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新视野第三册第六单元Unit 6 Section A How to Prepare for Earthquakes 1Pre-reading 1. 1 Background information At 5: 46 AM , on January 17,1995, a magnitude7.2 earthquake occurred around Kobe City in Japan. The earthquake magnitude was defined by the Japan Meteorological Agency(J MA). The earthquake was named “the 1995 South Hyogo Prefecture Earthquake” by JMA. It was also referred to as “ the Great Hanshin Earthquake Disaster” by the Japanese government .Richter scale: 里氏规模震级2. While-reading 2. 1 Global reading2.1.1 Understand the major details of the text 1 )What have the scientists done in Japan in order to detect movement?They have wired the Earth and sea to detect movement.2) How are most of people who die in earthquakes killed?They are killed by falling buildings.3) What should be a major emphasis for all government programs and earthquake-related research project? Education concerning how to survive an earthquake.2.1.2 Understand organization of the text1)Main idea of the textEarthquake can cause great destruction. Many measures can be taken to reduce earthquake hazards. This essay focuses on earthquake prediction, prevention and preparation.2) Text structure analysis Part One (Para. 1) How to predict when an earthquake is going to happen.People can predict earthquake by watching the abnormal behaviors of animals or detecting the changes of the earth or measuring the amount of radon element in the water. Part Two (Para.2) How to prevent the great destruction of property caused by earthquakes.Architects design new building structures to withstand the power of earthquake.Part Three (Para.3-6) How to prepare for the possibility of a great earthquake. People can check and reinforce their homes regularly, have survival supplies at home, keep a fire extinguisher and some other proper tools handy and even develop an earthquake emergency plan. Part four ( Para 7) Conclusion Even if prediction becomes possible, people still have to do their best to prevent disasters by improving building structures and by being personally prepared2. 2 Detail reading 2. 2. 1 Words and phrases 1) detect ( L.3 ) 在死者的胃里发现了少量的毒药。Small quantities of poison were detected in the dead mans stomach.( v. discover)我察觉到他的态度有微妙的变化。I detected a slight change in his attitude.2 ) watchfor ( L.4 )They have been _留意报纸上有关他们改进后的新产品的消息。watching thepapers for news about their new improved product.( v. look at or observe sth for)词语辨析：Youll catch cold if you dont _: you need a warmer coat than that.A) watch for B)watch out C) watch over D)watch on (Key: B)3) withstand ( L.17 ) The troops were too weak to _抵挡不住下一次进攻。 withstand another attack.（vt. bear or not be changed by (sth) or opposed ( a person or thing) successfully） He managed to stay in power for over five years, _顶住各方对他的批评以及要他离开的压力。withstanding all the criticism and the pressure on him to leave.4) enclose ( L.28) 围住院子的篱笆被漆成白色的。The fence that enclosed the house was painted white. （ vt. surround）I enclose herewith a cheque for 200 US dollars. (vt. 附寄) 兹附上200 美元的支票。5) attach to （ L.31 ） 机场的工作人员把标签贴在乘客的行李上。The workers at the airport attach labels to the luggage of the passengers.(vt. fasten or join sth to sth) 这个机构隶属于得克萨斯州大学。This institution is attached to the University of Texas.(vt. cause oneself to join as a member of)6) alternative ( L.44) You have_选择战斗或者被俘。 the alternative of fighting or being taken prisoner. (n. choice )We had no money ,so we_ 除了呆在家里别无选择，had no alternative but to stay at no alternative to staying at home, did we?温故知新：Home computers will enable you to answer interactive questions about your health and show the alternative results should you act in a certain way.（Book 1-Unit 9 A）家用电脑可以让你通过交互方式回答有关你健康状况的问题，还会告诉你你的某种行为方式会带来哪些不同的结果。7）sensible ( L.55) This was the most _合理的安排；sensible arrangement; it was more fun than cure. ( a. based on or acting on good judgment and practical ideas or understanding)预防总是比治疗更明智，而且花费更少。Prevention is always more sensible and less costly than cure.词语辨析: During the process, great care has to be taken to protect the _silk from damage.A. sensitiveB. tenderC. delicateD. sensible ( key: C )8) occurrence (L.63)We may reduce _50% 的癌症的发生。the occurrence of cancer by fifty per cent. ( n. the fact of sth. happening )A storm is an unusual occurrence at this time of the year. 在一年的这个时候，下暴风雨是少有的事。（ n. incident ; happening ）词语辨析On New Years Eve, New York City holds an outdoor _which attracts a crowd of a million or more people.A. incidentB. eventC. occurrenceD. affair( Key: B)9）resistant (L.64). The majority of the people at the meeting _ 都反对这建议。were resistant to the proposal.(a. offering resistance) No one has come up with an idea _如何改进植物使它们更能够抗病的方法。as to how to improve plants to make them more resistant to disease. water-resistant 防水的; heat-resistant 防热的; bullet-resistant 防弹的10) precaution ( L.64 ) The doctor advised us to_采取措施以防止感冒。 take every precaution so as not to catch cold.（ n.防备措施）我们已采取一切可以采取的措施以防止画被偷盗。We have taken all the precautions we can against the painting being stolen.词语搭配: take a precaution against11) make a difference ( L.65 ) Your support will certainly make a difference in our cause. 你的支持肯定会对我们的事业起重要的作用。( have an effect on sb. or sth. )词语辨析: make no difference ( be not important )It makes no difference to us if the baby is a girl or a boy.2. 2. 2 Sentence patterns 1）Typical patterns for reasoning原句: After all, most of the people who die in earthquakes are killed by falling buildings. Therefore, building structures that can withstand the power of earthquakes is a major concern. 要知道，多数在地震中丧生的人都是被倒塌的建筑物砸死的。所以，建造具有抗震能力的楼房结构成为关注的重点。 (L. 15)提炼：After all, (理由) Therefore, is a major concern / emphasis. (观点) 要知道毕竟，所以，是关注的重点。应用：要知道，吸烟对人体的健康造成很大的伤害， 所以如何采取有效的措施号召大众戒烟是政府关注的重点。After all, smoking does great harm to our health. Therefore, how to take effective measures to call on people to give up smoking is the governments major concern.2. 3 1Writing1 在我们的生活中人人都渴望成功。The desire for. is universal. In contrast, without2 取得成功的因素：目标，勤奋，能力，知识. How tothen? First,Second,. Finally,3 你准备如何做。As for me,. So, I can SuccessThe desire for success is universal. Especially nowadays , the possession of success is regarded by nearly everyone as the source of joy and self-confidence. Only with the help of success can you expect to see scientific, cultural and social development of human being. In contrast, without success, you cannot imagine what life itself would be like.How to succeed, then? First, you ambition and ideal lead you to success. Without them no great achievements can come about. Second, you must make best use of limited time to learn unlimited knowledge. Finally, you must work hard and get prepared to meet opportunities as they duly arrive. Because when an opportunity comes, it brings a promise but never realize it on its own.As for me, I have always been taking care to choose a goal and a right path before anything important. Then I will work hard and perseveringly. So, I have made some achievements and I will do better. 2. 3. 2 Devices for Developing Paragraphs The essay focuses on one central theme: earthquake prediction , prevention and preparation. One dominant writing technique that runs through the essay is a generally statement supported by details. Take the second paragraph for example: A general statement: People would also like to be able to prevent the great destruction of property by earthquake.Details :1) Many new structures are built with an I-joint, which appears to be the most durable type of joint. These joints of steel can move without breaking.2) Architects design buildings so that the buildings columns and horizontal beams are of equal strength, and vertical support columns are inserted deep into solid soil.3) Many new houses have relatively light roofs and strong walls.4).Concrete pillars for highway bridges that previously only had steel rods inside are now enclosed in steel.3. Post-reading 3. 1 Useful expressions 1) 留意 watchfor 2)经得起严峻的考验 withstand severe tests 3) 合资企业 a joint venture 4)隶属于 be attached to 5)明智的决定 a sensible decision 6)防水的 water- resistant 7)采取措施 take a precaution against 8)手提式电脑 a portable computer 9) 函内附件 the enclosed 10) 内阁成员 a cabinet member3. 2 Summary writing Since earthquakes may cause great destruction, we need to learn how to (1)_them quickly. Animals always give us (2)_. For example, before an earthquake hens would not enter their cages; rats run out from their hiding places and march fearlessly through houses; even normally quiet dogs bark in chorus all over town. Pigeons are (3)_noisy and fly in unusual patterns. And most (4)_is a chemical change in ground water before a quake.To prevent destruction of (5)_, the architects design columns and horizontal beams of equal strength. (6)_ the efforts to improve building structures , people also should prepare their houses for the(7)_ of a great earthquake. It is (8)_ to check and (9) _ their homes regularly. And remember to place heavy objects in low positions, attach cupboards and cabinets (10)_ walls, and so on. All these precautions can make a great (11)_in saving lives and preventing the loss of homes.Key 1 detect 2 warnings 3 especially 4 noticeable 5 property 6 Besides 7 possibility 8 advisable 9 reinforce 10 to 11 difference 3. 3 Assignments 1) Finish all the exercises related to Section A of Unit 6. 2) Preview Section B, including reading skills, the passage and the related exercises.3) Oral exercise: paragraph recitationUnit 6 Section B Changes in the Balance of Nature 1. Reading skill Scanning involves searching for details or isolated facts (see Unit 1) whereas skimming is to read quickly in order to get the general idea of a passage. Skimming requires the reader to note only information and clues which provide an idea of the central theme or topic of a piece of writing. When you skim, you read only selected sentences in order to get the main idea. You should also use textual clues such as italicized or underlined words, headlines or subtitles, spacing, paragraphing, etc. Do not read every word or sentence. Once you have a general idea about an article you may decide to read the entire selection carefully, or only to scan for specific pieces of information in order to answer questions which have occurred to you. When you skim, you probably have to move your eyes faster than when you scan although the same steps of reading are involved. Of course, the key step is to decide what information you want to know, and then try to skim for it. The following are some examples from Passage A in this unit to explain how to skim for the particular information that a reader is interested in 2 Examples Example 1After having a brief look at the title of the reading passage, you might want to know: Where shall I find the information about earthquake prediction, prevention and preparation? To skim for the places for the information in question, the reader actually just needs to read the first sentence of each paragraph in the text. Sentence 1, Paragraph 1 tells him/her that this is the place for information about earthquake prediction; Sentence 1, Paragraph 2 for information about earthquake prevention; the first sentence of Paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 6 for information about preparation against earthquake. Example 2 After reading two paragraphs, you might want to know: How should people get prepared for an earthquake? Since the reader now knows where to get the information about earthquake preparation, he/she may move his/her eyes very quickly down these relevant (有关的) paragraphs, skimming for the answer, which is offered as follows: 1. regularly check and reinforce their homes; (Para. 3) 2. have supplies of water and food at home and at work; (Para. 4) 3. keep a fire extinguisher handy, etc.; (Para. 5) 4. have earthquake emergency plans. (Para. 6) 3 Text reading 1）in accordance with (L.4) 言与行应该一致。Deeds should be in accordance with words. (n. in agreement ot harmony with)I very much wanted to continue with my studies _.但得依照父母的意愿先结婚。but had to get married first in accordance with my parents wishes.2）rotate (L.7) 地球绕着太阳运行。The sun rotates around the sun. （ v. move in circles round a central point）主持会议的工作轮流做，但会议日程包括一系列议题。The job of chairing the meeting rotates, but the agenda includes a fixed list of topics. ( v takes turns in a particular order)3）take to (L.16) When he learned of the usefulness of foreign languages, _就开始以极大的热情学习英语。he took to studying English with great zeal.(v. begin to do (sth) as a practice, habit, etc)他看上去是那么可爱的一个孩子， 我立刻就喜欢上了他。He seemed such a lovely child; I took to him immediately.(v. like )4) in terms of (L.20) 从钱的角度来说，这份工作并不是有利可图的，但是我从中获得了经验。_The work is not profitable in terms of cash, but I am getting valuable experience from it.( with regard to; concerning; frompoint of view)在人力方面， 我们处于不利的地位。We are quite at a disadvantage in terms of manpower.5)out of proportion to (L.22) He was fined 1,000$ for spitting. _罚金与过错的严重程度太不成比例了。the fine was out of all proportion to the seriousness of the offence.( too large , serious, important, etc. in relation to sth.)6）renew (L.38)每年春天树木都长出新叶子。The trees renew their leaves every spring.( vt. replace(sth) with sth . new of the same kind.)Her love and care moved his heart _并使他逐渐恢复了健康。and renew his health gradually.( vt. put new life or vigor into (sb/sth)My car license has to be_(办理延期手续) in July.。renewed (vt. extend the period of time)7) be opposed to (L.47)他们强烈反对发展核武器。They are strongly opposed to the development of nuclear weapons.( disapprove strongly)8) accelerate (L.48) 严重的乱砍滥伐加快了水土流失， 降低了生产力。Severe deforestation has accelerated soil erosion and reduced productivity.(vt. make (sth.) happen faster or sooner)The traffic had been slightly congested there _.我不可能把车加速到每小时30 英里。and I couldnt have accelerated to thirty miles an hour.( move more quickly)9) exceed (L.52) According to the estimate of some government officials, _自从1988年初以来，国内市场供大于求。supply has exceeded demand in the domestic market since the beginning of 1988.( vt. be greater than or go beyond(a certain limit)10) retain (L.57)He knew he was dying and _.直到最后一刻都保持着自己的尊严。retained his dignity to the end.(vt. keep or continue to have)农民们修建了一座蓄水大堤。The farmers have built dyke to retain the water.(vt, hold in place)11) abuse (L.65) 如果这些权利被滥用，那他很快就会变成独裁者。If these powers are abused, they could quickly turn him into a dictator.(vt. make bad or wrong use of sth)_那对残忍的夫妻经常虐待小朱丽叶and refused to give her enough food. That cruel couple often abused little Julia.( vt. treat sb badly)Never before has there been such open abuse of power by those who are supposed to set standards for the people. 以前从来就没有出现过这种公开滥用职权的现象，而滥用职权的 人是为人们制定行为规范的人。( n. wrong or bad use of sth)12）live with (L.66) 人越活越老是个很难叫人接受的事实。It can be hard to live with the fact that you are getting older.( learn to accept sth. unpleasant)13)be ignorant of The doctor thought that the young girl_(对一无所知) that she had cancer, but she wasnt. was ignorant of the fact ( know little or nothing)2. Revision1 Multiple choice 1) Some of these diseases are becoming more and more_ to medicines; they are difficult to cure. A. activeB .resistant C. toughD. gradual2) The equipment was strong and designed to_ heavy use under harsh working conditions with minimum maintenance. A. adapt B .withdraw C. withstand D. shade3) If a man is easily taken in by emotional traps, he will not be able to make _ judgments. A. sensitiveB. sentimental C .sensibleD. sensational4) I _some money, which you may need for your expenses. A. encloseB. contain C .reserve D. invest5) There are certain _women should take during pregnancy, for instance, avoiding certain foods and being careful about contact with animals. A. sanctionB. precautions C. shield D. shelter6) The ships generator broke down, and the pumps had to be operated _instead of mechanically. A . manually B. artificially C. automatically D. synthetically7). According to the weather _, its going to be fine today. A. predictionB. indication C. provisionD. forecast8). Vehicle theft is a common _which has a direct impact on over four million victims a year. A arrivalB proportion C scale D occurrence9) At first he was strongly opposed _his daughter marrying the young man, but in the end he gave his consent. A. of B. against C. on D. to10). The computer can predict changes with a surprising degree of _. A. frequency B. accuracy C. emergency D. efficiency11)During the process , great care has to be taken to protect the _silk from damage. A. sensitive B. tender C. delicate D. sensible12). As the plane was getting ready to take off, we all _ our seat belts. A. tiedB. locked C. fastenedD. closed13). Professor Collins was _ of the latest developments in physics because he had been in hospital for several months. A. unconsciousB. negative C. robbed D. ignorant14). It has been revealed that some government leaders _ their authority and position to get illegal profits for themselves. A. employB. take C. abuseD. overlook15). It is the development strategy of the company to_ its overseas expansion so as to take a slice in the world market. A. accomplish B. accelerate C. accumulateD. account16) These days, people who do _ work often receive far more money than people who work in offices. A. survival B. mental C. restlessD. manual17). Within two or three years, springs come back to life, wildlife returns and crops_ A. flourishB. fade C. .stem D. cultivate18). We rarely perceive more than a minute _ of the sights and sounds that fall upon our sense organs; the great majority pass us by. A. fictionB. function C. fractionD. fragment19). How to _the technical talents in the company remains an important issue for the management of the company. A. sustain B. contain C. maintain D. retain 20). Dont drive so fast. You will be fined if you _ the speed limit. A. break B. reject C. suspendD. exceed21). The government appealed for_, insisting the crisis could be resolved without the use of force. A. limitationB. interest C. restrictionD. restraint22). When Jack was eighteen he _ going around with a strange set of people and staying out very late. A. took toB. took in C. took upD. took on23). Which is the most expensive _ training equipment, players personal equipment and uniforms? A. in place of B. in terms of C. by means ofD. by way of24). The survival of civilization, as we know, is _ threat. A. within B. under C. towardsD. uponKey: 1-10 B C C A B, A D D D B11-20 C C D C B , D A C D D 21
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