2022年考博英语-中央民族大学考前模拟强化练习题8（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-中央民族大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 不定项选择题It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours. Death is normal: we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if its useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians - frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.In 1950, the US spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way”, so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day 0Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve peoples lives.1. What is implied in the first sentence?2. The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that （ ）.3. The authors attitude toward Richard Lamms remark is one of （ ）.4. In contrast to the US, Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care（ ）.5. The text intends to express the idea that （ ）.问题1选项A.Americans are better prepared for death than other people.B.Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.C.Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.D.Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.问题2选项A.medical resources are often wastedB.doctors are helpless against fatal diseasesC.some treatments are too aggressiveD.medical costs are becoming unaffordable问题3选项A.strong disapprovalB.reserved consentC.slight contemptD.enthusiastic support问题4选项A.more flexiblyB.more extravagantlyC.more cautiouslyD.more reasonably问题5选项A.medicine will further prolong peoples livesB.life beyond a certain limit is not worth livingC.death should be accepted as a fact of lifeD.excessive demands increase the cost of health care【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D第5题:C【解析】第1题:本题属于推断题，是对句意的理解和推断。题干问第一段的第一句话暗示了什么，这句话的意思是“据说，英国人感觉死亡是迫在眉睫，而加拿大人认为死亡是不可避免，但是在加利福尼亚，死亡是可以选择的。”从这句话的隐含的含义我们可以发现，美国人对自己的医疗技术是非常自信的，他们甚至可以控制死亡。因此C项就是这句话想要表达的意思，A项不对，因为文章只说了死亡是可以选择的，但是并没有说美国人不畏惧死亡，B项属于无关项，D项说美国人对于自己长寿自豪也是不对的，他们自豪的是自己的医疗技术而不是寿命。第2题:本题是作者意图题，问的是作者举癌症患者的例子是为了说明什么，我们可以根据题干定位到第二段，医院会对晚期癌症患者采用一些较为激进且科学不支持的治疗手段，不仅浪费了医疗资源而且用处也不大，因此我们推断出，作者认为不应该浪费资源在那些已经无回天之力的治疗上，A项正确。第3题:本题是作者态度题，问的是作者对于Richard Lamm的观点的态度，根据关键词定位到第二段。他的观点是“老年人有义务去迎接死亡从而把更多的资源让给年轻人来发挥他们的价值”，而第三段中作者给出了他的回应“I would not go that far（我不会那么极端）”可以看出作者对于他的观点并不完全认同，后文中他给了详细阐述，表示现在有很多年纪大的优秀人才仍然在活跃的发挥价值中，但是在更加后面他又画风一转说“在那些无可救药的病例上或许我们确实投入过多，但是在那些有关提高人民生活质量的事情上却投入不足”，结合这两点可以看出作者对于Lamm的观点是认同但又有所保留的，因此答案为B。第4题:本题属于细节推断题。根据题干的国家名称可以定位到原文的最后一段，作者在举例中说了日本和瑞典与美国形成了区别和对比，他说道：“虽然日本和瑞典在医疗资源上的投入比美国少，但是国民的人均寿命却比美国长，身体也比美国人健康”。紧接着作者就谈到美国“在那些无可救药的病例上或许我们确实投入过多，但是在那些有关提高人民生活质量的事情上却投入不足”，因此可以看出日本和瑞典的医疗投资是比美国更加合理的，答案为D。第5题:本题为主旨观点题。需要考生从全局把握文章的主旨大意，首先通过读完全文，我们可以发现文章围绕的是死亡这个关键词，第一段说道，“即使有一个伟大的医疗资源体系，我们也无法战胜死亡”；第二段中，“死亡是正常的”；以及第三段中，“医疗资源不应该用在治疗一些已经没有希望的病上面”等，又引申出影响死亡的几个因素，例如医疗资源，以及生活的质量等，全文都是在告诉我们死亡是一个既定的事实，哪怕是最好的医疗资源也没有办法改变一些无可救药的病症，我们与其去浪费这些资源，不如去拿来做更有意义的研究，因此C项为最佳概括，A项和作者的观点相反，B项并没有明显提及，D项非重点，因此答案为C。2. 不定项选择题Many of us are fearful of making changes in our work livesfear is a natural human condition. We feel less threatened when we stick with the familiar. As long as we are receiving a paycheck, we tolerate the dissatisfaction. Better to just play it safe.But the safety net we preserve requires a big trade-off. It often denies us the opportunity to experience work that makes us happy, that is consistent with our desires while still meeting our monetary needs. Yet many of us strap ourselves into jobs in which the only reward is money.We breed cynicism when we treat our work as nothing more than a financial equation, a necessity we tolerate in order to acquire funds to live, with the hope of somehow achieving success and happiness along the way. Thats really most of us want to be happy. We spend 80,000 hours of our lives at work. Yet, we view happiness as something to be achieved “outside” of work. We hire ourselves out on Monday through Friday and “live” for the weekends.Most of us didnt choose our careers to fulfill a purpose or mission. On the contrary, we just looked for “a good job with a good company,” reflecting such criteria as pay, title and security. We reasoned that if we could “get a foot in the door” and work hard, our careers would grow over time, actually, that our careers and work lives would just happen “by accident.” Because of this, many of us have careers today that are just “accidents waiting to happen.” Everyday business decisions, a reorganization plan, an acquisition by another comply, a relocation out of the country of the company, can throw our work lives into danger. But despite this uncertainty, some of us still cling to our jobs, dissatisfying as they may be. Cant take that risk!“Hanging on” involves risk too. For when we sacrifice pleasure for pay, our work lacks dignity, uses our energy and, ultimately, breaks our spirit. An unhappy, unfulfilled work life contributes to an unhappy, unfulfilled personal life. Happiness in work, as happiness in love, demands a measure of risk.Author Marsha Simetar suggests that if you “do what you love, the money will follow.” Certainly this may seem a bit risky, perhaps idealistic, but it is undoubtedly true that people who love what they do find ways to make the most money.1. From the first paragraph we learn that （ ）2. By saying that “the safety net we preserve requires a big trade-off” (paragraph 2, line 1) the（ ）3. We learn from the text that（ ）4. According to the text, when the changes throw our work lives into danger, we will usually（ ）5. The purpose of the author in writing the text is to （ ）问题1选项A.fear is one of the fundamental defects in human character.B.people tend to keep stable work to avoid the fear of changes.C.the paycheck makes people feel safe about their work.D.people feel less fearful under a natural human condition.问题2选项A.people need to do business when managing work and life.B.men can feel safe when receiving money, the major reward of job.C.safety means sacrificing the balance between monetary needs and happiness of work.D.safety can be achieved by meeting both our desire and monetary needs.问题3选项A.people struggle between the ideal of work and monetary needs.B.people do not have a sense of mission nowadays but fancy about money.C.happiness and money can be both achieved during work in most cases.D.the development of our career is doomed to happen.问题4选项A.express great dissatisfaction at the job.B.take another work opportunity.C.feel uncertain about the risk.D.remain at the previous work position.问题5选项A.persuade people to choose careers to fulfill a purpose.B.criticize the phenomenon of working for money.C.elaborate peoples attitudes towards work.D.illustrate how to achieve safety of work life.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C【解析】第1题:段落大意题。“Many of us are fearful of making changes in our work livesfear is a natural human condition. We feel less threatened when we stick with the familiar.”从这句话我们可以得出正确答案为B，说的是人们为了逃避那些改变，会倾向于坚持与我们熟悉的事物相处，因此B正确当选。第2题:句意理解题。我们可以定位到原文的第二段第二句，“It often denies us the opportunity to experience work that makes us happy, that is consistent with our desires while still meeting our monetary needs.”意思就是“它经常剥夺我们体验能使我们快乐的工作的机会，这样的工作既符合我们的欲望，又能满足我们的金钱需求”，也就是说我们认为的安全网就是用快乐来换钱（工作），也就是C项的意思，牺牲金钱和快乐之间的平衡，C当选。第3题:细节推断题。“当我们把工作仅仅看作是经济上的平衡时，我们就会滋生犬儒主义，这是我们为了获得生活所需而忍受的必要条件”，这一句就暗示了A选项，说的是人们一直挣扎在理想的工作和金钱的需求中，第三段也给出了这一观点的详细阐述，A正确。第4题:细节推断题。根据题干定位到第四段，倒数第二句“But despite this uncertainty, some of us still cling to our jobs, dissatisfying as they may be. Cant take that risk!”，意为：但尽管存在这种不确定性，我们中的一些人仍然坚持工作，尽管工作可能并不令人满意。我不能冒这个险！告诉了我们就算是有这种不确定性，我们也不愿意改变自己的工作，答案为D。第5题:作者意图题。题干问作者写这篇文章的意图何在，我们需要纵观全文回答，其实问的也就是文章的主旨大意，A项不对，文章只是建议人们可以去做自己热爱的事业，而不是一定要达到一个目标；B项也不对，作者是同意人们为了钱而工作的，只是希望人们能有工作又快乐；C项是全文的主要论述对象，全文就是在讲人们对于工作的态度如何，当选；D项无关项。答案为C。3. 不定项选择题To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “All that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.” One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Dont worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.” Such well-meaning people just dont understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmothers hip replacement, a fathers bypass operation, a babys vaccinations, and even a pets shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be done. Scientists could “adopt” middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.1. The author begins his article with Edmund Burkes words to （ ）.2. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is （ ）.3. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the publics （ ）.4. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should （ ）.5. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is（ ）.问题1选项A.call on scientists to take some actionsB.criticize the misguided cause of animal rightsC.warn of the doom of biomedical researchD.show the triumph of the animal rights movement问题2选项A.cruel but naturalB.inhuman and unacceptableC.inevitable but viciousD.pointless and wasteful问题3选项A.discontent with animal researchB.ignorance about medical scienceC.indifference to epidemicsD.anxiety about animal rights问题4选项A.communicate more with the publicB.employ hi-tech means in researchC.feel no shame for their causeD.strive to develop new cures问题5选项A.a well-known humanistB.a medical practitionerC.an enthusiast in animal rightsD.a supporter of animal research【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】第1题:本题考查了考生对作者意图的把握。定位到第一段，Edmund Burke这句话的意思是“好人的不作为就是一个错误的观点想要盛行所需要的所有条件”，可以看出这是在讽刺好人不去做出应有的行为，再紧接着后文也提到“现在有一个组织他们呼吁不要用动物来做实验，动物也有自己的权利，而科学家必须采取行动来回复这些人”，可以得出，作者的目的是呼吁科学家们行动起来，因此答案为A。第2题:本题是细节推断题。题干中说“tend to think”提示我们答案可能在文中没有直接体现，需要我们结合原文进行推理，推理出这些被误导的人们对于动物实验是何种态度，题干关键词就是“misled people”，可以帮我们定位到第一段，最后一句说“当人们听到医学实验残忍对待动物的指控时，许多人都不明白为什么有人会故意伤害动物”。第二段是一个具体的被误导的祖母般的女士的例子，但是文中只是说她反对用动物来做研究。第三段最后一句非常关键：“对于他们来说，动物实验说得好是浪费，说得不好是残忍”。从以上的分析可以看出，受到误导的人们认为用动物做研究是残酷的、不可思议的。四个选项中，B最符合原文。 A中虽然提到了“cruel”，但是“natural”不对，因为被误导的人们不可能认为那是普通的事情。C说的是“不可避免的，但是邪恶的”，也不正确，因为文章中没有提到不可避免这个说法。D项说的是“毫无意义，浪费的”，文中没有提到毫无意义这个意思。第3题:这也是一道作者意图题，例子说的是一位老太太向大家发传单，呼吁大家不要用任何来自于动物或在动物身上试验过的东西。当她被问及是否反对使用疫苗时，老太太说，若疫苗也来源于动物，那么就不应使用疫苗，流行病自有科学家们用计算机来解决。可见老太太对科学的无知。而她的这种无知是很普遍的。作者在第二段最后一句话感叹“这些好心人压根儿就不明白”，所以答案为B。A说的是公众对动物试验的不满。但是，老太太的例子不仅是为了说明这一点，这个例子反映的不仅是他们的不满，更多的要透过现象看本质，全文来看，作者的目的是为了指出公众不满的根源对医学研究不了解，然后号召科学家们针对这个根源采取行动。因此老太太的例子是为了反映公众的无知。第4题:这里考查的是作者的态度题，解答这类问题时，考生需要代入作者的思维，从全文把握作者的感情色彩，作者对这个事件的看法，然后根据题干关键词去定位具体细节处。本题关键词“challenge from animal rights advocates”以及“sientits should”，解题线索可在最后两段中找出。作者向科学家们提出的建议都是有助于他们与公众更好的交流。答案很明显是A。选项B、 C以及D貌似合理，其实文中都没有提到。第5题:这是一道细节推断题。题干问我们Stephen Cooper是一个什么身份的人，我们根据人名定位到最后一段，我们可以找到线索“Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment.”，这句话告诉我们Cooper是个名人，同时也曾经生病过，他是高度赞扬过动物研究的，因此，我们可以得出他是动物研究的支持者。答案为D。4. 不定项选择题Most people can remember a phone number for up to thirty seconds. When this short amount of time passes, however, the numbers are erased from the memory. How did the information get there in the first place? Information that makes its way to the short term memory (STM) does so via the sensory storage area. The brain has a filter which only allows stimulation that is of immediate interest to pass on to the STM, also known as the working memory.There is much debate about the capacity and duration of the short term memory. The most accepted theory comes from George A. Miller, a cognitive psychologist who suggested that humans can remember approximately seven chunks of information. A chunk is defined as a meaningful unit of information, such as a word or name rather than just a letter or number. Modern theorists suggest that one can increase the capacity of the short term memory by chunking, or classifying similar information together. By organizing information, one can improve the STM, and improve the chances of a memory being passed on to long term storage.When making a conscious effort to memorize something, such as information for an exam, many people engage in “rote rehearsal”. By repeating something over and over again, we are able to keep a memory alive. Unfortunately, this type of memory maintenance only succeeds if there are no interruptions. As soon as a person stops rehearsing the information, it has the tendency to disappear. When a pen and paper are not handy, you might attempt to remember a phone number by repeating it aloud. If the doorbell rings or the dog barks to come in before you get the opportunity to make your phone call, you will forget the number instantly. Therefore, rote rehearsal is not an efficient way to pass information from the short term to long term memory. A better way is to practice “elaborate rehearsal”. This involves assigning semantic meaning to a piece of information so that it can be filed along with other pre-existing long term memories.Encoding information semantically also makes it more retrievable. Retrieving information can be done by recognition or recall. Humans can recall memories that are stored in the long term memory and used often. However, if a memory seems to be forgotten, it may eventually be retrieved by prompting. The more cues a person is given (such as pictures), the more likely a memory can be retrieved. This is why multiple choice tests are often used for subjects that require a lot of memorization.1. According to the passage, how do memories get transferred to the STM?2. How do theorists believe a person can remember more information in a short time?3. Why does the author mention a dogs bark?4. Which of the following is true about retrieving information?5. Which of the following is true according to the passage?问题1选项A.They revert from the long term memory.B.They are filtered from the sensory storage area.C.They get chunked when they enter the brain.D.They enter via the nervous system.问题2选项A.By organizing it.B.By repeating it.C.By giving it a name.D.By writing it down on paper.问题3选项A.To exemplify poor memory.B.To analyze a type of interruption.C.To compare human memory with dogs memory.D.To illustrate the lack of efficiency of rote rehearsal.问题4选项A.Elaborate rehearsal contributes to information retrieval.B.The most efficient way of retrieving information is to assign semantic meaning to the information.C.Its impossible to retrieve forgotten information without picture prompts.D.Encoding information is more efficient than chunking it.问题5选项A.Ones memory capacity can be enhanced by rote rehearsal.B.Putting information to writing is suggested to improve memory.C.Providing sufficient prompts helps information retrieval.D.Multiple choice exams are the most difficult.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:B第4题:A第5题:C【解析】第1题:细节推断题。根据题干中的STM可以将答案定位到文章第一段第四句。本题问记忆是如何进入短时记忆中的。第一段第四句提到，“进入短时记忆的信息是通过感觉储存区域传递到那里的。”并在下文解释说，“大脑有一个过滤机制，只允许当下有用的刺激通过，传递到短时记忆中。”由此可见，选项B“它们从感觉储存区域被过滤”是正确答案。其他三项文中均未提及。第2题:细节题。题干说科学家认为普通人如何在短时间内记住更多的信息？通过题干我们可以定位到第二段，第二段的主旨就是讲如何记住更多的信息，我们再看到第二段的最后一句，“By organizing information, one can improve the STM”这里提示了我们答案为A，也就是重新组织我们需要记忆的东西可以帮助我们提升短时间的记忆容量。第3题:作者意图题。问题是：作者写“狗叫”的目的是什么，前文我们可以看到，“Unfortunately, this type of memory maintenance only succeeds if there are no interruptions.”，作者说这种类型的记忆一旦被打断就会被忘掉，之后举例给了一个情景来描述这个现象，他说当一个人在想通过重复读来记下一个电话号码时，如果被门铃或狗叫打断，那么他就会忘记那个他一直通