2022年考博英语-桂林理工大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第49期

2022年考博英语-桂林理工大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题Cancer is feared by everyone. And this fear is reaching epidemic level. Not the disease itself there is no such thing as a cancer epidemic. Except for lung cancer, mostly caused by cigarette smoking, the incidence rates are leveling off, and in the case of some kinds of cancer are decreasing. But the fear of cancer is catching, and the country stands at risk of an anxiety. The earth itself is coming to seem like a huge carcinogen (致癌物). The ordinary, more or less scientific statement that something between 80 and 90 percent of all cancers are due to things in the environment is taken to mean that none of us will be safe until the whole environment is “cleaned up.” This is not at all the meaning. The 80-percent calculation is based on the unthinkable differences in the incidence of cancer in various societies around the worldfor example, the high proportion of liver cancer in Africa and the Far East, stomach cancer in Japan, breast cancer in Western Europe and North America, and the relatively low figures for breast cancer in Japan and parts of Africa and for liver cancer in America. These data indicate there may be special and specific environmental influences, largely based on personal life-style, that determine the incidence of various forms of cancer in different communitiesbut that is all the data suggest. The overall incidence of cancer, counting up all the cases, is probable roughly the same everywhere.1. Which of the following is closest to meaning to the phrase “leveling off？2. According to the passage, the incidence of cancer is generally believe_.3. It can be inferred from the passage that the writers opinion about the relationship between cancer and environment is_.4. According to the passage, the writer seems to feel that_.5. Which of the following would be the best TITLE for the passage?问题1选项A.Became very popularB.Reached its lowest level in popularityC.Stopped being popularD.Stopped increasing its popularity问题2选项A.to be based on inactive life styleB.to be due to anxietyC.to result from environmental influencesD.to be caused by heavy smoking问题3选项A.positiveB.negativeC.neutralD.approving问题4选项A.cancer risk is on the riseB.the whole earth resembles a huge carcinogenC.the risk of catching cancer is not so great as most people conceiveD.cancer can be cured sooner or later问题5选项A.Cancer and EnvironmentB.The Fear Caused by CancersC.Data on Cancer IncidenceD.Cancer and its Investigation【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:C第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.词汇推断题。第一步，句中前后信息衔接，定位到文章第三四句话Except for lung cancer, mostly caused by cigarette smoking, the incidence rates are leveling off, and in the case of some kinds of cancer are decreasing. But the fear of cancer is catching, and the country stands at risk of an anxiety.“除主要由吸烟引起的肺癌外，其他癌症的发病率（），某些癌症的发病率正在下降。但是对癌症的恐惧正在蔓延，这个国家面临着焦虑的风险”，第二步，上下文语义衔接except for这里是一个状语，and连接两个句子，这两个句子之间存在并列或者递进关系，后面的句子是一些癌症正在减少，所以leveling off应该是减少或者持平、平稳的意思，从后面那句的连词but也可知，前面的句意也是but后面的意思相反，也就是癌症虽然发病率减少但是对癌症的恐惧却正在增加，由此可知答案选D选项“不再增长”；A选项“变得受欢迎”不符题意，属于无中生有；B选项“达到最低水平”，不符题意，属于无中生有；C选项“不再受欢迎”，不符题意，属于无中生有。2.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第六句The ordinary, more or less scientific statement that something between 80 and 90 percent of all cancers are due to things in the environment is taken to mean that none of us will be safe until the whole environment is “cleaned up”.“一般来说，80%到90%的癌症都是由环境因素造成的，这种说法多少有些科学依据，但它意味着，在整个环境得到清理之前，我们谁也不会安全”。第二步，综合理解，从这里可知答案选C选项“受环境的影响”；A选项“以消极的生活方式为基础”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；B选项“由于焦虑”定位到第四句，But the fear of cancer is catching, and the country stands at risk of an anxiety“但是对癌症的恐惧正在蔓延，这个国家面临着焦虑的风险”，这里讲的是国家处于焦虑的风险，而不是人因为焦虑增加患癌的风险，这里属于出处错误；D选项“因为酗烟”定位到第三句Except for lung cancer, mostly caused by cigarette smoking,“除了肺癌，肺癌主要是由吸烟引起的”，这里单指吸烟增加患肺癌的风险但是题干是指的是患癌症，肺癌只是癌症的一种，这里属于以偏概全。3.观点态度题。第一步，精准定位，定位到文章倒数一二句these data indicate there may be special and specific environmental influences, largely based on personal life-style, that determine the incidence of various forms of cancer in different communitiesbut that is all the data suggest. The overall incidence of cancer, counting up all the cases, is probable roughly the same everywhere.“这些数据表明，可能有一些特殊的、具体的环境影响，很大程度上取决于个人的生活方式，决定了不同社区中各种癌症的发病率但这只是所有数据所表明的。如果把所有病例都计算在内，癌症的总体发病率可能在世界各地都大致相同”。第二步，综合理解，从这里可知作者认为环境对健康的其实是没有影响的，有影响的是人们的生活方式，由此作者的态度是比较客观的，答案选C“中立的”；A选项“积极的”，见正确选项，不符合题意，属于偷换概念；B选项“消极的”见正确选项，不符合题意，属于偷换概念；D选项“赞成的”，见正确选项，不符合题意，属于偷换概念。4.推理判断题，第一步，寻找句内线索，定位到第三四句话，Except for lung cancer, mostly caused by cigarette smoking, the incidence rates are leveling off, and in the case of some kinds of cancer are decreasing. But the fear of cancer is catching, and the country stands at risk of an anxiety“除主要由吸烟引起的肺癌外，其他癌症的发病率趋于平稳，某些癌症的发病率正在下降。但是对癌症的恐惧正在蔓延，这个国家面临着焦虑的风险”。第二步，寻找上下文线索，从这里可以知道其实癌症已经没有那么可怕了但是人们对患癌症的恐惧却越来越强烈，由此推断C选项“患癌症的风险没有大多数人想象的那么大”正确；A选项“癌症风险正在上升”，见正确选项解析，这里属于反向干扰；B选项“整个地球就像一个巨大的致癌物质”定位到第五句话The earth itself is coming to seem like a huge carcinogen“地球本身看起来就像一种巨大的致癌物”，这里从句意上看B选项是这句话的同义替代，但是resemble一般指外表、形状上的相似，seem like指的是内在的相似之处，所以B选项不选，这里属于曲意理解；D选项“癌症迟早会被治愈的”文章没有提及，属于无中生有。5.主旨大意题，分析文章行文结构，文章从人们对癌症的恐惧谈起，说到人们对癌症越来越恐惧，但作者觉得这是没有必要的，因为癌症的发病率趋于平缓。然后人们觉得地球本身就是致癌物，不同地区的人患不同癌症的风险也是不一样的，但是作者觉得支持这个论点的数据本身就存在着争论，然后作者指出其实不是地球环境而是人们生活方式本身存在问题，而且它只计算了某个特殊的癌症，如果把所有癌症计算在内其实全球地区的患癌率是差不多的，所以文章的具体内容是讲清楚癌症和环境这件的关系，答案选A选项“癌症和环境”；B选项“癌症造成的恐慌”，这只是文章的引入点，引入人们对癌症的恐惧之后文章并没有继续探讨恐惧带来了什么作用或者恐惧的原因，这里属于以偏概全；C选项“癌症的数据”，文章指出的数据是不同地区癌症的发病率，这些数据提出来只是为了佐证文中人们的观点，不是文章的主要想表达的意思，这里属于推理过度所以不选；D选项“癌症和其调查”，文中没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选。2. 填空题Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet.Caring for elderly parents catches many unpreparedA Last July, Julie Baldocchis mother had a massive stroke and was paralyzed. Baldocchi suddenly had to become a family caregiver, something that she wasnt prepared for. “I was flying by the seat of my pants,” says Baldocchi, an employment specialist in San Francisco. Both of her parents are 83, and she knew her father couldnt handle her mothers care. The hospital recommended putting her mother in a nursing home. Baldocchi wasnt willing to do that. But moving her back into her parents home created other problems. Baldocchi, 48, is married and lives about a mile away from her parents. She has a full-time job and has back problems that make it difficult for her to lift her mother. “I couldnt do it all,” she says. But I didnt even know how to find help.”B With help from the family Caregiver Alliance, she eventually hired a live-in caregiver. “But even if you plan intellectually and legally, youre never ready for the emotional impact,” Baldocchi says. In the first two months after her mothers stroke, she lost about 30 pounds as stress mounted. More than 42 million Americans provide family caregiving for an adult who needs help with daily activities, according to a 2009 survey by the AARP. An additional 61.6 million provided at least some care during the year. And many are unprepared.C While many parents lack an advance care directive, its the most basic and important step they can take. The directive includes several parts, including: a durable power of attorney, which gives some one legal authority to make financial decisions on anothers behalf; a health care proxy, which is similar to the power of attorney, except it allows someone to make decisions regarding medical treatment; and a living will that outlines instructions for end-of-life care. (For example, parents can say if they want to be kept alive by artificial measures.) “Its invaluable for the kids, because its hard to make those decisions for a parent,” says Jennifer Cona, an elder-law attorney at Genser Dubow Genser & Cona in Melville, N.Y. An advance care directive is the first line of defense if a situation arises, says Kathleen Kelly, executive director of the Family Caregiver Alliance, which supports and educates caregivers. Without an advance directive, the family will have to petition the court to be appointed the parents legal guardian, says AgingC.D Its important for families to talk about long-term care so the adult children know their parents preferences, wishes an goals, says Lynn Feinberg, a caregiving expert at AARP. But its not an easy conversation. Elderly parents are sometimes suspicious of their childrens financial motives, says Susan John, a financial planner at Financial Focus in Wolfeboro, N.H. One client asked John to hold a family meeting because they needed an intermediary to talk about financial issues, she says. And when there are many siblings, the family decisions can become a three-ring circus with much acrimony, says Ann-Margaret Carrozza, an elder-law attorney in Glen Cove, N.Y. Families who need information and help sorting out disagreements can call on elder-law attorneys, financial planners, geriatric care managers and caregiver support groups. In February, AARP said it will offer its members a new caregiving support service through financial services firm Genworth.E Many families are unprepared for quick decisions, especially when they find out that Medicare doesnt pay for long-term care, Feinberg says. The median cost of a year in a private room at a nursing home in 2011 was $77,745, according to Genworth. And only those who have spent most of their assets can qualify for Medicaid to pay for the nursing home.F Assisted living is another option. Residents can have their own apartment to maintain some independence. But the facilities generally provide personal care services, such as meals, housekeeping and assistance with activities. Still, its not cheap: The national median cost in 2011 was $39,135, according to Genworth. Assisted living isnt covered by Medicaid.G If they have a choice, at least 90% of elderly parents prefer to stay at home as long as they can, according to AARP research. But if the parents can no longer safely live at home, it can be hard for children to move them into an adult care facility. There may be another option. Sometimes the home can be modified so a parent can stay there. For example, Baldocchi put in a chair lift for her mother. She also arranged for a home caregiver.H Family caregivers take over many responsibilities. One might manage a parents finances, while another sibling will take the parent to doctors appointments and shopping. Those who move in with a parent take on a significant and sustained burden of care. Jan Walker moved into her mothers home in Leesburg, Fla. After her mother, who is 83, had fallen, she wasnt able to get around as well. Walker, 55, has three brothers. But she is the only daughter, is divorced and has no children. “I always knew that this was the role that I would have, and I guess my mind was prepared for it,” says Walker, who now is a full-time caregiver and works from home as a tutorial instructor for a digital scrapbooking website. “When you get into the trenches, its literally baptism by fire,” she says. “New things come up. Its not just about advance planning for finances or medical care. Its everything,” she says.I Caregivers need to also watch their own health. “There is such a thing as caregiver burnout,” Cona says. Among female caregivers 50 and older, 20% reported symptoms of depression, according to a 2010 study on working caregivers by MetLife. “Its a hard job.” Walker says. “But most worthwhile things are hard. She was always there for me when I needed a helping hand. Its only natural that I be here for her now.11. When elderly parents cannot live at home safely, their children can change their home instead of sending them to an adult care facility.12. To talk about long-term care is not easy because sometimes aged parents are suspicious of their childrens financial motives.13. Besides advance planning for finances or medical care, family caregivers take over many other responsibilities.14. The difference between a durable power of attorney and a health care proxy is that the latter allows someone to make decisions regarding medical treatment.15. Baldocchi did not want to send her mother to a nursing home, but she had difficulty taking care of her.16. Over 42 million caregivers helped an adult with everyday activities in the USA in 2009.17. If a family needs information or help to sort out disagreements, there are many people they can call on.18. Caregivers should pay attention to their own health, or they may bum out or become depressed.19. One will have to petition the court to be the parents legal guardian, if there is no advance directive.20. The national median cost of assisted living in 2011 was $39,135 and it is not covered by Medicaid.【答案】11.G12.D13.H14.C15.A16.B17.D18.I19.C20.F【解析】11.题干：当年迈的父母不能安全地生活在家里时，他们的孩子可以改变他们的家，而不是送他们到成人护理机构。由题干的an adult care facility可以定位到G选项第二句But if the parents can no longer safely live at home, it can be hard for children to move them into an adult care facility.“但如果父母不能再安全地住在家里，孩子们就很难把他们送到成人看护机构”，这里是题干的同义替换，所以答案选G。12.题干：谈论长期护理并不容易，因为有时年迈的父母会怀疑子女的经济动机。由题干定位到D选项第三句Elderly parents are sometimes suspicious of their childrens financial motives“年迈的父母有时会怀疑孩子的经济动机”从这里可知答案选D。13.题干：除了提前计划财务或医疗护理，家庭照顾者还承担许多其他责任。由题干的finances or medical care“财务或医疗护理”定位到H选项倒数第一二句Its not just about advance planning for finances or medical care. Its everything,” she says.“这不仅仅是关于财政或医疗保健的预先计划。这就是所有。”她说。这句符合题干题意，所以答案选H。14.题干：持久委托书和医疗代理书的区别在于后者允许某人就医疗治疗作出决定。通过题干的attorney和a health care proxy（医疗代理）定位到C选项的第二句话The directive includes several parts, including: a durable power of attorney, which gives some one legal authority to make financial decisions on anothers behalf; a health care proxy, which is similar to the power of attorney, except it allows someone to make decisions regarding medical treatment; and a living will that outlines instructions for end-of-life care. （For example, parents can say if they want to be kept alive by artificial measures.）“该指令包括几个部分，包括：持久委托书，赋予某人代表另一人做出财务决定的法律权力；医疗代理，类似于委托书，但允许某人就医疗作出决定；还有一份生前遗嘱，列出了临终护理的指导。（例如，父母可以说他们是否想通过人工手段维持生命）”，这里说出了委托书和医疗代理的不同，所以答案选C选项。15.题干：巴尔多奇并不想把母亲送到养老院，但她很难照顾她。文章定位到A选项倒数第二句话She has a full-time job and has back problems that make it difficult for her to lift her mother.“她有一份全职工作，而且背部有问题，这使得她很难抱起她的母亲”从这里可以看出Baldocchi有自己的难处，工作，背伤都让她心有余而力不足，所以A选项正确。16.题干：2009年，美国有超过4200万护理人员帮助成年人进行日常活动。根据文章的数据42 million和2009可以定位到B选项倒数第二句话More than 42 million Americans provide family caregiving for an adult who needs help with daily activities, according to a 2009 survey by the AARP.“美国退休人员协会（AARP）2009年的一项调查显示，超过4200万美国人为日常活动需要帮助的成年人提供家庭照顾”，这句符合题干，所以选B选项。17.题干：如果一个家庭需要信息或帮助解决分歧，他们可以找很多人。根据文章中的sort out disagreement“解决分歧”定位到D选项倒数第二句话And when there are many siblings, the family decisions can become a three-ring circus with much acrimony, says Ann-Margaret Carrozza, an elder-law attorney in Glen Cove, N.Y. Families who need information and help sorting out disagreements can call on elder-law attorneys, financial planners, geriatric care managers and caregiver support groups.“美国退休人员协会（AARP） 2009年的一项调查显示，超过4200万美国人为日常活动需要帮助的成年人提供家庭照顾”，从这里可以看出当家庭成员有分歧时他们可以寻求律师，理财师等人的帮助，这个选项符合题意，所以答案选D。18.题干：照顾者应该注意自己的健康，否则他们可能会精疲力尽或变得抑郁。定位到I选项第一句话Caregivers need to also watch their own health.“护理人员也需要关注自己的健康”，这里跟题干属于同义替换，所以答案选I。19.题干：如果没有事先指示，孩子必须向法院申请成为孩子父母的合法监护人。根据文章关键词petition“请愿”和advance directive“预先指示”，定位到C选项最后一句话Without an advance directive, the family will have to petition the court to be appointed the parents legal guardian, says AgingC.“AgingC网站表示，如果没有事先的指示，这个家庭将不得不向法院申请指定父母的法定监护人”，这里表达的意思和题干相同，所以答案选C。20.题干：2011年，全国辅助生活费用的中位数为39135美元，这不在医疗保险的覆盖范围内。根据文章数据2011和$39,135可以定位到F选项倒数第一、二句The national median cost in 2011 was $39,135, according to Genworth. Assisted living isnt covered by Medicaid.“根据Genworth的数据，2011年全国医保成本中值为39135美元。医疗补助计划不包括辅助生活”，这里和题干表达的意思相同，所以答案选F。3. 翻译题Directions: Translate the following passage into English and put your answers on Answer Sheet.皮影戏（ShadowPlay）是中国民间广为流传的傀儡戏之一，两千年前的西汉时期诞生在中国陕西，清代在河北盛极一时。皮影戏的人物道具用兽皮或纸板剪成，演员在一块隔亮布后操纵道具进行表演。中国的不少地方戏曲剧种都是从皮影戏中派生而来。如今，中国皮影被世界各国的博物馆收藏，还是中国政府与其他国家领导人相互往来时的馈赠佳品。【答案】As one of the earliest opera forms and a sort of widespread puppet play in China, Shadow puppetry was born in Shaanxi, China, during the Western Han Dynasty 2,000 years ago, and flourished in Hebei during the Qing Dynasty. Its characters and props are made of animal skins or paperboards and the story was performed by illuminating these images with the help of lamplight. While performing, the performers manipulate the characters behind the white curtain. Many local operas in China are derived from shadow play. Nowadays, Chinese shadow puppets are collected in museums around the world, and are often presented as gifts by the Chinese government to leaders of other countries when they interact with each other.4. 单选题Romantic love is a culture trait found primarily in industrialized societies. Elsewhere in the world, pragmatic considerations rather than flights of fancy are often used to make a choice of partner, and romantic love is seen as an unfortunate inconvenience that gets in the way of the ordinary, rational process of mate selection. Traces of this attitude persist in the American upper classes, where daughters are expected to marry “well” that is, to a male who is eligible by reason of family background and earning potential. Most Americans, however, see romantic love as essential for a successful marriage, and tend to look askance（轻蔑地）at anyone who marries for a more practical reason in which love plays no part.The phenomenon of romantic love occurs when two young people meet and find one another personally and physically attractive. They become mutually absorbed, start to behave in what appears to be a flighty （充满幻想的）even irrational manner, decide that they are right for one another, and may then enter a marriage whose success is expected to be guaranteed by their enduring love. Behavior of this kind is portrayed and warmly endorsed （赞同）throughout American popular culture, by books, magazines, comics, records, popular songs, movies, and TV.Romantic love is a noble ideal, and it can certainly provide a basis for the spouses to “live happily ever after.” But a marriage can equally well be founded on much more practical considerationsas indeed they have been in most societies throughout most of history. Why is romantic love of such importance in the modern world? The reason seems to be that it has some basic functions in maintaining the institution of the nuclear family（小家庭）.31. Romantic love is less frequently found in many non-industrial societies because people in these societies_.32. The underlined word “eligible” in Para. 1 could best be replaced by_.33. According to the passage, most Americans_.34. What can we learn from the second paragraph about romantic love?35. The author seems to believe that_.问题1选项A.firmly believe that only money can make the world go roundB.fail to bring the imaginative power of the mind into full playC.fondly think that flights of fancy prevent them from making a correct choice of partnerD.have far more practical considerations to determine who will marry whom问题2选项A.qualifiedB.availableC.chosenD.influential问题3选项A.expect their daughters to fall in love with a male at first sightB.regard romantic love as the basis for a successful marriageC.look up to those who marry for the sake of wealth