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Unit 4,Global warming,知识清单,知识归纳,1. _ n. 数量 2. _ n. 资料; 数据 3. _ vt. 反对; 反抗 4. _ n. 趋势; 倾向; 走向 5. _ vt. 陈述 n. 状态, 国家 6. _ n. 变化范围 v. 涉及 7. _ adj. 平稳的; 持续的,quantity,data,oppose,trend,state,(一) 基本单词,range,steady,8. _ n. 标题; 名称; 头衔 9. _ n. 图表; 曲线图 10. _ adj. 分布广的,title,graph,widespread,11. _ vt. 使恢复; 使振作 12. _ v. 趋向; 照顾; 护理 13. famine n. _ 14. renewable adj. _ 15. phenomenon n. _,refresh,tend,饥荒,可更新的; 能再生的,现象,16. consequence n. _ 17. catastrophe n. _ 18. individual n. 后来,大灾难; 浩劫,个人; 个体,提倡; 主张; 拥护,消费; 吃完,1. _ vt. 陈述(正式) n. 国家; 状态; 州 adj. 国立的 _ n.说明, 陈述 _ adj. 宏大的; 优雅从容的 _ 搭配 处于状态,in a . state / in a state of .,statement,stately,state,(二) 派生单词,2. _ vt. 使恢复; 使振作 _ adj. 使人振作的 _ adj. 振作的; 精神的 _ n. (精力)恢复; 点心,refreshment,refreshing,refreshed,refresh,3. _ vi. 趋向; 易于; 照顾 vt. 照顾; 护理 _ n. 倾向; 趋势,tendency,tend,1. pare.to _ 2. e about _ 3. result in _ 4. be opposed to _ 5. on behalf of _ 6. put up with _,把比作,出现; 发生,导致,反对,代表; 作的代言人,忍受; 容忍,(三) 短语,7. build up _ 8. 坚持; 持续 _ 9. 大体上; 基本上 _ 10. 只要 _ 11. 如此; 等等 _ 12. 有意义; 有差别 _,make a difference,锻炼; 健身; 增强,keep on,so long as,and so on,on the whole,核心要点,【拓展】 consumer n. 消费者, 顾客,1. consume vt. 消费; 消耗(时间、能源或燃料 等); 耗尽; 吃完; 毁灭, 烧毁 【教材原句】 Make a list of the things that consume energy in your home, school, or any other places you can think of. 把在你家中、学校里或在你能想到的其他 任何地方里消耗能源的物品列个清单。,(一)单词,2. quantity n. 数量 【教材原句】 The problem begins when we add huge quantities of extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. 当我们在大气层中增加了大量额外的二氧化碳时, 问题就来了。,【归纳】 a quantity of 修饰可数名词或不可数名词 a large quantity of + n. 许多(作主语, 谓语用单数) large quantities of + n. 许多(作主语, 谓语用复数) in quantity 大量地,3. tend vi. 趋向; 易于; 照顾 vt. 照顾; 护理 【教材原句】 It means that more heat energy tends to be trapped in the atmosphere causing the global temperature to go up. 这就意味着更多的热量被困在大气层中,从而引起全球温度上升。,【归纳】 tend to do sth. 常常会做某事, 往往会做某事 tend to/toward sth. 趋向, 倾向 tend to sb. /sth.(=look after) 照顾, 照料 【拓展】 tendency n. 倾向、趋势, 其后多跟动 词不定式,用tend的适当形式填空。 1) My mother _ to get fat as she grows older. 2) Johnson was outside _ the garden when the fire broke out. 3) The drug is effective but has a _ to cause headaches.,tends,tending,tendency,4. oppose vt. 反对; 反抗; 与(某人)较量 【教材原句】 On the other hand, there are those, like George Hambley, who are opposed to this view and believe that we should not worry about high levels of carbon dioxide in the air. 另一方面, 还有一些人, 像科学家乔治汉布利, 反对上面的观点,他们认为我们不必担心空气中会有高含量的二氧化碳。,【归纳】 oppose (doing) sth. 反对(强调动作) be opposed to 反对(强调状态) 【拓展】 opposed adj. 强烈反对(常用搭配: be opposed to sth.); 截然不同,根据汉语意思补全下列句子。 1) 他反对修建新礼堂的计划。 He _ to build a new hall. 2) 我当然反对改变这个体系。 I would certainly _ the system. 3) 她好像很反对你出国。 She seems very much _ your going abroad.,opposed the plan,oppose changing,opposed to,5. consequence n. 结果, 后果, 影响 【教材原句】 They predict that any warming will be mild with few bad environment consequences. 他们预言说, 变暖的情况不会很严重, 对环境的影响也不会太坏。,【归纳】 consequence n. 结果, 后果 face/ suffer / take the consequences (of sth.) 承担(的)后果 in consequence of = as a consequence of 由于的缘故, 作为的结果 【拓展】 consequence n. 重要(性) of little / no / any consequence 无关紧要, 无足轻重,翻译下列句子。 1) 你做了错误决定，现在必须承担后果。 You made the wrong decision, and now you must take / suffer / face the consequences. 2) 别担心，这无关紧要。 Dont worry. It is of no / little / any consequence.,6. range n. 一组，一系列; 范围；山脉 v. （在一定的范围内）变动，变化 【教材原句】 It will make plants grow quicker; crops will produce more; it will encourage a greater range of animals - all of which will make life for human beings better. 它使植物成长更快, 庄稼产量更高, 还会促进动物的生长-所有这些都能改善人类的生活。,【归纳】 a range of 一系列, 一套(同类) range between A and B 在A和B之间变化或变动 range from A to B 从A延伸到B; 从A到B不等,翻译下列句子。 1) The new model es in a full range of colours. 2) Theres a wide range of ability in the class. 3) Prices range between 7 dollars and 10 dollars. 4) His interests ranged from chess to skating.,这种新式样有各种颜色。,这个班的水平差距很大。,价格在7美元到10美元之间。,他的爱好从下国际象棋到滑冰, 范围很广。,【归纳】 in/under the circumstances 在此种情况下 in/under no circumstances 决不，无论如何都不,7. circumstance n. 环境; 情况 【教材原句】 Recycle cans, bottles, plastic bags and newspapers if circumstances allow you to. 如果情况允许的话, 把罐头盒、瓶子、塑 料袋和报纸回收利用起来。,【辨析】circumstance/environment/surrounding circumstance常用复数, 指和某行动或某件事有关的客观环境和条件, 如时间、地点等； environment一般用单数, 不用复数, 指某人或某物周围的, 并对人或物有影响的环境、条件, 可以指精神的 (如注重道德的环境), 也可指物质的 (如工作环境), 还可以指自然环境 (如空气、水、土等), 或指人为的环境条件 (如经济环境)； surrounding只用复数, 指某人周围的事物或环境, 这些事物与环境对他的思想、感情、修养有一定影响。,【归纳】 glance作动词: glance at / around 匆匆一看，扫视 glance at / down / over / through 浏览，粗 略地看 glance作名词: have / take a quick glance at 匆匆看一眼 at a glance 看一眼, 立刻 at first glance 乍一看,8. glance vi. 看一下；扫视 n. 一瞥,根据括号内的汉语提示补全下列句子。 1) I _ (略略环视一下房间) before I left. 2) _ _ (乍一看，这些画不怎么样), but on closer examination youll find they are not bad at all. 3) Mr. Smith _ (大致看了一下名单) and said nothing. 4) _ (他一眼就能看出) what was wrong with the car.,glanced round the room,At first glance, these paintings dont look,glanced down the list of names,He could tell at a glance,good,9. average adj. 平均的,【教材原句】 The greenhouse effect gives the earths surface the average temperature of 15 . 温室效应使得地球表面的平均气温达到了15。,【拓展】 average作名词时，意为：平均数；平均水平（ 常用短语：on average 平均；above / below average高于/低于平均水平）。如： Each person raised an average of 60 to plant an acre of trees. On average, people who dont smoke are healthier than people who do. Temperatures are above / below average for the time of year.,average作动词时，意为“平均为”。如： Drivers in London can expect to average about 12 miles per hour.,1. e about 发生; 造成 不及物短语 【教材原句】 So how has this e about and does it matter? 那么这种温度的增长是怎么产生的 呢？会产生什么影响呢？,(二)短语,【拓展】 e across (偶然)遇见(或发现) e from 出身于; 来自 e out 出版; 发行; 结果是 e up 上来; 上升; 抬头 e to 来到; 共计; 达到 e true 变成现实; 成为事实,2. go up 上升; 增长; 升起 【教材原句】 It means that more heat energy tends to be trapped in the atmosphere causing the global temperature to go up. 这就意味着更多的热量被困在大气层中, 从而引起全球温度上升。,go up表示升高, 主语常为pressure, temperature等。 e.g. Overnight the temperature went up as high as 30. 表示攀升, 攀爬对象常为stairs, ladder, hill, wall, tree等。 e.g. Since the old lady fell, shes been unable to go up steps.,表示增长, 主语常为prices, expenses, the cost of living等。 e.g. The price of oil is going up again. Why doesnt the government do something about it? 表示被建造, 主语常为buildings, schools, hospitals等。 e.g. New office buildings are going up every- where. 【拓展】 go up to 上升到 go up by 上升了,3. result in 引起; 导致; 造成 【教材原句】 They also agree that it is the burning of more and more fossil fuels that has resulted in this increase in carbon dioxide. 他们还赞同下述观点, 正是由于越来 越多燃烧化石燃料导致了二氧化碳的 增加。,【拓展】 result from. 由造成; 因而产生 as a result of. 由于的结果 as a result 结果 without result 没有结果; 白费,4. even if/though . 即使, 尽管 【教材原句】 Even if we start reducing the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, the climate is going to keep on warming for decades or centuries. 即使我们开始减少二氧化碳和其他温室气体的含量, 在(未来)几十年或几个世纪内, 气候仍会持续转暖。,even if/though用来引导让步状语从 句。注意：主句不能再用but。 【拓展】 even if = even though as if = as though 似乎, 好像 even so 即使如此, 虽然如此,请用even if/though, as if/though或even so填空。 1) He was in great trouble, but he acted _ nothing had happened. 2) I had a terrible headache, but _ I went to school. 3) _ you take a taxi, youll still miss your train.,as if / though,even so,Even if / though,keep on (doing sth.) 继续; 不断(做), 反复(做),【用法】 1) keep on doing sth. 可能有间断, 强调 “反复”和“决心”, 而且常常附加感情 色彩。 2) 与sitting, standing, lying, sleeping等 静态的动词连用时, 只能用keep doing。,5. on the whole 总的说来; 大体上; 基本上 【教材原句】 On the whole the warming of the earth is a phenomenon that causes great concern. 总体上来说, 全球气候变暖是一种引 起广泛关注的现象。,【辨析】whole/all whole作形容词时, 可意为“所有的, 完整 的”。 它与all的区别是, all通常用在冠词、所 有格、物主代词或其他限定词之前, 而 whole通常位于它们的后面。如：all the world, the whole world。,6. on behalf of 代表一方; 作为的代言人 【教材原句】 I am doing a project on behalf of my school about global warming. 我正代表学校做一项关于全球变暖的 课题研究。,【用法】 也可以表达为on ones behalf,7. put up with 忍受, 容忍 【教材原句】 We do not have to put up with pollution. 我们不必去忍受污染。,【联想】 put up with = stand, bear, tolerate,8. so long as = as long as 只要 【教材原句】 It is OK to leave an electrical appliance on so long as you are using it - if not, turn it off! 在用电器设备时你可以让它开着, 如 果不用就把它关掉。,【归纳】 as long asso long as只要, 引导条件状 语从句。 as long as也可以指时间、长度, 意为: 长达; 与一样长; 与一样久。,1. There is no doubt that the earth is being warmer and that it is human activity that has caused this global warming rather than a random but natural phenomenon. 毫无疑问, 地球是在变暖, 而地球变暖正是人类活动导致而成的, 并非是一种无规律的自然现象。,(三)句式,“There is no doubt that . ”句式表示“毫无疑问”。句型使用了倒装结构，that引导的名词性从句作doubt的同位语。,2. It was a scientist called Charles Keeling, who made accurate measurements of the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 1957 to 1997. 有一位名叫查尔斯基林的科学家曾经把1957到1977年期间大气层中二氧化碳的含量作了精确的统计。 “It was . who .”句式表示强调。去掉该成分不影响句子意思的表达, 连接词who没有实际意思。,(四)语法,“it”的用法（二） it在强调句型中的用法 1. it用在强调结构中，可以对句子中除谓语动词以外的成分加以强调。强调句型的基本结构是It is / was +被强调成分+that / who+句子的其余部分, 被强调部分指人时， 用who（强调宾语用whom）或that，指事物时用that。,e.g. It is the newspaper that provides David with money for the research. It was Mr. Black that / who gave Mike this ticket last week. It was your sister that / whom Nancy saw in France last month. It was on Monday night that all of this happened. It was on the bus that I had my cellphone stolen.,2. 强调句型的一般疑问句形式是：Is / Was it+被强调部分+that / who+句子的其余部分。 e.g. Was it on the coast that lots of people disappeared? Is it Mrs. Smith that / who teaches your math?,3. 强调句型的特殊疑问句形式是：疑问词 + is / was it that +句子的其余部分。 e.g. Why is it that everyone thinks he is selfish? What is it that your daughter is most interested in?,4. not . until句型的强调句的形式是：It is / was not until+被强调部分+that+句子的其余部分。 e.g. It is not until I finish my homework that I can go out and play. It was not until I saw Jennifer next morning that I felt happy.,将下面句子改写为强调句（对画线部分内容进 行强调）。 1. He bought a new coat for me. _ 2. The Prime Minister is visiting Japan at the moment. _ _ 3. The first attack started just after midnight. _ _,It was a new coat that he bought for me.,It is The Prime Minister who is visiting Japan at the moment.,It was just after midnight that the first attack started.,4. Wendy had hidden the box under her bed. _ _ 5. The telephone rang when she was about to go to bed. _ _ 6. I did not realize what had happened until the next day _ _,It was under her bed that Wendy had hidden the box.,It was when she was about to go to bed that the telephone rang.,It was not until the next day that I realized what had happened.,(五)写作,如何写英文海报 【写作任务】 假设本月是你校的环境保护月。请你代表英语俱乐部制作一份英文海报，倡导低碳生活，并结合生活实际就保护环境提出至少5条倡议。 注意：词数不限。 _ _ _ _,【写作指导】 海报是人们在日常生活中经常使用的一种张贴形式的应用文。 海报的基本结构及要求： 标题：用简洁、引人注目的语言概括要宣传的主要内容。也可以直接用号召性的语句，还可以添加副标题，对海报的内容加以说明。 正文：力求简明扼要，同时活动的性质、主办单位、时间、地点等内容也要交代清楚。 结尾：要写明发布者名称和日期（也可省去），名称通常写在海报的右下角，发布日期通常放在最后一行。,2. 海报的语言及版面特点： 语言特点：海报属于广告，要求用最短的文字包含最多的信息，多用省略句、缩略语及类似的简洁生动的语言。 版面特点：海报常配有图画来增加吸引力，重要信息常被分行突出，并且在其前面加上粗点、星号等表示强调。,【参考范文】 Time to Live a Low Carbon Life! Our earth is getting warmer; the sea levels are getting higher; the environment is getting worse! Can we help to stop all these problems? Of course! Live a low carbon life! Here are some hot tips for you: Drive less and take a bus if possible. Cycle or walk to school. Bring a cloth bag when shopping; do not use plastic ones.,Plant more trees to help absorb carbon dioxide. Replace paper handkerchiefs with cloth ones. Turn off the electricity after using it. Always remember: your contribution counts! English Club,高考链接,1. (2013辽宁改编) _ behalf of everyone here, I wish you a pleasant journey back to your country. 答案：On 句意：我代表这里的每一个人, 祝您回国 旅途愉快。 on behalf of 代表,2. (2010湖北改编)This restaurant has bee popular for its wide range _ foods that suit all tastes and pockets. 答案：of 句意：这家餐馆出名是由于它的各种各样的食物适应各种口味和消费类型的人群。a range of强调一个系列, 而a wide range of意为“各种各样的”, 正好符合题意。,3. (2011新课标卷改编) I can put _ with the house being untidy, but I hate it if its not clean. 答案：up 句意: 屋子里凌乱些我受得了, 我恨的是屋子里不干净。 put up with 容忍; 忍受,4. (2012江苏改编) Ones life has value _ long as one brings value to the life of others. 答案：as/so as/so long as“只要”，用于引导条件状语从句。 句意：一个人的生命，只要它给别人的生活带来价值，就有价值。one brings value to the life of others和ones life has value之间为条件与结果的关系。,5. (2016天津）You are waiting at a wrong place. It is at the hotel _ the coach picks up tourists. A. who B. which C. where D. that 6.（2015湖南）It was when we were returning home _ I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble. A. which B. that C. where D. how,D,B,7.（2015重庆）Bach died in 1750, but it was not until the early 19th century _ his musical gift was fully recognized. A. while B. though C. that D. after,C,巩固练习,I. 用括号内单词的正确形式填空。 1. The chemicals have been identified as a source of _ (pollute). 2. The panys exports have grown _ (steady) in recent years. 3. The very _ (exist) of the museum is threatened by lack of funding. 4. The drug is effective but has a(n) _ (tend) to cause headaches. 5. As a music _ (educate), I taught in our city schools for many years.,pollution,steadily,existence,tendency,educator,6. Many people are _ (oppose) to the plan of building a motorway through the village. 7. This invention made a major _ (contribute) to road safety. 8. Our pany has a(n) _ (mit) to quality and customer service.,opposed,contribution,mitment,1. The citys police chief says they arrest, _, 300 people each day. 2. Are you going to _ the opera this season? 3. I dont know how he _ their constant plaining.,II. 选用方框内合适的短语并用其正确形式填 空（每个短语限用一次）。,on average,puts up with,e about, even if, go up, on average, on the whole, on behalf of, put up with, result in, so long as, subscribe to,subscribe to,e about, even if, go up, on average, on the whole, on behalf of, put up with, result in, so long as, subscribe to,4. The accident _ the death of two passengers yesterday. 5. Hes determined to prove his innocence, _ he has to go to the highest court in the land. 6. You may use the room as you like _ you clean it up afterwards.,resulted in,so long as,even if,7. Many a quarrel _ through a misunderstanding. 8. Mr. Knight cannot be here, so his wife will accept the prize _ him. 9. Your friends have arrived why dont you _ and say hello? 10. _ were happy living here, but it is a long way away from my parents home.,es about,on behalf of,e about, even if, go up, on average, on the whole, on behalf of, put up with, result in, so long as, subscribe to,go up,On the whole,III. 用强调句式翻译下面句子。 1. 我是在去年通过驾照考试的。 2. 打碎花瓶的人是你吗？ 3. 直到她到家后她才想起约了看医生。,It was last year that I passed my driving test.,Was it you who / that broke the vase?,It wasnt until she had arrived home that she remembered her appointment with the doctor.,4. 昨天的午饭是汤姆做的，对吧？ 5. 我丢了钥匙是因为我的粗心大意。,It was Tom who / that cooked lunch yesterday, wasnt it?,It was because of my carelessness that I lost my keys.,阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容 （1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。 The excess (超额的) carbon dioxide in the atmosphere 1. _ (create) a greener planet, a new NASA study shows. All told, carbon emissions (排放) have fueled greening in an area about twice 2. _ size of the continental United States between 1982 and 2009.,has created,the,Green leafy plants make up 32 percent of Earths surface area. All of those plants use carbon dioxide and sunlight 3. _ (make) sugars grow a process called photosynthesis (光合作用). Past studies have shown that carbon dioxide increases plant growth by 4. _ (increase) the rate of photosynthesis.,to make,increasing,However, 5. _ wasnt clear whether the greening seen in satellite data over recent years could be explained by the sky-high CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere the 6. _ (high) the planet has seen in 500,000 years. After all, rainfall, sunlight, nitrogen in the soil and land-use changes also affect 7. _ well plants grow.,it,highest,how,To find out the causes of planetary greening, 8. _ (research) from around the world analyzed satellite data and concluded that 9. _ (approximate) 70 percent of the greening could be caused by atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. While green shoots may be good, excess CO2 emissions also bring quantities 10. _ more worrisome consequences, such as global warming, melting glaciers, rising sea levels and more dangerous weather. Whats more, the greening may be a temporary change.,researchers,approximately,of,
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