 1. I must take no notice of their politeness or kindness which was designed to trap me _ giving information. 2. Youll never solve your problems if you just bury your head _ the sand you have to face them. 3. The high fence gives us some shelter _ the wind.,into,in,from,4. You rescued me _ an embarrassing situation. 5. People living in the track _ the hurricane have been advised to leave their homes until it has passed. 6. Nancy burst _ tears when she heard the bad news.,from,of,into,IV. 用适当的关系词填空。 Are you the kind of person 1. _ always wonders how things work? Are you a bright young mind 2. _ dream is to change the world? Is Science your best subject in school? Then there is no reason 3. _ you shouldnt make a career out of it. Scientists are very important!,who / that,whose,why / that,They are the ones 4. _ help save lives, protect the environment and improve our way of life. So, take courses like Physics, Chemistry and Biology in school so that you will have more career options in the future. There will be many employers 5. _ will want to make use of your new skills. You can find out more about the ones 6. _ interest you from your student counselor.,who / that,who / that,which / that,Just drop by their office when you have some free time to learn more about careers in Science. And remember there is nothing 7. _ you cant do.,that,阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。,There are a number of ways in which buildings can be made to better withstand earthquakes. The cheapest way is to make 1. _ stronger. A building strong enough not 2. _ (destroy) by a large earthquake, however, would probably look 3. _ like a bunker (地堡) than a nice place to live in. So engineers have looked for 4. _ ways.,them,to be destroyed,more,other,One way is to make the building flexible so that it swings from side to side rather like a tall plant in the wind. Another way is to design it so that it doesnt sit directly on the ground 5. _ on something that allows it to move a bit with the earthquake and absorb its shock. If only a small part of a building 6. _ (fall) down in an earthquake, damage can be 7. _ (great) reduced, so buildings are often designed to do this as well.,but,falls,greatly,8. _ is expensive to make new earthquake-proof buildings. However, making old ones earthquake-proof costs even more. 9. _ (need) to say, such prices are too high for poor nations. That is 10. _ engineers suggest reinforcing (加固) their buildings with steel rods or bars.,It,Needless,why,
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