高中英语冲刺班9

非谓语动词及独立主格结构非谓语动词及独立主格结构【考点内容解读及突破方法】【考点内容解读及突破方法】主要考查的知识点：主要考查的知识点： v-ing、不定式作宾语的区别。、不定式作宾语的区别。 非谓语动词作宾补的区别。非谓语动词作宾补的区别。 非谓语动词作状语的区别。非谓语动词作状语的区别。 非谓语动词作定语时的区别。非谓语动词作定语时的区别。 非谓语动词的时态、语态、否定式和复合结非谓语动词的时态、语态、否定式和复合结构。构。重点复习：重点复习： 识别非谓语动词在句中的成分，不定式、识别非谓语动词在句中的成分，不定式、v-ing形式、过去分词各自所作的成分是不同的。形式、过去分词各自所作的成分是不同的。 识记哪些动词只能接不定式作宾语，哪些识记哪些动词只能接不定式作宾语，哪些动词只能接动名词作宾语，哪些动词接不定式或动动词只能接动名词作宾语，哪些动词接不定式或动名词作宾语没有太大区别，哪些动词接不定式和动名词作宾语没有太大区别，哪些动词接不定式和动名词作宾语区别很大，哪些动词接带名词作宾语区别很大，哪些动词接带to的不定式作的不定式作宾语补足语，哪些动词接不带宾语补足语，哪些动词接不带to的不定式作宾语补的不定式作宾语补足语。足语。 havegetmake等动词所接的宾语补语等动词所接的宾语补语的选用。的选用。 非谓语动词作状语和状语从句的联系和区非谓语动词作状语和状语从句的联系和区别。别。 突破方法：突破方法： 解此类题时，可用解此类题时，可用“三步曲三步曲”：第一步要根据：第一步要根据语法知识弄清句子结构，看选项作何成分，结合搭语法知识弄清句子结构，看选项作何成分，结合搭配和句式习惯确定是何种非谓语动词形式；第二步，配和句式习惯确定是何种非谓语动词形式；第二步，根据非谓语动词所表示的动作与句子谓语的动作发根据非谓语动词所表示的动作与句子谓语的动作发生的先后确定用何种非谓语动词的时态；第三步，生的先后确定用何种非谓语动词的时态；第三步，按照非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系确定语态，如按照非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系确定语态，如果逻辑主语不是句子的主语，那就可判断要么是状果逻辑主语不是句子的主语，那就可判断要么是状语从句，要么是独立主格结构。语从句，要么是独立主格结构。【知识归纳拓展】【知识归纳拓展】 在在feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, have, let, make等词后的补足语中等词后的补足语中(主动语态主动语态中中), 不定式不带不定式不带to。但是这些句子如果变成被动结。但是这些句子如果变成被动结构构 时时,就必须带就必须带to。 例如：例如：I often hear him sing the song. He is often heard to sing the song.2. 不定式动词在介词不定式动词在介词but, except, besides后面时后面时, 如果这些介词之前有行为动词如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式的各种形式,那那 么么,这些介词后的不定式不带这些介词后的不定式不带to,否则要带否则要带to。 如：如：She could do nothing but cry. What do you like to do besides swim? I have no choice but to go.3. 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式或者不定式 所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具 等等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。例如：不定式后面须有相应的介词。例如： He is looking for a room to live in. There is nothing to worry about. Please give me a knife to cut with.4. 常用不定式作宾语的动词：常用不定式作宾语的动词：afford、promise、 refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、 wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、 like、prefer、decide、manage、try、 arrange、determine、desire等。等。下列动词后可接疑问词下列动词后可接疑问词+不定式：不定式：teach、decide、wonder、show、learn、forget、ask、find、out、advise、discuss等。等。动词动词+ sb. +不定式：不定式：allow, advise, forbid, permit.We dont allow smoking here. We dont allow students to smoke.5. 不定式的替代。不定式的替代。 多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或主补，宾补的不定式再次出现时，重复，作宾语或主补，宾补的不定式再次出现时，to后的实义常承前省略后的实义常承前省略(只保留只保留to即可即可)。但如果承。但如果承前省略的不定式有助动用的前省略的不定式有助动用的have或或be任何形式，任何形式，后应该保留原形后应该保留原形be或或have。如：。如： Susan is not what she used to be. - You came late last night. You ought to have finished your homework. - I know I ought to have.常见的有：常见的有：Id like / love / be happy to.6. 用动名词作宾语用动名词作宾语,但不能用不定式作宾语的动词：但不能用不定式作宾语的动词： mind, escape, imagine, miss, enjoy, insist, practice, keep, excuse, consider, admit, appreciate, avoid, finish, forgive, delay, suggest, resist, risk等。等。(谐音记忆法谐音记忆法)7. 接动名词和不定式做宾语接动名词和不定式做宾语,但意义有区别的动词：但意义有区别的动词： remember to do(记住要干记住要干), remember doing(记住做过记住做过); forget to do(忘记要做忘记要做), forget doing(忘记做过了忘记做过了); regret to tell / say / reform, regret doing(后悔做过后悔做过); go on to do(继续做另一件事继续做另一件事), go on doing(继续做同一件事继续做同一件事); stop to do(停止去做不同的事停止去做不同的事), stop doing(停止做同一件事停止做同一件事); try to do(尽最大努力干尽最大努力干), try doing(试着又干试着又干); mean to do (有意干有意干), mean doing(意味着意味着).8. 动词动词need, require, want作作“需要需要”解解,其后跟动其后跟动 词作它的宾语时词作它的宾语时,若表示的含义是被动的若表示的含义是被动的,必须用必须用 动名词动名词,或不定式的被动式。例如：或不定式的被动式。例如： The window needs (requires, wants) cleaning (to be cleaned).9. 在短语在短语devote to, look forward to, pay attention to, stick to, be used to, object to,等等 后的后的to是介词是介词,其后必须用动名词形式。其后必须用动名词形式。 10. 过去分词作状语时，通常可相当于时间、原过去分词作状语时，通常可相当于时间、原 因、条件等状语从句。因、条件等状语从句。 (1)转换问题：过去分词作状语表示原因、时间、转换问题：过去分词作状语表示原因、时间、 条件、让步、方式等时，可以分别转换成相应条件、让步、方式等时，可以分别转换成相应 的状语从句。例如：的状语从句。例如： (As he was) Helped by his teacher and classmates, he made rapid progress. (原因原因) The building, shaken by the earthquake, fell down in the night. = The building fell down in the night after / because it was shaken by the earthquake. (时间或原因时间或原因)(If we are) United, we stand: (if we are) divided, we fall. (条件条件)(Even though we were) Defeated, we were still in high spirits. (让步让步)He sat there reading for the whole morning as if (he was) tied to the chair. (方式方式)表示伴随状况时，多可转换为并列结构或并列句。表示伴随状况时，多可转换为并列结构或并列句。例如：例如：He sat there under the tree, lost in deep thought. = He sat there under the tree and waslost in deep thought.(2)与现在分词的比较：过去分词作状语时，与现在与现在分词的比较：过去分词作状语时，与现在 分词的区别：主、被动意义不同。分词的区别：主、被动意义不同。 及物动词的过去分词含有被动意义，而其现在分及物动词的过去分词含有被动意义，而其现在分 词则含有主动意义。试比较如下：词则含有主动意义。试比较如下： Followed by the students，the teacher came into the room. Following the students，the teacher came into the room. Disappointed by his disappointing son，he looked very sad.(3)过去分词作状语需特别注意的两个问题。过去分词作状语需特别注意的两个问题。 有时可使用有时可使用“连词连词+过去分词过去分词”的结构作状语，的结构作状语，这这 实质上就是状语从句的省略。如：实质上就是状语从句的省略。如： If (I am) given any English books, I will send one to you. Once (it is) seen, it will never be forgotten. After (he was) shot in the leg, he couldnt run any more.(4)用分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主用分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主 语是一致的，否则，就应使用状语从句、独立语是一致的，否则，就应使用状语从句、独立 主格结构、主格结构、with的复合结构或调整句子的主的复合结构或调整句子的主 语。例如：语。例如：例例1【误】【误】Given more help, the project will be completed earlier. 【正】【正】If we are given more help, the project will be completed earlier. (状状 语从句语从句) 【正】【正】Given more help, we will complete the project earlier. (调整主语调整主语)例例2【误】【误】Broken his leg, he couldnt go to school. 【正】【正】His leg broken, he couldnt go to school. (独立主格结构独立主格结构) 【正】【正】Having broken his leg, he couldnt go to school. (现在分词现在分词) 【正】【正】He couldnt go to school with his leg broken. (with的复合结构的复合结构)(5)分词作状语常见错误例析。分词作状语常见错误例析。 从山顶望去，公园显得非常美丽。从山顶望去，公园显得非常美丽。 【误】【误】Seeing from the top of the hill, the park looks very beautiful. 【正】【正】Seen from the top of the hill, the park looks very beautiful. 【析】使用分词作状语时有一条原则必须遵循：【析】使用分词作状语时有一条原则必须遵循：分词的逻辑主语应当与句子的主语保持一致。分词的逻辑主语应当与句子的主语保持一致。park显然不能作显然不能作Seeing的逻辑主语，故需改成过去分的逻辑主语，故需改成过去分词词Seen。 我由于不知道她的地址，没法和她联系。我由于不知道她的地址，没法和她联系。【误】【误】Not knowing her address, so I cant get in touch with her.【正】【正】Not knowing her address, I cant get in touch with her.【析】这是一个含有分词短语作原因状语的简单句，【析】这是一个含有分词短语作原因状语的简单句，因此在句中不可再加并列连词因此在句中不可再加并列连词so。 由于天黑，她不敢单独外出。由于天黑，她不敢单独外出。【误】【误】Being dark, she didnt dare to go out alone.【正】【正】It being dark, she didnt dare to go out alone.【析】分词作状语，应与句子主语有主动或被动的【析】分词作状语，应与句子主语有主动或被动的关系。若无联系，就需在分词前另加一逻辑主语，关系。若无联系，就需在分词前另加一逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。再如：构成独立主格结构。再如：The rain having stopped, they decided to set off at once.雨停了，他们决定马上动身。雨停了，他们决定马上动身。Lets go skating tonight, weather permitting.如果天气允许，咱们今天晚上去滑冰。如果天气允许，咱们今天晚上去滑冰。11.表示人的心理感受的动词的现在分词与过去分表示人的心理感受的动词的现在分词与过去分 词。词。(1)表示人的心理感受的动词，如：表示人的心理感受的动词，如：please, delight, satisfy, inspire, encourage, excite, interest, move, frighten, surprise, astonish, puzzle, disappoint, discourage, tire等词，其动词含等词，其动词含 义为义为“让人让人”(2)这些词的这些词的-ing和和-ed均可视为形容词。均可视为形容词。 -ing“让人让人的的”一般修饰物；一般修饰物；-ed“的的”一般说明人。一般说明人。 例：例：We are interested in these interesting books. 当修饰人的表情、眼神、眼泪、声音时要用当修饰人的表情、眼神、眼泪、声音时要用-ed形式。形式。 例：例：Her frightened face showed us what had happened to her family.12.独立主格结构：独立结构中独立主格结构：独立结构中doing (done)的逻辑的逻辑 主语是它前面的名词或代词。主语是它前面的名词或代词。(1)独立主格结构的构成独立主格结构的构成 名词或代词分词名词或代词分词/不定式不定式/形容词形容词/副词副词/介词短介词短语构成。语构成。 独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，所以在语法上独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，所以在语法上不是句子。不是句子。 独立主格结构在句中起方式、时间、条件等状独立主格结构在句中起方式、时间、条件等状语或状语从句的作用。语或状语从句的作用。 独立主格结构前可用独立主格结构前可用with变成变成with名词名词/代词代词分词分词/形容词形容词/副词副词/介词短语的复合结构，在句中介词短语的复合结构，在句中也可作定语。也可作定语。(2) (with)名词名词/代词分词代词分词(doing或或done)结构结构 这种结构的功能相似于分词或分词短语作状语，这种结构的功能相似于分词或分词短语作状语，分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语，而独立结构中分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语，而独立结构中doing (done)的逻辑主语是它前面的名词或代词。的逻辑主语是它前面的名词或代词。若名词若名词/代词是动作的发出者，则用代词是动作的发出者，则用doing；若为动；若为动作承受者，则用作承受者，则用done。如：。如： Miss Gao falling ill, Mr. Wang took her class instead. =Because Miss Gao fell ill, Mr. Wang took her class instead. All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours. =If all things are considered, her paper is of greater value than yours. He lay in bed with his head covered. (方式方式 状语状语) 他躺在床上，盖着头。他躺在床上，盖着头。 He lay on his back, his teeth set, his right hand clenched on his breast and his glaring eyes looking straight upward. 他仰卧着，他的牙齿紧咬，他的右手紧握在胸他仰卧着，他的牙齿紧咬，他的右手紧握在胸 前，他的眼睛直盯着上面。前，他的眼睛直盯着上面。【体验高考】【体验高考】1. (06全国卷全国卷I 32) _ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize.A. Surprising B. SurprisedC. Being surprised D. To be surprising答案与简析答案与简析 选选B 过去分词做状语。过去分词做状语。2. (06全国卷全国卷II 17) We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, _ that all children like these things.A. thinking B. thinkC. to think D. thought答案与简析答案与简析 选选A 现在分词短语做伴随状语。现在分词短语做伴随状语。3. (06北京卷北京卷28) There have been several new events _ to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.A. add B. to addC. adding D. added答案与简析答案与简析 选选D 过去分词短语做定语过去分词短语做定语,表被动。表被动。4. (06北京卷北京卷35) I cant stand _ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _ talking while she works.A. working; stopping B. to work; stoppingC. working; to stop D. to work; to stop答案与简析答案与简析 选选C cant stand “不能忍受不能忍受”后接后接动名词做宾语动名词做宾语, refuse后只接不定式做宾语。后只接不定式做宾语。5. (06上海春上海春29) The parents suggested _ in the hotel room but their kids were anxious to camp out during the trip.A. sleep B. to sleep C. sleeping D. having slept答案与简析答案与简析 选选C suggest “建议建议”后接后接doing或或that + S + (should) do.6. (05江苏卷江苏卷) _ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police. A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing答案与简析答案与简析 选选B 取过去分词作状语表示被动和完取过去分词作状语表示被动和完成。成。7. (05天津天津) You should understand the traffic rule by now. Youve had it _ often enough. A. explaining B. to explainC. explain D. explained答案与简析答案与简析 选选D had sth. done让某事被做让某事被做/让让(别人别人)做做 。8. (05北京北京) The prize of the game show is $ 30,000 and an all expenses _ vacation to China.A. paying B. paidC. to be paid D. being paid答案与简析答案与简析 选选B 过去分词作定语。过去分词作定语。9. (05天津天津) I couldnt do my homework with all that noise _.A. going on B. goes onC. went on D. to go on答案与简析答案与简析 选选A with的复合结构的复合结构withnoise现在分词，由于现在分词，由于noise是动作发出者。是动作发出者。10. (上海春季卷上海春季卷) Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage _ the girl and took her away, _ into the woods.A. seizing; disappearedB. seized; disappearedC. seizing; disappearingD. seized; disappearing答案与简析答案与简析 选选D seized是动词过去式与是动词过去式与took作作并列的谓语；并列的谓语；disappear的逻辑主语是的逻辑主语是a tall man故用现在分词故用现在分词disappearing作伴随状语。作伴随状语。【能力锤炼】【能力锤炼】1. - Good morning. Can I help you? - Id like to have this package _, madam.A. be weighed B. to be weighedC. to weigh D. weighed答案与简析答案与简析 D have sth. done表示被动。表示被动。2. Most of the artists _ to the party were from south Africa. A. invited B. to inviteC. being invited D. had been invited答案与简析答案与简析 A 过去分词短语作后置定语。过去分词短语作后置定语。3. _with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean doesnt seem big at all. (04湖北湖北)A. Compare B. When comparing C. Comparing D. When compared答案与简析答案与简析 D 状语从句的省略状语从句的省略When (the biggest ocean is) compared with the size of the whole earth, 4. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company， _as 3M. (04浙江高考浙江高考)A. knowing B. knownC. being known D. to be known答案与简析答案与简析 B known的逻辑主语是的逻辑主语是Company，过去分词短语作定语，修饰过去分词短语作定语，修饰company。5. When first _ to the market, these products enjoyed great success. (04四川高考四川高考)A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced答案与简析答案与简析 B 这足一个省略结构，这足一个省略结构，productsintroduce之问是动宾关系，所以用过去分词，相之问是动宾关系，所以用过去分词，相当于当于When these products were introduced to the market6. “we cant go out in this weather, ” said Bob, _out of the window. (04四川高考四川高考)A. looking B. to lookC. looked D. having looked答案与简析答案与简析 A Bob与与look之间是主谓关系，所之间是主谓关系，所以用现在分词作伴随状语。以用现在分词作伴随状语。 7. The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it. (02NMET) A. begins B. having begunC. beginning D. begun答案与简析答案与简析 D 本题考查的是过去分词作条件状本题考查的是过去分词作条件状语时的用法。在这儿语时的用法。在这儿once begun可换成可换成once it is begun，故最佳答案是，故最佳答案是D项。项。8. When _, the museum will be open to the public next year. (02上海春上海春)A. completed B. completingC. being completed D. to be completed答案与简析答案与简析 A complete与与museum是动宾关系，是动宾关系，要用过去分同要用过去分同completed作状语，表示被动。意思作状语，表示被动。意思是是“当这座博物馆建成以后，将在明年向公众正式当这座博物馆建成以后，将在明年向公众正式开放开放”。9. _ time, hell make a first-class tennis player. (03北京北京)A. Having given B. To giveC. Giving D. Given答案与简析答案与简析 D 句中主语句中主语he与与give之间存在着被之间存在着被动关系，故需用过去分词短语作状语。动关系，故需用过去分词短语作状语。10. _ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. (96年年NMET)A. Losing B. Having lostC. Lost D. To lose 答案与简析答案与简析 C 此题是对过去分词作伴随状语的此题是对过去分词作伴随状语的考查，也可理解为原因状语。考查，也可理解为原因状语。“陷入沉思陷入沉思”为为be lost in thought。A、B、D三项与主语是主动关系，三项与主语是主动关系，故排作。故排作。11. _ in 1936, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States. (00上海上海)A. Being founded B. It was foundedC. Founded D. Founding答案与简析答案与简析 C 由句中由句中Harvard前的逗号及句中没前的逗号及句中没有并列连词可知，逗号前不是一个完整句子，排除有并列连词可知，逗号前不是一个完整句子，排除B，句子主语，句子主语Harvard应该是应该是“被建被建”，再由过去，再由过去时间状语时间状语in 1936可知本题选可知本题选C。12. _ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. (00北京春北京春)A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given答案与简析答案与简析 A 此处的此处的Given作介词，表作介词，表“考虑到；考虑到；鉴于；假如鉴于；假如”，可接名词或，可接名词或that从句。本句意为从句。本句意为“鉴于他的健康状况，手术后康复还需要一段时鉴于他的健康状况，手术后康复还需要一段时间。间。”又如：又如：Given her interest in children (=Given that she is interested in childen), Im sure teaching is the right work for her.考虑到她考虑到她喜欢孩子，我可以肯定，教书是适合她的工作。喜欢孩子，我可以肯定，教书是适合她的工作。【真题演练】【真题演练】1. (2003上海上海35) Friendship is like money: easier made than _.A. kept B. to be keptC. keeping D. being kept2. (2004全国卷一全国卷一28) Sarah, hurry up. Im afraid you wont have time to _ before the party.A. get changed B. get changeC. get changing D. get to changeAA3. (2004全国卷三全国卷三22) Helen had to shout _ above the sound of the music.A. making herself hearB. to make herself hearC. making herself heardD. to make herself heard4. (2004全国卷三全国卷三31) Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _ in your mind instead of before your eyes.A. to form B. formC. forming D. having formedDC5. (江西卷江西卷29) After he became conscious, he remembered _ and _ on the head with a rodA. to attack; hit B. to be attacked; to be hitC. attacking; be hit D. having been attacked; hit6. (2004江苏江苏31) The old man, _ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.A. to work B. workingC. to have worked D. having workedDD7. (2004上海上海34) The flowers _ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.A. to smell B. smellingC. smelt D. to be smelt8. (06浙江卷浙江卷18) It remains _ whether Jimll be fit enough to play in the finals.A. seen B. to be seenC. seeing D. to seeBB9. (2004广东广东26) _ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.A. Not completingB. Not completedC. Not having completedD. Having not completed10. (06四川卷四川卷33) _ with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time.A. Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To faceCA11. (06重庆卷重庆卷26) Isnt it time you got down to _ the papers?A. mark B. be markedC. being marked D. marking12. (06福建卷福建卷33) _ for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits.A. Blaming B. BlamedC. To blame D. To be blamedDB本节课到此结束，谢谢大家！本节课到此结束，谢谢大家！