2022年考博英语-南开大学考前模拟强化练习题71（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-南开大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题At Wembley, the home of football, countless thousands of people spend Sunday morning amongst the （ ） selling everything from shoes to model trains.问题1选项A.stallsB.staturesC.stalksD.statutes【答案】A【解析】名词词义辨析。stalls货摊 ；statures身高，身材；stalks茎秆；statutes法令。句意：成千上万的人整个星期天上午都流连于出售从鞋子到模型火车等各种商品的小摊位。选项A符合句意。2. 单选题In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the tact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue-collar and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more d matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the tight mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along. etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than ones fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialitiesthose of love and of reasonare the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.1.By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to render the idea that man is （ ）.2.From die passage we can inter that real happiness of life belongs to those（ ） .3.To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should（ ） .4.The authors attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of（ ） .问题1选项A.a necessary part of the society though each individuals function is negligibleB.working in complete harmony with the rest of the societyC.an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society, though functioning smoothlyD.a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly问题2选项A.who are at the bottom of the societyB.who prove better than their fellow-competitorsC.who could keep far away from this competitive worldD.who are higher up in their social status问题3选项A.resort to the production mode of our ancestorsB.offer higher wages to the workers and employeesC.enable man to fully develop his potentialitiesD.take the fundamental realities for granted问题4选项A.approvalB.dissatisfactionC.suspicionD.tolerance【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:C第4题:B【解析】1.信息推断题。根据第一段“.yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless.”, 由此推断, 作者将人比喻成机械中运转良好的齿轮, 实则是想表明人们相对于社会中其他部分来说已经变得不那么重要了。选项C符合原文。2.信息推理题。根据第二段的内容可知, 作者认为这些人之所以焦虑是因为处于一个竞争激烈的社会之中, 只有远离了竞争激烈的社会, 才会有真正幸福的生活。所以选项C正确。3.事实细节题。根据最后一段的内容可知，作者建议将官僚主义的工业转变为以人为本的工业主义，使人能充分发挥他的潜力。选项C符合原文。4.态度判断题。根据文章内容可知, 作者认为现在的工业主义使人丧失了其在社会中应发挥的重要作用, 最后一段提到了作者建议将工业主义转变为一种以人为本的工业主义, 所以作者对待工业主义的态度是不满的。选项B正确。3. 单选题I took someone elses book（ ）mistake.问题1选项A.inB.forC.withD.by【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。by mistake为固定短语, 意为“错误地, 由于差错”。句意:由于差错, 我拿了别人的书。所以选项D正确。4. 单选题After four years in the same job his enthusiasms finally （ ） .问题1选项A.dispersedB.deterioratedC.dissipatedD.drained【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。句意：干了四年同样的工作后,他的热情终于消耗殆尽了。dispersed分散的；deteriorated恶化,变质；dissipated消散,浪费；drained流干,耗尽。dissipate相当于waste，drain相当于use too much，所以选项D更恰当。5. 单选题We should always keep in mind that （ ） decisions often lead to bitter regrets.问题1选项A.urgentB.hastyC.instantD.prompt【答案】B【解析】形容词词义辨析。根据句意可知，既然是痛苦的后悔，说明决定很草率，选项B符合语境。6. 单选题Rite of Passage is a good novel by any standards: （ ） it should rank high on any list of science fiction.问题1选项A.consistentlyB.consequentlyC.invariablyD.fortunately【答案】B【解析】副词词义辨析。consistently“一致地, 一贯地”;consequently“ 因此, 所以”;invariably“总是，不变地”;fortunately“幸运地”。句意:无论以何种标准来衡量，成人礼都是一部优秀的小说:因此，它应该排在任何科幻小说的前列。前后构成因果关系，所以选项B正确。7. 单选题The new colleague （ ） to have worked in several big corporations before he joined our company.问题1选项A.confirmsB.declaresC.confessesD.claims【答案】D【解析】近义词辨析。confirm确认，证实;declare宣布，声明;选项A和B都是后接名词短语或that从句;confess承认，坦白，confess (to) doing sth.承认做过某事;claim声称，断言，后可接名词短语、that从句, 也可接不定式短语, 不定式中的动作发生在claim之前, 则用不定式完成式。所以选项D正确。8. 单选题A(n) （ ） entrepreneur will seek success farther afield and will risk more in the research than his more timid competitors.问题1选项A.adventurousB.progressiveC.aggressiveD.impulsive【答案】A【解析】形容词词义辨析。adventurous“爱冒险的;大胆的”;progressive“进步的;先进的”;aggressive“有进取心的;好斗的”;impulsive“冲动的;任性的”。句意:那些胆大的企业家将在更远的地方寻求成功，并将比那些胆小的竞争对手在研究上冒更大的风险。选项A符合句意。9. 单选题The discovery of new oil-fields in various parts of the country filled the government with （ ） hope.问题1选项A.eternalB.everlastingC.ceaselessD.infinite【答案】D【解析】形容词词义辨析。句意:全国各地新油田的发现使政府充满了无限的希望。eternal“永恒的, 不朽的”;everlasting“永恒的, 接连不断的”;ceaseless“不间断的;无休止的”;infinite “无限的;极大的”。选项D更符合语境。10. 单选题International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages（ ）patriotism.问题1选项A.amiableB.obsoleteC.aggressiveD.harmonious【答案】C【解析】形容词词义辨析。amiable“和蔼可亲的, 亲切的”;obsolete“废弃的, 老式的”;aggressive“侵略性的, 好斗的, 激进的, 有进取心的”;harmonious“和谐的, 和睦的”。句意:国际体育运动应该在各国之间建立友好关系, 但在现在的奥运会组织中, 某种程度上鼓励了激进的爱国主义。选项C符合语境。11. 单选题A luxury express train jumped the tracks on a bridge in eastern India, killing at least 50 on the spot. According to the Northern Railway spokesman, the death（ ）is expected to rise.问题1选项A.tollB.figureC.spanD.yield【答案】A【解析】名词词义辨析。toll“伤亡人数，代价”；figure“数字，图形”；span“跨度，范围”；yield“产量， 收益”。句意：一辆豪华特快列车在印度东部一座桥上脱轨，造成至少50人当场死亡。据北方铁路发言人表示，死亡人数预计还会上升。death toll表示“死亡人数”，符合句意。所以选项A正确。12. 单选题His heart （ ）with excitement as he was waiting for the reception by the leaders.问题1选项A.flappedB.flourishedC.flushedD.fluttered【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。flap“拍打, 扔, 飘动”;flourish“繁荣, 活跃, 夸耀”;flush“发红, 使激动”;flutter“扑动, 震颤”。句意:在等待领导接见时, 他激动得心怦怦直跳。选项D符合句意。13. 单选题Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to （ ） myself of every chance to improve my English.问题1选项A.assureB.informC.availD.notify【答案】C【解析】副词词义辨析。根据句意：我尊敬的导师White教授经常提醒我要利用一切机会提高我的英语水平。选项C最为恰当，表示有益于，有助于。14. 单选题Mary didnt openly attack the plan, but her opposition was（ ）in her failure to say anything in support of it.问题1选项A.explicitB.implicitC.internalD.immortal【答案】B【解析】形容词词义辨析。explicit“明确的，清楚的，直率的”；implicit“含蓄的，暗示的，盲从的”；internal“内部的，内在的”；immortal“不朽的，长生的”。句意：Mary没有公开抨击这项计划，但是她反对的态度含蓄的体现在她没有说任何支持它的话。选项B符合句意。15. 单选题In the last 12 years total employment in the United States grew faster than at any time in the peacetime history of any countryfrom 82 to 110 million between 1973 and 1985that is, by a full one third. The entire growth, however, was in manufacturing, and especially in non-blue-collar jobs.This trend is the same in all developed countries, and is, indeed, even more pronounced in Japan. It is therefore highly probable that in 25 years developed countries such as the United States and Japan will employ no larger a proportion of the labor force in manufacturing than developed countries now employ in farmingat most, 10 percent. Today the United States employs around 18 million people in blue-collar jobs in manufacturing industries. By 2010, the number is likely to be no more than 12 million. In some major industries the drop will be even sharper. It is quite unrealistic, for instance, to expect that the American automobile industry will employ more than one-third of its present blue-collar force 25 years hence, even though production might be 50 percent higher.If a company, an industry or a country does not in the next quarter century sharply increase manufacturing production and at the same time sharply reduce the blue-collar work force, it cannot hope to remain competitiveor even to remain “developed.” The attempt to preserve such blue-collar jobs is actually a prescription for unemployment.This is not a conclusion that American politicians, labor leaders or indeed the general public can easily understand or accept. What confuses the issue even more is that the United Stales is experiencing several separate and different shifts in the manufacturing economy. One is the acceleration of the substitution of knowledge and capital for manual labor. Where we spoke of mechanization a few decades ago, we now speak of “robotization” or “automation”. This is actually more a change in terminology than a change in reality. When Henry Ford introduced the assembly line in 1909, he cut the number of man hours required to produce a motor car by some 80 percent in two or three yearsfar more than anyone expects to result from even the most complete robotization. But there is no doubt that we are facing a new sharp acceleration in the replacement of manual workers by machinesthat is, by the products of knowledge.1.According to the author, the shrinkage in the manufacturing labor force demonstrates（ ） .2.American politicians and labor lenders tend to dislike（ ） .3.According to the author, in the coming 25 years, a developed country or industry, in order to remain competitive, ought to（ ） .4.This passage may have been excerpted from（ ） .问题1选项A.the degree to which a countrys production is robotizedB.a reduction in a countrys manufacturing industriesC.a worsening relationship between labor and managementD.the difference between a developed country and a developing country问题2选项A.confusion in manufacturing economyB.an increase in blue-collar work forceC.internal competition in manufacturing productionD.a drop in the blue-collar job opportunities问题3选项A.reduce the percentage of the blue-collar work forceB.preserve blue-collar jobs for international competitionC.accelerate motor-can manufacturing in Henry Fords styleD.solve the problem of unemployment问题4选项A.a magazine about capital investmentB.an article on automationC.a motor-car magazineD.an article on global economy【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:A第4题:D【解析】1.信息推理题。根据第四段第三句“One is the acceleration . “robotization” or “automation”.”知识和资本开始加速替代体力劳动。几十年前我们谈论机械化，现在我们谈论“机器人化”或“自动化”。由此可以推断，制造业劳动力的变化说明了一个国家生产的自动化程度。制造业劳动力越少，自动化程度越高，反之亦然。所以选项A正确。2.事实细节题。根据第四段第一句可知，美国政治家和劳动力领袖不喜欢一种结论，即上一段提到的：如果一家公司、一个行业或一个国家在未来25年内不大幅增加制造业产量，同时大幅削减蓝领劳动力，那么它就不可能保持竞争力，甚至不可能保持“发达”。而这必然会导致失业，这是美国政治家和劳动力领袖不希望看到的，所以选项D正确。3.事实细节题。根据第三段的内容可知，在未来25年内，行业或者国家需要在保证制造业产量的同时削减蓝领劳动力。选项A符合原文。4.主旨推断题。文章主要讲的是随着工业化的发展，机器也就是人类知识的产物将会取代劳动力。所以文章最有可能是关于全球经济的，选项D正确。选项B太片面，文章不仅仅是讲自动化，劳动力应与经济相关，所以不选B。16. 单选题The actual cost of the building was much higher than our original （ ） .问题1选项A.considerationB.judgmentC.estimateD.plan【答案】C【解析】名词词义辨析。consideration“考虑;报酬”;judgment“判断, 辨别力”;estimate“估计, 判断”。句意:这座建筑物的实际成本比我们原来的估计高得多。选项C符合句意。17. 单选题As regards to the development of moral standards in the growing child, （ ） is very important in parental teaching. To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality.问题1选项A.persistenceB.regularityC.consistencyD.conformity【答案】C【解析】名词词义辨析。persistence持续，固执；regularity规则性，整齐；consistency一致性；conformity一致，符合。句意：关于成长中的孩子道德标准的发展，一致性在父母的教学中是非常重要的。今天禁止一件事，明天又原谅它，这不是道德的基础。强调一致的性质，所以选项C更恰当18. 单选题They had planned to go outing this weekend, but they finally had to （ ） it because of the rainy weather.问题1选项A.cancelB.eliminateC.delayD.prolong【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。cancel“取消, 撤销”;eliminate“消除, 排除”;delay“延期, 耽搁”;prolong“延长, 拖延”。句意:他们原计划这个周末去郊游, 但由于下雨, 最后不得不取消了。选项A符合句意。19. 单选题The ancient Greeks had the notion of science as methodical knowledge, （ ） and universally valid.问题1选项A.compellingly certainB.compel certainC.complete certainD.very sure【答案】A【解析】副词搭配。句意:古希腊人认为科学是一种有系统的知识，具有令人信服的确定性和普遍有效性。根据后面的“universally valid”可推测，填空处也应该为副词+形容词的搭配，所以首先排除选项B和C，compellingly与certain搭配使用, 表示“令人信服地确定”的意思。所以选项A更符合语境。20. 单选题It will take us twenty minutes to get to the railway station, （ ） traffic delays.问题1选项A.affordingB.accounting forC.allowing forD.acknowledging【答案】C【解析】词组辨析。afford“给予，提供，买得起”;account for“对.负有责任，对.作出解释”，allow for“考虑到，顾及”;acknowledge“承认，答谢”。句意:考虑到交通拥堵，我们到火车站还要20分钟。选项C符合句意。