2022年考博英语-南京大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第12期

2022年考博英语-南京大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题“Tear em apart “Kill the fool!” “Murder the referee!”These are common remarks one may hear at various sporting events. At the time they are made, they may seem innocent enough. But lets not kid ourselves. They have been known to influence behavior in such a way as to lead to real bloodshed. Volumes have been written about the way words affect us. It has been shown that words having certain connotations may cause us to react in ways quite foreign to what we consider to be our usual humanistic behavior. I see the term “opponent” as one of those words. Perhaps the time has come to delete it from sports terms.The dictionary meaning of the term “opponent” is “adversary”，“enemy”，“one who opposes your interests. ，Thus, when a player meets an opponent, he or she may tend to treat that opponent as an enemy. At such times, winning may dominate ones intellect, and every action, no matter how gross, may be considered justifiable. I recall an incident in a handball game when a referee refused a players request for a time out for a glove change because he did not consider them wet enough. The player proceeded to rub his gloves across his wet T-shirt and then exclaimed. “Are they wet enough now?”In the heat of battle, players have been observed to throw themselves across the court without considering the consequences that such a move might have on anyone in their way. I have also witnessed a player reacting to his opponents international and illegal blocking by deliberately hitting him with the ball as hard as he could during the course of play. Off the court, they are good friends. Does that make any sense? It certainly gives proof of a court attitude which departs from normal behavior.Therefore, I believe it is time we elevated the game to the level where it belongs thereby setting an example to the rest of the sporting world. Replacing the term “opponent” with “associate” could be an ideal way to start.The dictionary meaning of the term “associate” is “colleague”； “friend”； “companion.” Reflect a moment! You may soon see and possibly feel the difference in your reaction to the term 1.“associate” rather than “opponent.”Which of the following statements best expresses the authors view?2.Harsh words are spoken during games because the players （ ）3.What did the handball player do when he was not allowed a time out to change his gloves?4.According to the passage, players in a game may （ ）.问题1选项A.Aggressive behavior in sports can have serious consequences.B.The words people use can influence their behavior.C.Unpleasant words in sports are often used by foreign athletes.D.Unfair judgments by referees will lead to violence on the sports field.问题2选项A.are too eager to winB.are usually short-tempered and easily offendedC.cannot afford to be polite in fierce competitionD.treat their rivals as enemies问题3选项A.He refused to continue the game.B.He angrily hit the referee with a ball.C.He claimed that the referee was unfair.D.He wet his gloves by rubbing them across his T-shirt.问题4选项A.deliberately throw the ball at anyone illegally blocking their wayB.keep on screaming and shouting throughout the gameC.lie down on the ground as an act of protestD.dash with the ball across the court with force【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:D第4题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。根据文章第二段，文章主要是讨论语言会对行为产生影响，下文以体育运动为例进一步讨论。选项A, C, D都是一些现象，所以B选项符合题意。2.信息推断题。根据文章第三段，运动员在比赛时容易说一些粗鲁的话主要是因为把他们的对手视为敌人，“no matter how gross, may be considered justifiable.” 无论多粗俗，可以认为是正当的。选项D符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据第三段，“The player proceeded to rub his gloves across his wet T-shirt”，球员是将手套在湿T恤上擦湿，选项D符合题意。4.细节理解题。“a player reacting to his opponents international and illegal blocking by deliberately hitting him.”，根据这句话得知球员用球撞击对方的方法来反应违规行为。选项A符合题意。2. 单选题Take this bit of seemingly （ ） advice: In order to write quickly, you must first think slowly.问题1选项A.paradoxicalB.contradictC.parallelD.disordering【答案】A【解析】形容词词义辨析。paradoxical “矛盾的”符合句意。contradict为动词“与矛盾”；parallel “平行的”；disordering “无序的”。句意：采纳这条有点矛盾的建议：为了写作快一点，思考必须慢一点。选项A符合题意。3. 单选题If you （ ） the principle of democratic government to your family you will run into some obvious difficulties.问题1选项A.carryB.trackC.manipulateD.adapt【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。Carry“拿，搬运”；track“跟踪，追踪”；manipulate“操纵，控制”；adapt“使适应”。句意：如果你使民主政府的原则适用于家庭中，那你会遇到各种明显的困难。选项D符合题意。4. 翻译题There is no happiness except as we take on life-engaging difficulties. Short of the impossible, as Yeats put it, the satisfactions we get from a lifetime depend on how high we choose our difficulties. Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms when he spoke of “The pleasure of taking pains. The mortal flaw in the advertised version of happiness is in the fact that it purports to be effortless.Happiness is never more than partial. There are no pure states of mankind. Whatever else happiness may be, it is neither in having not in being, but in becoming. What the Founding Fathers declared for us as an inherent right, we should do well to remember, was not happiness but the pursuit of happiness. What they might have underlined, could they have foreseen the happiness-market, is the cardinal fact that happiness is in the pursuit itself, in the meaningful pursuit of what is life-engaging and life-revealing, which is to say, in the idea of becoming.【答案】只有我们承担生活中的种种困难，生活才会相应的充满快乐。正如叶芝所言，除了那些不可能的事，我们从生活中得到的满足感取决于我们对待困境的态度。罗伯特弗罗斯特在谈到 “吃苦的乐趣” 时也拥有同样的看法。广告中有一种错误的宣传，致命的是它们宣称快乐是很容易获得的。 幸福从来都不是片面的。人们没有纯粹的状态。无论快乐是什么，不在于我们是否拥有它，是否存在，而在于是否可以成为一种快乐。开国先驱曾将宣称这是我们与生俱来的权利，然而我们应该牢记，我们的权利不是幸福，而是对幸福的一种追求。去追求人生究竟是什么，并且会给我们带来什么样的启迪，也就是追求快乐的过程。 5. 单选题It is none of your business; you have no right to （ ）.问题1选项A.disturbB.interfereC.interruptD.obtain【答案】B【解析】近义词解析。disturb “打扰，妨碍”；interfere “干涉”；interrupt “打断”；obtain “获得”。句意：不关你的事，你没有权利干涉。选项B符合题意。6. 单选题My eldest sister went on with the story and young children around her（ ） with wonderful!” from time to time.问题1选项A.broke outB.broke offC.broke inD.broke up【答案】C【解析】动词词组辨析。break out “爆发，突发”；break off “折断，突然停止”； break in “打断，闯入”；break up “打碎，结束”，句意：我的姐姐继续讲故事，围在她身边的小孩子时不时地打断欢呼“太棒了！”。选项C符合题意。7. 单选题I am（ ）to Mr. Morrison because of the kindness and concern that he showed me when I first got here.问题1选项A.gratifiedB.unforgettableC.desirousD.indebted【答案】D【解析】形容词词义解析。Gratified “满足的”; unforgettable “难忘的”；desirous “渴望的” ; indebted “受惠的，感激的”。句意：当我最初到这儿的时候，莫里森先生对我关心友好，我对他报以感激之心。选项D符合题意。8. 单选题Even today, when air and road travel has made Africa so readily accessible to Europeans and Americans, there are innumerable aspects of African life which tend to take one by surprise. The unfamiliar lies hidden everywhere, and the presence of Western culture seems merely to emphasize this unfamiliarity. Basically, the essence of our reaction to the strange, the unfamiliar, is a sense of fear. Every country contains landscapes that arouse uneasewhether it be some remote Alpine valley, the wild lavender fields of Upper Province, or a lonely Norwegian fjord at twilight. But in my own experience West Africa contains more weird and eerie regionsrain-forest, mangroveswamp, parched plains of red earththan any other place that I have seen. It is not only in the foreigner that these landscapes evoke fear. A large part of all old African religions is devoted to soothing the unknown and the unseenevil spirits which live in a particular tree or a particular rock, a thousand varieties of ghosts and witches, the ever-present spirits of dead ancestors or relatives. I have myself been kept awake at night in Calabar by a friend from Lagos who was convinced that the witches of the east were out to get him, or that he was about to be kidnapped and eaten. During four and a half hours in a canoe along the creeks of the Niger della, gliding over the still and colorless water beneath an equally still and colorless but burning sky, I, too, have experienced a sense of fear, or at least a sense of awe. Except for the ticking of the little outboard engine the silence was complete. On either hand stretched the silver-white swamps of mangrove, seeming, with their awkward exposed roots, to be standing knee-deep in the water. Where the creek narrowed you could peer deep into these thickets of mangrovesvistas secret, interminable and somehow meaningless. There was no sign of life except for the shrill screech of some unseen bird.I was on my way to the ancient slaving port of Bonny, which we reached in late afternoon. Scrambling up some derelict stone steps (slithery with slime and which had managed to detach themselves from the landing-stage so that you had to jump a two-foot gap to reach wet land), 1 found myself in an area of black mud and tumbled blocks of stone.1.There are features of Western culture which are present in West Africa（ ）.2.A lot of the old African religion has to do with （ ）3.The author was kept awake by（ ）.4.“ Mangrove” means（ ）问题1选项A.This fact makes it easier to accept the unfamiliarity of West Africa,B.This fact makes West Africa seem even stranger.C.This fact makes no difference to our reaction to West Africa.D.This fact has been greatly overemphasized.问题2选项A.kidnapping peopleB.keeping the spirits awakeC.human sacrificeD.keeping the spirits happy问题3选项A.a ghostB.his friendC.the witchesD.eerie feelings问题4选项A.a sort of birdB.a sort of manC.a sort of treeD.a sort of animal【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C【解析】1.根据文章第一段第二句，“the presence of Western culture seems merely to emphasize this unfamiliarity”，推断出西非文化似乎表现出得更加陌生，选项B符合题意。2.根据文章第一段第七句，“to soothing the unknown and the unseenevil spirits”，可推断一些宗教是为了抚慰那些未知的死去的灵魂。选项D符合题意。3.根据文章第一段，“I have myself been kept awake at night in Calabar by a friend from Lagos”，可推断我是因为朋友而不能入睡。选项B符合题意。4.根据文章第一段，“with their awkward exposed roots, to be standing knee-deep in the water.” 句意：它们的根暴露出来，站立在齐膝深的水中。可推断出mangrove应该是一种树，选项C符合题意。9. 单选题Fossils of plant that have been extinct for fifty million years have been found in large deposits of amber near the Baltic Sea.问题1选项A.plantB.been extinctC.fifty million yearD.near【答案】A【解析】根据题中的“have been” 可知，plant应该用复数，句意：已经灭绝了五千万年的化石植物在靠近波罗的海的大型湖泊沉积物中发现了。选项A符合题意。10. 单选题Using many symbols make （ ） to put a large amount of information on a single map.问题1选项A.possibleB.it possibleC.it is possibleD.that possible【答案】B【解析】语法知识。it 做形式宾语，后面用动词不定式to do 接真正的宾语。句意：用大量的符号把大量的信息放在一张图上成为可能。选项B符合题意。11. 单选题Look at this mess! If only I（ ） your advice.问题1选项A.followB.had followedC.would followD.have followed【答案】B【解析】考查虚拟语气语法。If only 引导虚拟条件句，题目是对过去的虚拟，要用“had done” 结构，句意：看看这一片混乱！但愿我之前听从了你的建议就好了。选项B符合题意。12. 单选题The spelling of many Old English words has been （ ）in the living language, although their pronunciations have changed.问题1选项A.preservedB.preemptedC.revisedD.improved【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。Preserve “保留，保护”；preempt “先占，取代”；revise“修订，校订”；improve “改善，提高”。句意：许多古英语中单词的拼写在现代语言中被保留了，尽管它们的发音有变化。选项A符合题意。13. 单选题问题1选项A.responseB.answerC.correspondenceD.echo【答案】A【解析】名词词义辨析。response“反响，反应”；answer“回答，答案”；correspondence“通信，一致”；echo“回音”。句意：他刊登在报纸上的广告受到了很好的反响，她受到了一百多封申请信。选项A符合题意。14. 单选题The music aroused an（ ） feeling of homesickness in him.问题1选项A.intentionalB.intermittentC.intenseD.intrinsic【答案】C【解析】考查形近异义词义辨析。intentional “故意的”；intermittent“间歇的，断断续续的”；intense “强烈的”；intrinsic “本质的，固有的”。句意：这首音乐使他产生了强烈的思乡情怀。选项C符合题意。15. 单选题Stanley was（ ）by what I had said and when I realized this, I apologized to him for being so tactless. 问题1选项A.woundedB.frustratedC.resentedD.offended【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。Wound“伤害，使受伤”；frustrate“挫败，阻挠”；resent“怨恨，愤恨”；offend“冒犯”。句意：斯坦利对我的话感到了被冒犯，当我意识到这一点，我为我的不得体向他道歉。16. 单选题Thomas Leech（ ）a very successful career as a photographer.问题1选项A.built upB.carved outC.fought forD.stumbled on【答案】B【解析】动词词组辨析。build up “增强，加强”；carved out “创业，开创”；fought for “为.而奋斗”；stumble on “无意中发现，偶然遇到”。句意：托马斯作为一名摄影师开创了一份成功的事业。选项B符合题意。17. 翻译题 Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false EN-US ZH-CN X-NONE 世界与宇宙的本质是什么？这是中国哲学的基本问题。春秋时期的思想家老子是第一个尝试进行阐释的中国哲学家，老子认为“道”乃宇宙及世界之源。道无始终，“道”即“天”，“天”即“道”。老子主张“道法自然”。这个观点揭示了一个平凡但深刻的真理：天、地、人及世间的一切都有着自然的属性，人类作为自然的一部分应当遵循自然的法则，而不应无节制地向自然索取。【答案】What is the essence of the world and universe? This is a basic problem in Chinese philosophy. Lao Tze of spring and autumn period attempted to explain Chinese philosophy firstly. He though that “Tao” is the source of our world or universe. “Tao” has no end or beginning. And the universe is Tao, and Tao is universe. Lao Tze advocated the theory of “the rule is consistent with nature”, which shows us a simple but profound truth: All things in the world, including universe, earth and human have natural attributes. As a part of nature, human beings shouldnt ask the nature for resources immoderately and need to obey the natures rules.18. 单选题Without exposure to the cultural, intellectual, and moral traditions that are our heritage, we are excluded from a common world that （1 ） generations. On the one hand, such exclusion tends to（2 ）us to recreate everything, a needless and largely impossible task; On the other hand, it tends to make us（3）, to suggest that we are indeed the creators of the world and of all good ideas （4） in fact we are only a fragment of the history of man. （5）entirely to ourselves, we could make only the slimmest contributions to wisdom.While the humanities overlap the fine and liberal arts, they are also related of necessity to the sciences and to technology. Some of the （6）of the humanities raise questions about what ends are worthy to be（7）, what ideals deserve （8）But since it is futile to know what is worth doing without having any idea of how to get things done, effective study in the humanities requires respect for and attainment of factual knowledge and technological skill. （9）, it is pointless to know how to get things done without having any idea what is worth doing, so that informed study in applied science demands （10） in the humanities.问题1选项A.crossedB.passes downC.survivesD.exists问题2选项A.warnB.facilitateC.compelD.encourage问题3选项A.arrogantB.exhaustedC.productiveD.reliable问题4选项A.sinceB.whenC.whereasD.which问题5选项A.ProvidedB.LeftC.ReservedD.Kept问题6选项A.arenasB.communitiesC.subjectsD.disciplines问题7选项A.followedB.investigatedC.servedD.abandoned问题8选项A.identificationB.maintenanceC.reverenceD.endeavor问题9选项A.SimilarlyB.ContrarilyC.VirtuallyD.Literally问题10选项A.concentrationB.presuppositionC.revelationD.reflection【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D第6题:B第7题:A第8题:C第9题:B第10题:A【解析】（1）词义辨析。cross “穿过，交叉”；pass down “使流传”；survive “生存，幸存”；exist “存在”。根据文意，如果我们不接触到流传的文化和传统，我们将会排除在流传给下一代的大同世界之外。选项B符合题意。（2）动词词义辨析。warm “警告”；facilitate “促进，帮助”；compel “强迫，迫使”；encourage “鼓励”。根据文意，这种排斥倾向于促使我们重塑所有，这是一项不必要并且不可能完成的任务。选项C符合题意。（3）形容词词义辨析。根据文意，另一方面会使我们感到自大，认为我们是世界的创造者，选项A符合题意。（4）逻辑推理。前一句说道我们是世界和优秀思想的创造者，后一句提到我们实际上只是历史中的一个小碎片。前后形成了对比和转折。选项C符合题意。（5）动词词义辨析。provide “提供，装备”；leave “留下”；reserve “保存”；keep “保留”。句意：如果完全只有我们自己的话，那我们对智慧的贡献是相当微薄的。所以用keep sth. to oneself 的结构，选项D符合题意。（6）名词词义辨析。arena “舞台，竞技场”；community“社区，共同体”；subject“主题，学科”；discipline“纪律”。句意：人文科学的一些社区团体提出了一些问题。选项B符合题意。（7）动词词义辨析。Followed“追逐，追求”；investigate“调查”；serve“招待”；abandon“丢弃，抛弃”。根据文意，这些社团提出的问题是，哪些目标是值得追随的。选项A符合题意。（8）名词词义辨析。identification“鉴定，识别”；maintenance“维持，维护”；reverence“崇敬，尊严”；endeavor“努力”。根据文意，问题是什么样的理想值得人们去尊重。选项C符合题意。（9）逻辑推理。考查对上下文相关语句关系的把握，区分表示联系的副词。similarly“相似地”； contrarily“反之”；virtually“实际上”；literally “照字面地，不夸张地”。根据文意，确实地。前一句提到只知道什么事情是值得做的，但是不知道具体方法是无用的，空格后一句提到只知道如何把事情做好，而不知道什么事情是值得做的也是没意义的。所以前后两句是相反的。选项B符合题意。（10）名词词义辨析。concentration“专心，专注”；presupposition“假定，预设”；revelation“揭露”；reflection“反映，沉思”。句意：在对应用科学进行研究时，也需要对人文科学投以关注。选项A符合题意。19. 翻译题Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and what it can do for us now than formerly. Summer homes，European vacations, travel, BMW ssuch items do not seem less in demand than they did a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot admit their dreams as easily and openly as they once could, lest they be thought of as pushing, acquisitive, and vulgar. For such people and many more perhaps not so outstanding, the proper action seems to be, “Succeed at all costs but refrain from appearing ambitious.”The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles, while its public defenders are few and ineffective. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and cultivated in the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its urges, but only that since it is no longer openly honored, it is therefore less often openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground or made devious.【答案】当然，相比于从前，人们对于成功以及成功给我们带来的东西兴趣似乎不会减少。人们对避暑别墅、欧洲旅行、旅游、宝马这类事物的需求相比一二十年前似乎也没有减少。情况是人们现在不敢简单公开地像以前那样承认自己的梦想，怕被认为是急功近利、贪得无厌和庸俗的人。对于这样的人，或许还有很多不那么优秀的人，正确的做法是：不惜一切代价取得成功，但是要避免变得野心勃勃。人们从各个角度对野心有很多批评，但是公开批评者很少，并且显得很无力。因此，在美国，将雄心看作是一种健康的动力，一种可敬的从年轻就开始培养了的品质，这很少有人支持。这并不意味着雄心已经没有了，也不意味着人们不再感受到雄心带来的驱动力，相反地，因为不再公开推崇，那么也不会公开宣扬了。这样做带来的结果是，雄心以一种私下看不见的方式驱动着人们。20. 单选题Doctors say that moderate drinking can have a beneficial （ ）on your health.问题1选项A.impactB.generationC.dispositionD.dependence【答案】A【解析】名词词义辨析。impact “影响”;generation “一代，产生” ; disposition “性情，处置”;dependence “独立”。句意：医生说适当喝酒对你的健康有有利影响。选项A符合题意。