论合作原则在国际商务谈判口译中的应用英文

论合作原则在国际商务谈判口译中的应用外国语言学及应用语言学专业 研究生黄丽娟指导教师任文 相对而言，口译的历史要比笔译的历史久远得多。但由于口译的工作语言具有转瞬即逝的特点，这导致在历史上鲜有留下直观资料供大家研究，也使得口译理论的研究远远滞后于笔译。近几十年来，许多与口译研究密切相关的学科，诸如语言学、心理语言学、语用学、认知心理学、神经心理学等，对于口头交际中语言与思维的研究已经取得了相当可观的成果。作为沟通跨语言、跨文化交际的口译活动，借助相关学科的研究成果进行跨学科的深入探讨势在必行。 美国语言哲学家格赖斯(H. P. Grice)于1967年在美国哈佛大学所作的逻辑与会话学术报告中提出了著名的“合作原则”( theCooperative Principle)。他认为所有的语言交际活动都是为了达到某个共同的目的或至少有个彼此都接受的方向，谈话双方所说的话都是朝着这个目标或方向前进的。因此双方之间必须达成默契，遵守一些基本原则，即会话合作原则及其四准则，相互配合以保证会话的顺利进行。在实际生活中，人们为了交际的某些需要，会在不同程度上有意违反这些准则而产生“谈话隐含”(Conversational Implicature)，但谈话参与者的合作关系仍然存在。正是这层合作关系才使说话者与听者的沟通成为可能。因此合作原则及准则能有效地指导言语交际并能有效地解释话语中种种有意识地违反准则的语言现象。 由于口译人员的参与，国际商务谈判口译可被视为一个特殊的会话过程。再加上谈判者都有个共同谈话目的或方向一一合作，所以合作原则作为会话交际的基本准则就同样适用于国际商务谈判口译。因此，本文拟借用格赖斯的合作原则来对国际商务谈判过程中的口译活动进行分析，探讨译员如何主动有效地运用合作原则以帮助谈判双方建立起某种合作关系，协调双方的沟通和交流，推动谈判的顺利进行，同时也证明合作原则及其准则也可以作为一种有效的标尺来衡量口译的质量。 本文除引言和结语外，共分四章。 引言扼要的介绍了本文的主题和基本结构。 第一章对口译的基本理论进行了介绍，包括口译的定义，历史，主要特点及类别。 第二章主要介绍了国际商务谈判的有关知识，然后结合口译进行分析，包括国际商务谈判口译的必要性和重要性，特点，性质，译员的角色扮演，素质及知识结构的要求，以及对谈判争执和僵局的处理等。 第三章全面详细介绍了格赖斯的合作原则及其四大准则，并结合实例来证明合作原则可同样用于指导和检验国际商务谈判口译。 第四章选取了一个笔者参与录制的国际商务谈判口译作为语料，实例结合合作原则进行分析，说明译员自觉遵守和主动运用合作原则的必要性和重要性。 结语部分对全文做了归纳和总结，指出合作原则理论对口译研究的启示和帮助，再一次强调译员可主动运用格赖斯的合作原则指导国际商务谈判口译实践，可利用它作为衡量口译质量的标尺。同时说明译员在口译过程中对合作原则的灵活运用是对过去被冠以“传话筒”角色的有力驳斥。关键词:口译格赖斯合作原则国际商务谈判On the Application of the Cooperative Principleto Interpreting in International Business NegotiationMajor: Foreign Linguistics and Applied LinguisticsGraduate: Huang Lijuan Supervisor: Ren Wen Although long existing in history, interpreting is a relatively new area ofstudy that started only a few decades ago, far lagging behind writtentranslation studies. Currently, as some fields closely related to interpretingstudies have made remarkable achievements in the study of language andthinking in the process of oral communication, an interdisciplinary approach tointerpreting has become both a necessary trend and a hotspot area forresearchers. The Cooperative Principle, put forward by Herbert Grice in his WilliamJames lectures in 1967, is a key principle of Conversational ImplicatureTheory in Pragmatics and the fundamental rule guiding conversationalcommunication. Interpreting in international business negotiation, in whichtwo or more business people speaking different languages discuss businessmatters through an interpreter, is viewed as a special conversational process.Therefore, this thesis tries to apply the Cooperative Principle to the study ofinterpreter-mediated international business negotiation in order to reveal theimportance of the interpreters involvement in an interpreting process, theinterpreters application of the Cooperative Principle in the process of thenegotiation and the importance of using the Cooperative Principle as a criterion to evaluate the quality of interpretation. Besides introduction and conclusion, this thesis is divided into fourchapters. Chapter One provides an introduction to the basic theory of interpreting,including its definitions, history, features as well as main categories. Chapter Two is devoted to interpreting in international businessnegotiation. After an introduction to the international business negotiation, thischapter gives a detailed analysis of interpreter-mediated international businessnegotiaiton as a special conversational process. Chapter Three explains in detail what the Cooperative Principle is andhow it operates and demonstrates with examples that the Cooperative Principlecan also be used as a guiding principle in interpreter-mediated internationalbusiness negotiation. Chapter Four takes an interpreted international business negotiation as asample to embody the Cooperative Principle in the specific situation, and, inthis way, proves that the interpreters active participation can surely faciliateeffective communication. Conclusion sums up the whole thesis and emphasizes that the interpretercan actively apply the Cooperative Principle to the interpreter-mediatedinternational business negotiation, and hence make his/her due contributions toeffective communication.Key words: interpreting Grice international business negotiationThe Cooperative Principle ContentsIntroduction .1Chapter One An Introduction to Interpretation.”一5 1 .1 Definition5 1.2 History6 1.3 Features .10 1.4 Category12 1.4.1 Simultaneous Interpretation (SI)13 1.4.2 Consecutive Interpretation (CI)14 1.4.3 Whispered Interpretation (WI)14 1.4.4 Sight Translation (ST)14 1.4.5 Liaison Interpretation (LI)15 1.4.6 Relay Interpretation(RI)15 1.4.7 Telephone Interpretation (TI)15 1.4.8 Television Interpretation (TD16 1.4.9 Videoconference Interpretation (VI)16Chapter Two Interpreting in International Business Negotiation (IIBN).17 2.1 An introduction to International Business Negotiation 17 2.1.1 What is negotiations. 17 2.1.2 What is Business Negotiation19 2.1.3 What is International Business Negotiation20 2.1.4 Main Categories21 2.1.5 Principles to Follow262.2 Interpreting in International Business Negotiation27 2.2.1 Necessities and Significance29 2.2.2 Nature30 2.2.3 Features32 2.2.4 Qualification Requirements for the Interpreter34 2.2.5 The Interpreters role.,. 39 2.2.6 Deadlocks and the Interpreter41Chapter Three The Cooperative Principle in Interpreting in International Business Negotiation (IIBN)46 3.1 The Cooperative Principle (CP)46 3.1.1 The Cooperative Principle and its Maxims46 3.1.2 Violation of the Maxims.50 3.1.3 Conclusion.54 3.2 The Application of the CP in IIBN55 3.2.1 The Maxim of Quantity in IIBN57 3.2.2 The Maxim of Quality in IIBN。59 3.2.3 The Maxim of Relevance in IIBN61 3.2.4 The Maxim of Manner in IIBN62 3.3 The CP as Criterion in IIBN.65 3.3.1 The Maxim of Quantity. 65 3.3.2 The Maxim of Quality. 693.3.3 The Maxim of Relation . 723.3.4 The Maxim of Manner，73Chapter Four Case Study of an Interpreted Event77 4.1 Background of the Interpreted Event77 4.1.1 Context77 4.1.2 The Participants . 78 4.1.3 Recordings of the Negotiation.80 4.2 The Cooperative Principle in the Interpreted Event.87 4.2.1 The Maxim of Quantity. gg 4.2.2 The Maxim of Quality. g9 4.2.3 The Maxim of Relation91 4.2.4 The Maxim of Manner92 4.3 My Perceptions. g4Condusion . g6Bibliography99读研期间个人成果简介105声明.106Acknowledgements107Introduction Interpreting, as a cross-cultural oral communication activity, is a basiccommunicative tool for people who do not share the same language and refersto the process of transferring spoken messages produced in one languageimmediately into another. Although it has long existed in history, interpretingas a formal profession in the international arena is the product of World War I.With increasing international businesses around the world, interpreting is nowplaying a more and more important role than ever before, in both China andelsewhere. International business is a huge contributor to the economic developmentof each nation. International business negotiation refers to the process inwhich different companies or enterprises from different countries come todiscuss or bargain on various transaction terms for mutual benefits.Interpreting for international business negotiation appears to satisfy thedemand of the quick advancement of international commerce and trade,science and technology and the trend of economic globalization. This is asituation where two or more business people speaking different languagesdiscuss business matters through an interpreter, thus constituting a specialconversational process in which all participants, including the interpreter, havea common purpose or direction -Cooperation. Due to the transience of sound wave, which results in inconvenience forpreservation of speeches for later researches, interpreting is a relatively newarea of study that started only a few decades ago, far lagging behind written translation studies and all too often subsumed under the heading of translation.In the past, interpreting studies was usually focused on discussions aboutpractical and teaching experiences, including characteristics of interpreting,qualifications of interpreters, interpreting effect as well as teachingmethodology, etc., but lack of in-depth academic analysis and lack ofacademic support from other disciplines. However, recently, some fieldsclosely related to interpreting studies, such as linguistics, sociolinguistics,psychology, etc. have made remarkable achievements in the study of languageand thinking in the process of oral communication, and this can surely helpapproach interpreting studies from an interdisciplinary perspective. The Cooperative Principle, a key principle of Conversational ImplicatureTheory in Pragmatics, was originally put forward by Herbert Grice, an Oxfordphilosopher, in his William James lectures which were delivered at Harvard in1967. It is a general principle that all conversational participants will beexpected to observe and it has four maxims: Quantity, Quality, Relation andManner. However, the Cooperative Principle and its four maxims are notalways observed in reality, and people do violate them in actual conversations,which leads to conversational implicature. Even so, their cooperation stillexists as long as they have common goal or accepted direction in theirconversation. The past few decades have seen a remarkable trend of regardinginterpreting as a process of verbal interaction in which people talk to eachother through an interpreter. Because Grices Cooperative Principle is thefundamental rule guiding conversational communication, the principle and itsfour maxims can also be applied to the interpreter-mediated international business negotiation, which is viewed as a special conversational process dueto the participation of the interpreter. Yet, up to now, the study of thecombination of the two fields is quite rare. Therefore, it will be of great valueand necessity to conduct a systematic study on this matter. In order to get alively picture of how an interpreter applies the Cooperative Principle to theinternational business negotiation and how the Cooperative Principle can beused to evaluate the quality of interpretation, this thesis employs a recordeddata from a real-time interpreted event for its academic research and reveals the importance of an interpreters active involvement in an interpreting process toby making full use of the Cooperative Principle and its four maxims to facilitate effective communication and the importance of using themevaluate the quality of interpretation. In view of this, the thesis is divided into four chapters besidesintroduction and conclusion. Chapter One gives an introduction to the basic theory of interpreting,including its definition, history, main features and categories. Chapter Two firstly offers an introduction to the international businessnegotiation, including its definition, features, guiding principles and maincategories; then presents an analysis of interpreter-mediated internationalbusiness negotiation, including its necessities and importance, nature, mainfeatures, interpreters role, qualifications and how an interpreter handles adeadlock in such negotiations. Chapter Three provides a detailed introduction to the CooperativePrinciple, which is a guiding rule for conversation, and describes withexamples its applications to the interpreter-mediated international business negotiation. Chapter Four takes an interpreted international business negotiation as atypical case to analyze the Cooperative Principle in the specific situation. Conclusion sums up the whole thesis and points out the importance ofapplying the Cooperative Principle to interpreting in international businessnegotiation. In addition, it emphasizes that the role of the interpreter should bere-examined. Whats more, the weaknesses of the thesis are also mentioned.Chapter One An Introduction to Interpretation1.1 Definition Interpretation refers to the process of changing messages produced inone language immediately into another language, the defining characteristicof which is the live and immediate transmission (Frishberg, 1990:18). Andas Mr. Zhong Shukong(钟述孔)puts it, interpretation essentially means anextempore oral reproduction, in one language, of what is said in anotherlanguage. As proved by practice, interpretation cannot be viewed as amerely linguistic undertaking, but should be regarded as an aspect of a largerdomain, namely, that of communication. In the case of complex discourses orspeeches, interpretation involves not only linguistic proficiency, but alsoencyclopedic knowledge.”(1999:1) Interpreting activity is not mechanically converting the codes of thesource language into those of the target language, but rather an active andcreative activity that always focuses on exchanging information and meaning.Thus, interpretation is not a mere linguistic activity which uses only lexicaland syntactical meaning as its transformation units, but rather acommunication event that takes into consideration lexical meaning, contextualmeaning, associated meaning, register meaning, body language meaning,cultural meaning, etc. So we can say that interpretation is not only a linguisticactivity, but also a cultural activity, a psychological activity as well as a socialactivity. The person undertaking the task of interpretation is called an interpreter,whose main function is to make possible communication between people whodo not speak the same language. Interpreters can be classified into three types,namely, professional interpreters, who take interpretation as their career in arather long period of time; part-time interpreters and freelance interpreters,who may offer interpreting services occasionally but do not belong to anyformal translation agency. However, those who do occasional interpretationjob in case of emergency are not real interpreters(梅德明，2000: 6). An interpreter must be bilingual with extensive knowledge andapplication ability of two languages (or more). However, a bilingual is notnecessarily a competent interpreter if he or she does not undergo the trainingprocess. In other words, being a bilingual is only the precondition of becomingan interpreter, but this along does not guarantee one to be a qualifiedinterpreter, just like a native English speaker is not necessarily an Englishteacher, or a person with a normal vocal organ is not necessarily a singer.Apart from being bilingual and knowledgeable, an interpreter must also knowhow to do effective transformation of linguistic semiotic systems so as totransfer information, which involves not only the linguistic knowledge, butalso other comprehensive capabilities, such as quick-wittedness andmemorization ability, information integration ability, expression ability andcultural and background knowledge. A bilingual, through systematic andintensive training and continued practice, can command interpretation skillsand techniques, and become an eligible professional interpreter.1.2 History Interpretation is one of the oldest trades in the world and its history can be traced back to the early stages of human community although it is quitehard to answer such question as Which year did interpretation really emergeand then develop? due to lack of historical document. In the primitive society,the economic and cultural activities of primitive tribes are confined to theirown regions, which obviously blocks their further development. Thus it is thewish and demand of the people to cross borders to do business and havecultural exchanges with tribes speaking different languages, and this leads tothe appearance of interpretation in history. The main areas in which ad hocinterpreters are used include: business, barter trade, transmission of productiontechniques, big events among tribes, religious activities, marriage, war, etc.The early interpretation may present itself as a kind of nonprofessional, coarse,and unskillful i